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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Cette dissertation a pour objet de comprendre la conception de l homme présente dans l ouvrage De la Vonlonté Captive de Martin Luther. On a débuté, pour ce faire, par un préambule utilisant des textes de Cassirer, Eliade et Bergson portant un regard qui commence par la doctrine médiévale des deux mondes, puis la rupture d avec cette manière de penser l homme de la part de certains auteurs de la Renaissance, dans le but d en arriver à l individu moderne, autonome et libre. Dans cette première partie, on montre également que la désacralisation du monde et la recherche de la libération totale par rapport au Sacré a rendu l homme complètement libre et indépendant, et non plus un instrument purement passif. Finalement, on aborde le libre arbitre dans la perspective de Bergson qui fournit le cadre dans lequel on situe la position luthérienne. On traite, dans le premier chapitre, de la controverse entre Érasme de Rotterdam et Martin Luther: libre arbitre contre serf arbitre. Dans le second chapitre, on aborde un nouveau dilemme: volonté captive ou volonté intermédiaire libre? Le cheminement suivi par cette étude se propose d être une tentative de comprendre ce qu était l homme pour Luther et présente le questionnement suivant: existe-t-il un champ intermédiaire ou une zone neutre libre où se situe la liberté du vouloir ou le libre arbitre humain? On finit par conclure que l homme est considéré par Luther comme un simple agent passif face à des forces qui lui sont supérieures: un sujet qui ne possède pas de libre arbitre.

The present work indeed to analyze the development of the concept of the sovereign in the West, considering the traffic history of this concept throughout the development process of the western state. Therefore, taking the initial concept developed by Jean Bodin, in his work, the Six Books of the Republic, seeking a revision considering already in Antiquity the presence of the opposition of power necessary to the birth of the sovereign. This new perspective of dialogue, passing notions contractualists developed between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the study seeks to theorize the idea of violence according to a notion linked to a concept originating. Accordingly, the finding of secularization theological, conceptual politics, as a product of monism basic Judeo-Christian, it is necessary, following the basic theory and basic schmttian its dialogue with the matrix of Benjamin. As a result of this speech three analyzes arise relating (1) the idea of mythical violence and its essential connection to the power and legitimacy, as well as (2) on the relational self versus other and finally an attempt to (3) homogenization of the body politic seconds a dispersion of power centers, based on coordination structures and plurality and not more bodinian the concepts of hierarchy, absolutism and perpetuity.

This dissertation examines some points made by philosophers such as Peter Singer and Jeff McMahan about the morality of killing. Respectively, in the books Practical Ethics (2006) and Ethics in killing (2011), the authors delimit and justify the ethical to respect and / or the right to life, both of people as of non-human animals. According to Singer (2006), the only beings with selfawareness, self-control, sense of past and future, must have the right to life, thus including some non-human animals in the moral sphere. McMahan (2011) endorse the criticism of Singer about the notion of sanctity of life, but he does not include the moral sphere as does Singer. Peter Singer and McMahan elect respectively the principles of equal consideration of interests and approach of time-relative interest as guides for action to regulate morality in killing act. Notably the ethical approach of Singer enables us to reach the best consequences in a more clear and objective. McMahan, on the other hand, offer us an alternative relevant to judging not paradigmatic cases of killing. Finally, the authors' search is for arguments and principles that can answer the most pressing issues related to life, although we can identify theoretical differences between the three authors, in fact all are aimed at satisfying the interests of individuals and the search for the best consequences on issues related to abortion and euthanasia. It is the case to understand the relevance of the assumption of the sanctity of life to regulate ethical principles that can regulate actions related to such issues.

The study has the interest to investigate the existing values in science and analyze the possibility of promotion of ethics in the scientific pratices in the contemporaneity. The basis for this analysis is on Hugh Lacey s studies on the search for an epistemological model based on the adequacy of present values in scientific practices to social projection and human needs. This analysis shows that to have a better understanding of science and its objective, we should distinguish the values, the moments and the decisive strategies for the development of science. The Lacey s proposed has two articulations a distinction of values (cognitive and noncognitive) and a distinguish of the proper times of scientific practice that would enable a better explanation and justification of the problem of ―value-free science‖. To Lacey, there are three moments of scientific activity that allow us to analyse the performance of values: the moment M1, to adopt ways and strategies for research; the moment M2, to accept theories; and the moment M3, to apply scientific knowledge. The distinction of values is needed to support the view that scientific knowledge can be impartial and still serve as social values. Already, the distinction of moments of scientific activity allows the author to indicate the suitable place for investigating social influences in the research (at the moments M1 and M3). We realize that the modern tradition of science used a materialist understanding that selected restricted and one-dimensional strategies of research, overly linked to noncongnitive values of control of natural objects that privilege capitalists values, that, almost always, do not guarantee the enjoyment of other values essential for the human welfare. Therefore, this discussion suggests the importance of rethink the present values in science for a scientific activity that balances the ideal of the understanding of the world, together with the ability to generate useful Technologies for the flourishing of humanity.

The guidelines for this dissertation are to be found in two of Sartre s works, Being and Nothingness and Existentialism and Humanism. These two works form part of the composite body of texts written by Jean-Paul Sartre on ethics and authenticity. Other bibliographies have been drawn upon, with parts referred to at strategic points throughout this work. Ethics and authenticity in Sartre s philosophy form the basis for what I aim to examine, with three main areas of focus: uncovering what authenticity means to Sartre as a writer, how it can be an ethical concept and what its presence in human behaviour indicates. It would be meaningless to speak of authenticity if it were not for the notion of freedom always having Sartrean ontology at its core. To this end, the two initial chapters of this dissertation make an attempt to look more closely at the topic of ontology and to understand and recount the writer s main concerns with regard to authenticity and ethics. Following this, the major references comprise the commentators, all of whom have been duly cited in the final bibliography, and Sartre s literary works. And finally, ethics and authenticity would not have full meaning if it were not for the fact that they are grounded in existential ontology, because thinking of being, for Sartre, is thinking that one ought to be, which is being For-Itself, and reflecting on ethics means thematizing the original unity of its moral which lies in the authenticity of being and recognizing For-itself.

The central object of this dissertation was to carry out the contrast between the Italian philosopher‟s, Giambattista Vico, barbarism conception and the state of nature advocated by Thomas Hobbes in his political philosophy. This research aims to elucidate Hobbes‟s conception of the state of nature. The English thinker betook a covenant idea that would only be possible to more developed societies which had minimally established the social life. To this author, the first common life form had only been possible with the Political State, which was artificially created from human‟s need in their happiness pursuit that would only be possible in a state of peace. Later on, Vico insisted on the barbarism of the intellect concept, that is, a stage in which the man was rough due to its obscure and imaginative reason, which has gradually been developed in the course of history and led to social life. In this context, social life would be prerequisite for the formation of a state. During our study we realized that the authors acknowledge two parallel stories: one Christian and the other Gentile. Vico devoted himself to the analysis of peoples, since its formation up to the consolidation of social life. Hobbes started from Christian history to focus on Europe‟s peoples, where perhaps he would draw a conception of natural men blended with a degree of illustration. Vico did not stop at the breakdown of Christian history, which would have certain linearity and a much more developed reason. Hobbes arrived and stopped at the formation of gentile societies commentaries, even if his aim was at Christianity world history, with an eye always towards the formation of the state in more developed societies. Ultimately, our goal is to oppose the two philosophers‟ theories to identify the similarities and contrasts that are worthy for understanding the formation of human life in political society.

Ce travail aborde le sujet: Le féminin. Un féminin que ne coincide pas aux questions de genre, mais desquelles c est parti; de plus, bien au-delá des oppositions binaires auxquels nous sommes habitués, nous permet de poursuivre une réalité différente de celle imposée par le pouvoir patriarcal du phallus. À la fois nous chercherons dans les oeuvres de Jacques Derrida la base de notre écriture, sur laquelle nous irons ajouter les écritures des autres penseurs. Ainsi, notre tessiture sera composée a partir de concepts des oeuvres de Derrida comme, la descontruction, la différance, trace, brisure, accueil, autre, à l extérieur, à l intérieur et le concept de féminin. La structure de notre travail est fait dans un acte dans lequel nous présenterons la recherche du féminin tandis qu un autre inséré dans l éthique de l altérité. Nous avons l intention d examiner la pertinence éthique et politique dans le discours de l alterité et du mouvement désconstrutiviste, aussi bien que leurs implications et ramifications. Cet acte unique sera divisé en trois scènes. Dans la première scéne, nous occuperons de quelques concepts que imprègnent l écriture dérridienne. Dans la deuxième scéne, nous examinerons le rôle assigné aux femmes pendant le processus historique, ainsi que l importance du mouvement féministe dans ce processus. Enfim, dans la troisième scène, nous alignerons ces concepts et nous ferons une recherche autour de la compréhension du féminin, ainsi que les pertinences politique et éthique tandis qu autre présent dans le discours de l altérité et la desconstruction.

The subject of this work is the analysis of the content of the fictional and essayistic production from the writer Jorge Luis Borges, mainly that one made during the 1930s and 1940s and thematizing metaphysical subjects. The aim is to investigate if is there a philosophical project underlying it, and what are the general lines of this project. The introduction includes brief remarks about the importance of the work of Borges to Western thought in the second half of the twentieth century. The first chapter discusses the limitations that are imposed to a philosophical project included in a fictional work, and of its critical efficacy. The next chapter investigates the metaphysical essays Borges wrote during the period in analysis, searching for their philosophical roots. This effort focuses on interpretations by Borges of the systems built by George Berkeley, David Hume and Francis Herbert Bradley, and leads to the discussion of the refutation of the conception of time that permeates British idealism, promoted by the writer through the application of the principle of the indiscernibility. The borgian refutation of time, however, undermines the notion of personal identity, which is self-evident. The third and final chapter shows up that Borges tried to solve this paradox by means of a critical plunge in Gottfried Leibniz´s philosophical system, no longer by means of the essayistic discourse , but through fictional prose. Accordingly, the final chapter includes an outline of the method by which Borges, drawing on the resources of modal fictional discourse, contests speeches such as philosophy itself, supposed to have higher truth- value. It includes, as well, the review of those short stories written by Borges which reverberate leibnizian categories, in order to show the application of that method and hence the meaning of those narratives, which is, according to our hypothesis, to display, each under a different point of view, the fundamental contradiction of Leibniz´s conceptual system. This contradiction is that, despite all the efforts of the philosopher in safeguarding human freedom before a perfect and infinite mathematical cosmology, and of the assertion of the independence of the individual monad, the human condition which emerges from this order is humiliating for men, reducing them to a single piece in a stiff cosmic system.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This paper starts from the deepest motivation for such research, investigating the subject suffering through the eyes of nietzschean western philosophy and the eastern Buddhist one, with the intention of bringing philosophy to practical life and benefit of man. It proposes to question the recognition of the existence of the philosophy of the East and the relevance of its approach to the West, when contemporary philosophers expose studies that suggest the influence of Buddhist thought in Nietzsche despite the time and distance that separate them. This study presents Nietzsche´s critical about the truth and morality imposed, his quest for human liberation and the meaning of existence in tragic art, offering the affirmative for life in all instances, pleasure and pain. Amor fati, or loving the life as possibility to overcome the state of decay for the revaluation of pain. Nietzsche explores the character\'s active nihilism of deconstruction for the new opening. Then taken up a dialogue between two currents of thought that no longer need to compete, but opening up, mainly because both the Nietzschean philosophy and Buddhism hold the belief that the entire transformation process is experiential, and both depart one point in common: the man´s ability of overcoming. Nishitani, considered the Japanese philosopher who expressed concern over the problem of modern nihilism demonstrates the relevance of their studies, more specifically on the teachings of Nagarjuna, estimated as the second Buddha adhered to the philosophical questions of Buddhism, whose philosophy is driven by term sunyata, translated as emptiness. Phenomena, like the ego are impermanent and empty, mental representations, or pure illusion, pointing to the relative fusion of uniqueness in all. The meaning of emptiness is translated in five natures - not known in other words, peaceful, devoid of elaborations, transcending conceptualization and free from duality what should not be taken as empty nihilistic but understood as dependent origination. The two philosophical currents studied in this paper have important similarities in their thinking: the unveiling of truth and illusion, the negation of the ego and its relation to the whole unit, impermanence and non-duality as nature common to all and the realization of nihilism or emptuness as a way to rescue the will to power and transvaluation of values, able to lead the way out of suffering, freedom of human being.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior