Repositório RCAAP

Leaf anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum loeosporioides, is the most important disease of seedlings and young peach palm plants (Bactris gasipaes). The objective of this study was to evaluate efficacy of some fungicides for controlling anthracnose on leaves of young peach palm (Bactris gasipaes), in Northwestern Paraná State, Brazil. An assay with randomized block design was carried out, with five different fungicides and a control, with four replicates. The fungicide evaluated were: chlorotalonil (2 g L- ), chlorotalonil+methyl tiophanate (1 + 0,4 g L-1), tebuconazole (0,2 g L-1), azoxystrobin (80 mg L-1) and calda Viçosa (boric acid 3 g L-1; copper sulfate 5 g L-1; zinc sulfate 6 g L-1; hydrated lime 3,5 g L-1). Each fungicide was sprayed five times, at 15 to 20- day intervals. All fungicide treatments reduced the disease intensity; however, the most efficient were chlorothalonil and chlorothalonil+methyl thiophanate.  

Fruit-eating bats are amongst the main seed dispersers, so that any technique that improves this ecological role may have large application in forest restoration projects. Following this idea, we conducted tests with essential oils isolated from mature chiropterochoric fruits that revealed that these oils are able to attract frugivorous bats both inside forest remnants and in open areas (as abandoned agricultural or pasture fields). Additionaly, our results showed that the feces of most bats attracted by the oils contained seeds, indicating that they were already fed. So, the use of essencial oils of fruits consumed by bats in specific sites, as along a river whose riparian forest was destroyed or in a property that no longer has forest reserve, potentially increases seed rain in these sites. Due to the large application of this new technique, we are presently conducting further studies in order to measure seed rain and forest regeneration induced by essential oils, as well as to identify the components responsible for bat attraction and sinthesize them. 

The objective of this study was to find effective fungicides against eucalypt powdery mildew. Fungicides tested were chlorothalonil, fenarimol, sulfur, tebuconazole, propiconazole, benzothiazole, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole and triadimenol. These fungicides were sprayed on Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings in a greenhouse infested with powdery mildew. Severity was evaluated at 9, 16, 23, 30 and 37 days after spraying, classifying symptoms observed with a scale 0 (symptoms absent) to 4 (strong symptoms). Best treatments were obtained with pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, propiconazole + trifloxystrobin and triadimenol, with an infection index average of 0.39, 0.63 and 1.01, respectively.

This work aims to carry out a multitemporal analysis of the forest cover of Arroio Grande small hydrological basin located in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Four satellite images were used: LANDSAT 5 (1987), LANDSAT 5 (1995), LANDSAT 7 (2002) and CBERS 2 (2005). The images were classified according to the Bhattacharya algorithm. After the classification of such images, the crossing of the thematic maps was accomplished. Maps with different land uses were obtained: unaffected forest cover, regeneration and deforestation for the period 1987 – 2005. During 18 years, the forest cover increased 10,24% in the basin area, changing from 14.135,42 ha (40,01%) in 1987 to 17.752,20 ha (50,25%) in 2005. This happened because the State Forest Law has become effective as well as the rural owners’ consciousness and also due to increment of exotic forest plantations in the State. 

The perennial plant selection is based on individual genetic values predicted from phenotypic observations. The more adequate the control of environmental variability, the more accurate the prediction. This paper  aimed to investigate: 1) the test ability by using the  significance of Snedecor F test for block effects; 2) the  spatial variability within blocks by using the plot  intraclass correlation coefficient; 3) the experimental  design efficiency in terms of the local control, by using  the significance of Snedecor F test for block effects and  the plot intraclass correlation coefficient (c2),  simultaneously; 4) the genotype x environmental  interaction within site, by using the genetic correlation coefficient across replications. The used data concerned  to leaf weight of 141 erva-mate half sib families, grown in a randomised complete block design  with 10 replications and six plants per plot spaced 3 x 2 meters. The data were collected at age six in the third leaf harvesting. The design efficiency was high and the  test ability adequate, as a result of the significance of  block effects and low c2 value (0.0799). There was a loss of 3.48% in genetic gain due to the genotype x environmental interaction within site.

The injuries of Ctenarytaina spatulata Taylor, 1977, were characterized through observations in field,  laboratory and greenhouse. The first injuries of C. spatulata in Eucalyptus grandis are caused during  oviposition. At the point where the egg is inserted, a   small black spot appears, which may grow larger, causing the bud death. The insect eliminates large  amount of honeydew, accumulating on leaves and  apical parts, which starts the proliferation of sooty mold,  and fitopathogenic fungi. Leaves of the attacked  lants become deformed, smaller than the  normal ones, distorted, or with flaws among the ribs and sooty mold reducing the photosynthetic capacity.  Due to damages provoked by the bites, oviposition,  sooty mold accumulation and other fungi, the sprout  die and the plant loses the apical dominance, which  induces an over sprouting. In addition, the attack of C. spatulata causes a decrease of diameter growth and the formation of shorter internodes, resulting in a  higher fragile area. Anatomical cuts of the seedlings,  infested with C. spatulata where there was an over  sprouting, presented areas with larger number of  gelatinous fibers, less  lignified. These fibers are less  resistant, turning the stem more fragile and susceptible  o breaking due to wind or even its own weight. Besides, the attacked  plants presented anatomical modifications in pores arrangement and thicker bark.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and partial least square (PLS) were used to determine chemical and anatomical wood properties. Solid wood samples from seven eucalyptus and one pine species were  characterized for lignin content, total extractives, fiber length and diameter, cell wall thickness and heat  content. NIR spectra were obtained from wood flour  samples and used to generate calibrations for the  measured chemical and anatomical properties.  Relationships were good for lignin content and cell wall   thickness with coefficients of determination greater than  .9 and 0.8, respectively. The calibrations developed for lignin content had the highest coefficients of determination and show that it is possible to develop  eneral calibration for this important wood property across the tested eucalyptus species. Other  statistical tools should be studied for improvements in  the predictions of the measured properties.

This paper aimed to select progenies of “erva-mate” (Ilex paraguariensis St. HiI.) in Ivai - PR based on leaf weight productivity, stability and adaptability across three harvests. This can be achieved by the method MHPRVG (harmonic average of relative performance of genetic values) which is comparable with the methods by Annichiaricco and Lin & Binns. The genetic material was constituted by 25 half sib progenies evaluated in a complete block design with ten replicates and six plants per plot, in a 3 x 2 meters spacing. Leaf weight per tree  was evaluated at ages two, four and six years  after planting. There were some changes in progenies  ranking across harvests. The methods MHPRVG, Annichiaricco and Lin & Binns led to selection of the  same progenies, considering the three attributes  simultaneously. However, the MHPRVG method presented the advantage of providing results in the  scale of the measured trait, which can be interpreted  directly as genetic values.

Pau-de-leite (Sapium glandulatum (Vell.) Pax., Euphorbiaceae) is a native tree of several Brazilian biomes, with great interest for rehabilitation of  degraded ecosystems due to its rusticity and intense seed dispersal by birds. However, its sexual  propagation is difficult because the majority of the  flowers are male and the percentage of germination of  the seeds is very low. Considering the propagation difficulty using seeds, during 2001 and 2002 a trial on  vegetative propagation by cuttings were done at  Embrapa Florestas (Colombo-PR), where stem cuttings 15 cm length and two half leaves left, collected during  the four seasons of the year, were tested. The stem  cuttings were treated with 0, 6000 and 12000 mg L-1 of only indolebutyric acid (IBA) or associated with 100 mg L-1 of uniconazol (UZ) in solution by 10 seconds. Once treated the cuttings were planted in polypropylene boxes with vermiculite and carbonized rind of rice growing media, remaining in greenhouse under  intermittent mist during 70 days. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design with 12 treatments with four replications each, the  experimental  nit being 20 cuttings. The treatments  represent a factorial arrangement of the six doses  tested over the two growing media, totaling 960 cuttings for each season. The highest rooting value (11.3%)  occurred in the spring of 2001 with 6000 mg L-1 IBA + 100 mg L-1 UZ in carbonized rind of rice growing media. Dead stem cutting was greater than 88% in all seasons for all tested treatments.

The information on the influence of environmental factors upon growth rate of trees is very important for the development of forestry management programs. The aim of this work was to determine the age and  radial increments of the trees. Samples were collected, in July 1996, in Nhumirim Farm, Embrapa Pantanal, located in Nhecolândia sub-region, Pantanal, Corumbá - Mato Grosso do Sul. The disks from 19 trees species were collected in areas with Arboreous Savanna, Forested Savana and Semi-deciduous Dry Forest. The  trees were selected by good canopy formation. Traversal section samples of the stem were collected of each tree at 0.3 m height, to determinate age and  increment of the first five years of the trees, and at  1,30m height, to evaluate the growth rhythm. The  growth rings were counted and measured on eight radii  of each disk. The average annual radial increment presented wide results, varying from 0,21 to 0,94cm, in  trees of 10 to 31 years old.

This research aims to compare stem volumes of P. oocarpa obtained by the methods of Smalian, form factor, volume equation and taper function. The used data came from 1100 trees distributed in 11 management regimes,  belonging to Duraflora S. A. , Agudos - SP. The trees were cubed and calculated theirs volumes, outside and inside  bark, for the mentioned methods. It was used the Test of  Bartlett and variance analysis for the comparison of  means. The variance analysis showed that significant  difference doesn’t exist among the methods for the 11  management regimes outside and inside bark at the level  of 95 % of probability.

Berberis laurina Billb. (Berberidaceae) is a native shrub from Floresta Ombrófila Mista ecological formation, very ornamental and useful specie for recovery of degraded areas. With medical applications, its fruit is edible and its roots are used as dye. This paper aims to analyze lhe induction of lhe rooting of Berberis laurina stem cuttings employing indolebutyric acid (IBA) in O, 1000 and 2000 mgL-1 concentrations, using the vermiculite as growing medium. In october 2003, stem cuttings were collected from eight stock plants, located in Fazenda Rio Grande - PR. Semi-hardwood cuttings were preppared with 8.0 cm long by 0.35 cm of diameter shape, containing three leaves on the top, cut in a half,  the base was cut in diagonal and the top was cut straight, receiving a treatment with sodium hipochlorite (0.5%) for 10 minutes. The experiment was being conducted in a greenhouse. After 90 days an analysis was taken from the rooting rate, rate of the number of roots formed per cuttings, length of the three biggest  roots formed per cuttings, rate of the initial leaves which have survived since the cutting’s manufacture per cutting, rate of sprout presence per cutting, rate of not rooted living cuttings and rate of dead cuttings. The analyzed variables did not show a significative difference using 5% of probability, except for the rate of not rooted living cuttings which had differed  statistically; however, the rooting rate was above the ones found in studies made with another species of  Berberis (20.0 - 30.0 %). IBA did not improve the  rooting of B. laurina.

The grevilea, Grevillea robusta (Cunn), species of the  Proteaceae family, native of Australia it was introduced in Brazil and in several other countries of the world, for ornamentation, wind breaks and to shade agricultural  crops. In general the grevilea has few pests in its area of natural dispersion and also in Brazil. Recently a severe infestation of the cicada Aethalion reticulatum (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae) was verified in experimental plantings of  grevilea’s plantation in São Miguel Arcanjo, SP. This is the first verification of A. reticulatum causing damages to G. robusta. A. reticulatum is an sap sucking insect and the damages in grevilea are similar to the observed in fruit  plants.

Some Tabebuia species (Tabebuia alba, T. chrysotricha and T. heptaphylla) present deformed young leaves. A survey was performed randomly on young trees, from one month to  three years old in”Viveiro Municipal da Barreirinha” and  trees of urban areas of the Curitiba city, PR, Brazil. Small  twigs with symptoms were collected from each plant in  order to identify the associated insects, revealing the  presence of several species of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Diptera. However, it was verified that the  leaf rolling is caused by Trioza tabebuiae (Hemiptera:  Psylloidea) injuries.

Sweetgum is a North and Central American tree species well known for the healing gum since the times of the Aztec civilization. In the southern United States, this is the most widely planted broadleaf species for wood  production. It grows well on a variety of site conditions, including on alluvial soil prone to flooding. As a result  of the wide natural distribution, it shows important variations in phenology and growth traits. The more  northern provenances tend to shut down growth processes much earlier and resume them later than the southern sources. These variations reflect directly on  the growth patterns among seed sources. Experiments  in several sites have demonstrated its potential value for wood production in small wood lots in the South and Southeastern Brazil. The most southern seed sources  (Central American) have proved to be far more  productive than the North Americans; the fastest  growing provenances have shown productivity similar to fast growing eucalypts, in the order of 40 m3/ha.yr. The  ood has multiple use including pulp, railway sleepers, sawn timber, furniture and firewood. It is  especially valued for use in veneer and plywood  industries. However, it must be dealt with cautiously because of its highly invasive nature. In Brazil, it  produces large amounts of seed with great chances to  germinate and to rapidly take over the site. One key  factor for this success is the absence of foraging agents  uch as birds and rodents which coexist in its  natural range. Moreover, this species regenerates vigorously from stumps as well as from adventitious  roots.

The aim of this study was to compare, through simulation, the BLUP and BLUP-HET procedures for breeding values prediction under heterogeneity of residual variances. Random data were generated with spread sheet, considering a variance of 0,10 and variable residual variance, by number of clones, in order toprovide heterogeneity of variances. Actual and residual breeding values obtained were added to the mean 10, in order to obtain positive phenotypic values. Experimental design was random blocks with 100 genotypes, one plant per plot and 2, 5, 10 and 20 repetitions. Data were evaluated using Selegen software, obtaining estimated breeding values through BLUP and BLUP-HET procedures which were compared to actualbreeding values. In this study, using two and five repetitions showed low accuracy. With heritability close to 10%, it is recommend to use ten or more repetitions in order to ensure greater accuracy in estimates. This represents no restrain in case of variances heterogeneity within genotypes, being both methods suitable. Nevertheless, for most of the cases, BLUP-HET results in accuracies closer to expected values. Furthermore, its estimates for selection gain are closer to real figures.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.67.193

This study aimed to adjust the hypsometric model of Trorey, Henricksen, Curtis and Stoffels in ecosystems of mopane (Colophospermum mopane) based on data from permanent plots established in Mabalane, Gaza Province, Mozambique. Statistical adjustment as coefficient of determination R2% and standard error of estimate (Syx%) were determined. Adjustment equations were validated using Chi-square and residual graphic analysis made. The results showed that the Stoffels model was presented the best adjustment compared to the other models, with R2%= 49.92 and Syx%= 17.97 satisfactory for all tested models.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.66.155

This study aimed to produce and evaluating the briquettes made from residues of plant biomass and test different times and temperatures. The material utilized was composed of wood processing residues (wood shaving and sawdust), coffee bean parchment and coffee tree stem, beam stem and pod, soybean stem and pod, rice husk, corn leaf, stem, straw and cob and sugar cane straw and bagasse. Briquetting was performed at a pressure of 150 Bar. Different times were tested for briquetting sawdust from wood and different temperatures for rice husk and parchment coffee. For evaluation of the briquettes quality, the apparent relative density, compression resistance and combustion index were determined. The results indicated that the briquetting time and temperature interfered in the mechanical resistance of the briquettes. The best pressing time was of eight minutes and the temperature of 125 °C. The briquettes produced from rice husk presented higher density and high mechanical density. The highest combustion index was found for the bean pod briquettes.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.66.103

The bioactive secondary metabolites of some plants are capable of stimulating the growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Combined with plants, these fungi provide the same conditions to grow in environments contaminated by heavy metals. We evaluated the effect of adding essential oil of Eucalyptus grandis in the growth of ectomycorrhizal isolates in the presence of copper, zinc and nickel. The ectomycorrhizal Pisolithus microcarpus (UFSC Pt 116) and Pisolithus sp. (UFSC Pt 24) were incubated in liquid culture medium in the presence of increasing concentrations of copper, zinc and nickel and essential oil of Eucalyptus grandis at a concentration of 20 μL L-1. After an incubation period of 25 days, we estimated the dry mass of mycelium and concentration that inhibited fungal growth by 50%. At concentrations of copper, zinc and nickel above of 3.94, 1.57 and 0.85 mmol L-1 respectively, no increase was observed in the growth of ectomycorrhizal isolates evaluated by the addition of essential oil. The presence of essential oil of E. grandis at a concentration of 20 μL L-1 in liquid culture medium increased the tolerance of ectomycorrhizal isolates UFSC Pt 116 and Pt 24 UFSC to the heavy metals copper, zinc and nickel.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.67.227

The establishment of exotic forest species in Brazil may show  dependence to ectomycorrhizal association, which increases the resistance of seedlings to stress after the initial planting in the  field, favoring the maintenance of harshseedlings under  adverse conditions. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of  applying the eucalyptus essential oil in ectomycorrhizal  colonization on growth of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings in greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of five  concentrations of the Eucayptus grandis essential oil and two  ectomycorrhizal isolates, in addition to the control treatment  without inoculation. It was used a completely randomized  design with eight repetitions. Ninety days after transplanting  the eucalyptus seedlings were evaluated: height (cm), stem  diameter (mm), dry massof shoots and roots (mg) and percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization. The eucalyptus  essential oil was efficient in stimulating ectomycorrhizal  colonization of eucalyptus seedlings, resulting in significant  increases in dry weight of shoots of mycorrhizal seedlings,  showing doseresponse effect, depending on the ectomycorrhizal used.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.67.235