Repositório RCAAP

This work was carried out in a stretch of Dense Rain Forest in the lowland county of Carauari, Amazonas, aiming to estimate the species composition of tree layer and classify the species in their ecological groups in order to obtain information about the current situation of the forest fragment, to be the basis for strategies for conservation and preservation as well as the basis for formulating research aimed at the dissemination of knowledge and its application to sustainable production. The forest inventory was conducted in an area of 275 ha, crossed by three transects (822 m, 1,265 m and 2,349 m), totaling 4.436 m. Plots were installed in 20 m x 25 m, 50 m equidistant, merged to the right and left of the line transect, totaling 66 sampling units. All tree individuals trees that had a circumference of 1,30 m above the ground (CAP) ≥ 25 cm were identified and measured. There were 3,050 individuals distributed in 133 species, 93 genera and 49 families. It was observed that the species of early succession (pioneer + early secondary) were more numerous, showing characteristics of a forest in early successional stage. doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.67.161

It was collected and subsequent analysed advertisements and advertising campaigns for companies of forest products and services in nine magazines and 91websites of the forest sector, seeking for advertising and marketing actions that had some kind of environmental appeal as environmental terms, symbols with environmental appeal, certification seal and image with environmental appeal. The “environmental term” is present in 85,9% of 157 forest advertisements from different segments. The forestry sector has embraced the environmental marketing as a tool to adapt to the market, to meet an increasingly more critical and aware of current environmental issues. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.105

The aim of this work was to evaluate the vermicompost efficiency in the seedlings of two eucalyptus species production. The experiment was developed in greenhouse conditions, substrate constituted by different vermicompost proportions and peat for the E. grandis and C. citriodora seedling production. The experimental design was entirely casualized with seven treatments and eight repetitions. After 100 days of experiment were evaluated: seedling height, fresh and dry biomass of aerial part, root volume, dry biomass of the root and Dickson quality index (DQI). The treatment constituted by 80% vermicompost and 20% peat presented the highest results in height, root volume and dry mass of the aerial part and roots. For the species C. citriodora was observed that the vermicompost addition to the peat in the proportions from 40% to 80% was shown efficient in the seedlings growth. The treatment constituted by 80% vermicompost and 20% peat provided highest height and dry mass of the aerial part seedlings and the treatment constituted by 60% vermicompost and 40% peat provided highest root volume. The proportions 60% and 80% vermicompost added to the peat increase the E. grandis and C. citriodora seedlings production.

The use of eucalyptus essential oil can optimize the growth of ectomycorrhizal isolates, which aid the establishment of forest species in soils contaminated by copper. The study aimed to determine the best application of eucalyptus essential oil in the formation of mycorrhizal seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis and its influence on the establishment of these seedlings in soil contaminated by copper. It was used the ectomycorrhizal fungi (fECM) Pisolithus microcarpus. The application forms of the essential oil were evaluated in a greenhouse, by means of six treatments. Subsequently, the seedlings were transplanted and evaluated in soil contaminated by copper, greenhouse and field. It was determined height, diameter, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, copper content in plant, colonization and survival in the field. The essential oil of E. grandis supports the growth of mycorrhizal of eucalyptus seedlings, particularly when applied to the substrate. The application of essential oil increases the colonization, promoting growth and survival of seedlings under greenhouse conditions and field.

This study aimed to adjust volumetric models to tropical pines, in pure stand, in the municipality of Vilhena, Rondonia State.  The data came from 20 felled trees of Pinus caribaea var.  hondurensis and 10 Pinus tecunumanii trees with discs collected at fixed positions of 0.20 m, 0.70 m, 1.30 m and in distances of one meter along the stem, for later counting and measurement of the growth rings at ages from 4 to 12 years. Eight volumetric models were adjusted. The selection criteria used were: standard error of estimate, adjusted coefficient of  determination, F test, significance of regression coefficients,  mean deviation, standard deviation of the differences, sum of square of the relative residual, percentage of the residuals and graphic analysis of residuals. The models from Näslund  modified and from Spurr presented, respectively, best fit to estimate the volume for Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis submitted to the first thinning and for Pinus tecunumanii, with  ages between 4 and 12 years, in Vilhena, Rondonia State, Brazil.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of dynamic elastic constant obtained in non-destructive testing, as a parameter to estimate the mechanical properties of stiffness and resistance of Eucalyptus grandis. For this we used an emitter of ultrasonic waves, which had its sensitivity evaluated by comparison with the values obtained in the destructive test of static bending. The results show that the dynamic elastic constant can be used as non-destructive inference of the stiffness and resistance of Eucalyptus grandis, though with reservations, because the adjustments observed were relatively low, with R²adj. 0.25 and 0.39, respectively. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.109

Plantation forests in Brazil cover 7 million hectares, which represents 1% of the country (68% of Eucalyptus and 25% of Pinus plantations). The aim of this study was to evaluate a Eucalyptus urograndis plantation. High levels of Ca and Mg in the soil suggest that limestone had leached into the soil profile. The soil resistance down to 60 cm depth in the row of planting was lower than the inter-row space, indicating that deep tillage had been effective. Soil resistance, down to 20 cm depth at an inter-row distance of 1 m from the planting row, was higher, likely by the increase in soil compaction during the site preparation. The canopy biomass differed amongst the DBH classes, justifying the use of an allometric equation based on a basal area for assessing the canopy biomass. The observed variation in DBH did not correlate with variation in wood density. The wood density of 0.37 g cm-3 was lower than those reported for 7-year-old plantation. The in situ removal of the bark increased nutrient availability by 8-11%. Harvesting of tree bole in 3-year old plantation didn’t result in a large nutrient export, indicating that proper plantation management can contribute to plantation forest sustainability.

This research aim to evaluate the wood and charcoal quality of three Eucalyptus clones planted at different places and to verify the existent functional relations between the basic density and the depth of penetration of the Pilodyn pin. Three Eucalyptus clones were evaluated and four trees were sample for each clone and place. It was determined the depth of penetration of a Pilodyn pin at 1.30 m of height of the soil (DBH), average basic density (DBm), the basic density at DBH, the calorific value, lignin, total extractive, ashes and holocellulose contents and elemental chemical analysis (C, H, N and O). The wood was carbonized and the charcoal produced was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. In the evaluation of the wood characteristics a completely randomized design disposed in a factorial scheme 3 x 2 was used. A linear model was adjusted between DBm and the depth of penetration of the Pilodyn pin. It was possible to conclude that the clones present potential to be used for energy. The charcoal produced may be used in siderurgy. The linear model adjusted between DBm and the penetration of the Pilodyn pin was satisfactory.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.68.319

This work aimed to verify the influence of the sampling longitudinal position in Qualea parviflora Mart. in the quality of charcoal and the statistical relation among the variables measured in this biofuel. Five trees were evaluated. In each one, 5 cm – thickness discs were obtained in the base, DBH (1.30 m), middle and top. The wood was carbonized in a muffle furnace, considering a heating rate of 1.67 ºC min-1. The yields in charcoal pyroligneous extract, in non-condensable gases and in fixed carbon and volatile matters, fixed carbon and ash contents, besides relative apparent density of the charcoal were determined. In the evaluation of the experiment, an entirely randomized design was used with five repetitions, being different sampling position considered a variation factor. Simple linear correlations between characteristics measured in the charcoal were evaluated and statistical models were proposed. Charcoal from Qualea parviflora Mart. wood presented great energetic potential. A significant influence of the sampling longitudinal position Qualea parviflora Mart. in the quality of the charcoal was not found. Fixed carbon content, gravimetric yield and volatile matter contents must be considered main characteristics related to higher heating value of the charcoal evaluated.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.68.295

The objective of this study was to calculate the ratio of Liocourt in natural forest with 50 hectares of Araucaria angustifolia. The diameter distribution behaved as expected for native forests, generating a distribution curve similar to an inverted-J. The forest showed 456 araucaria trees per hectare with diameter at breast hight (DBH) above 10 cm and basal area of 24.64 m² ha-1. The value of the Liocourt quotient was 1.3, and 54 trees per hectare with 40 cm of DHB can be removed, with a reduction of 2.70 m² ha-1 of basal area or 135 m² total basal area and 34 trees per hectare for a 50 cm of DBH with a reduction of 1.9 m² ha-1 or 95 m² total basal area. Considering only the commercial classes (DBH ≥ 40 cm) this withdrawal represents a reduction of 9.5% for the basal area to the diameter of 40 cm and 6.9% to the diameter of 50 cm. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.111

The “silver oak” is an Australian native tree species that was introduced in Brazil to shade agricultural species and forages (agrosilvopastoral systems).The aim of this work was to evaluate the silver oak effects on the soil fertility and the Brachiaria brizantha productivity in a silvopastoral system located at Arenito Caiuá geology, Tapejara, Paraná State, Brazil. Seven equidistant places were selected between two tree lines, with four repetitions. In these points it was collected the forage (winter and summer) and the soil and litter samples in the winter. In the sandstone region named Arenito Caiuá the silver oak litter is a very important source of organic matter and nutrients to the soil and it also promotes the the dry matter production, the increase of N and K contents of the forage, mainly in the summer. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.53

This is the first register of defoliation caused by Compsus azureipes Hustache in a plantation of taxi-branco (Sclerolobium paniculatum), tree specie for energy purposes. The attacks were verified in Almeirim County, State of Pará, Brazil, in September 2011. It is also the first report of injuries caused by an insect that requires intervention in experimental trials of this specie.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.68.381

The macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeate) is an extraction oil palm and its fruit is of great socioeconomic importance for small farmers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability and to obtain information about the genetic control of morphological traits related to growth and vigor of macaw palm. Fifty-one open pollinated progenies were collected in Minas Gerais and São Paulo States, which are active members of the germplasm bank of Viçosa Federal University. These 51 progenies, twelve months after planting, were evaluated for plant growth and number of leaves emitted. The characteristics evaluated presented great variability among the progenies. Heritability coefficient of 87% and 48% were obtained for plant growth and leaf number emitted, respectively, revealing a high degree of genetic control and potential for the genetic breeding. The Tocher’s method was efficient to allocate progenies from State of São Paulo in the same group. The rank index selection method allowed the selection of more balanced progenies and individuals for the two traits, making possible to optimize the selection and obtain gains in all traits simultaneously.

This study aimed to know the phytosociology of the tree component of riparian vegetation in a stream that flows into the Sirinhaem River in Engenho Buranhem, Sirinhaem, Pernambuco State, and identify the species dispersal syndromes. The stream is located in a fragment of dense rain forest of the lowlands, with 272 ha. It was sempled used one hectare (40 sampling units of 10 m x 25 m each). It was registered 1,307 trees with circumference at breast height (CAP) . 15 cm. We identified 118 species belonging to 40 botanical families. Protium heptaphyllum and Pouteria sp.1 were the most abundant species. In terms of importance value (IV), Protium heptaphyllum, Pouteria sp.1 and Virola gardneri are among the most important ecologically species. The predominant dispersal syndromes were zoocory (72.8%), autocory (13.6%) and anemochory (4.8%). It was not possible to determine the type of dispersal of 8.8% of the species studied. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.01

The effectiveness of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) to control powdery mildew was evaluated in Eucalyptus benthamii seedlings. Four treatments were applied: sprays of K2SiO3 (4 mL L-1) for 7 days, K2SiO3 (4 mL L-1) for 14 days, fungicide epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin (6 mL L-1) for 14 days and ultrapurified water for 7 days. The experiment consisted of a randomized complete block design with three replicates, each with 10 seedlings with 90 days old per plot. Inoculation was done by brushing spores of Oidium eucalypti, collected from infected E. benthamii seedlings, onto superior parts of healthy seedlings. It was measured the diameter of the root collar (DC) and height (H) of the seedlings at 120 and 150 days. After 150 days, severity of disease, fresh mass (MF) and dry mass (MS) of aerial part were determined. No statistically significant differences were observed in height increment of the seedlings, in H/DC and MS. Sprays of potassium silicate at 14-days intervals showed the best results in the increase of the DC, in disease control and the difference between MS and MF (p < 0.05). The use of potassium silicate at 14-days intervals can be a form of control of powdery mildew, favoring the seedling growth of E. benthamii. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.93

Mankind is seeking to increase the use of renewable energy sources on the world energetic matrix, aiming on Green House Gas Emissions (GHGE) reduction. Biomass potential for energy generation studies, including forest products and residues, have been conducted worldwide, showing great potential. Besides, wood energy uses contribute to GHGE reduction, and is a locally available energy source at competitive costs in many countries. The proportion of fuelwood on Brazilian energy matrix has decreased over the last four decades, nevertheless consumption has increased during the last ten years. South and Northeast regions are the biggest fuelwood producers in Brazil, Southeast is the main producers of wood charcoal. In order to increase forest biomass potential for energy generation, small and medium farmers forest technology access should be facilitated, and forest plantation area should be increased in order to supply wood biomass rising demand for energy purposes on the near future.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.68.363

This research aimed to evaluate briquettes made from coffee husk, eucalyptus sawdust and maize harvesting residues, and the influence of post compaction interval on some properties of the briquettes. After oven drying of the biomass, the briquettes were produced in a laboratory briquetting machine at 120 ºC and 15 MPa. Bulk density and heating value of the fresh biomass were analyzed. After compaction, influence of time on moisture content, volumetric expansion an bulk density of the briquettes was analyzed. From the results, it was observed that milled coffee husk had the highest mean value of bulk density. There was no statistical difference for higher heating value among the biomass analyzed. The effect of pos compaction interval was significant on moisture content based on dry mass and bulk density for all briquettes produced. The briquettes produced from maize harvesting residues had high volumetric expansion. Considering tensile strength by diametric compression, coffee husk briquettes were more resistant. The results highlight the potential of energetic use of briquettes obtained by compaction of coffee husks.

Eucalypts are the second forest species most planted in Southern Brazil, for production of cellulose, paper and energy. The continued expansion of commercial plantations in southern Brazil region has led to an increase on incidence and severity of diseases. The present work discusses the occurrence and distribution of diseases associated to this region, susceptible species, and causal agents. Strategies for control such as mapping of risk areas, use of resistant genetic material and chemical control are adequate measures to minimize negative impacts on wood production for energy. Diseases, as eucalypt rust, that reduce the productivity and wood quality were considered the most important and must be controlled.doi: 10.4336/2011.pfb.31.68.373

This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of waste generated by forestry species that occur in semiarid northeastern at Seridó region, Rio Grande do Norte, for the briquettes production, determine the physical and mechanical briquettes properties, and to correlate the wood density with the density after the briquettes production and briquettes density with the compressive strength. Thirty-two trees were collected (eight species with four replications). The wood physical and chemical properties evaluation were held under a completely randomized design. For the variables related to briquette, it was adopted the same design with three replicates for each species, totalizing 24 sampling units. The briquettes produced with jurema-preta wood stood out as a function to higher fixed carbon content, calorific value and higher compressive strength flat. The briquettes made from waste of imburana wood had the worst performances for the studied parameters. It was observed a negative correlation between the wood density and the gain of apparent relative density of the briquettes and a positive correlation between the briquettes density and the compressive strength of flat.

This study aimed to test volumetric models and check the the efficiency of three methods to estimate the wood volume in Eucalyptus urophylla plantation, managed under regime of high forest and coppice, on a property located in the county of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. It was carried out rigorous measurements scaled trees to obtain the volume to adjust seven volumetric models. The best models were selected using the score pondered value of the statistical parameters (VP). The volumes obtained by three methods (form factor, form quotient and adjusted models) were compared to the volume obtained in the scaling. The models of Schumacher e Hall (log) and Spurr were the more indicated to estimate the volume of stands in both management conditions. The volume obtained from the two best adjusted models resulted in estimates closer to the real volume when compared to the volumes estimated by form factor and the form quotient.