Repositório RCAAP

The objective of this study was to determine the flight height of species of Bostrichidae family, as well as determine the faunistic index of species collected in Tropical Semideciduous Forest, in the period to April of 2000 at March of 2001, in Maracaí farm, located in the municipality of Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Seven heights with 21 ethanolic traps were tested, with three traps by height. The bait used was the commercial alcohol and the collects were proceeded every fifteen days, and latter on monthly. The material collected was identified by comparison with specimens of the Forest Protection laboratory collection, from the Federal University of Mato Grosso. Were collected 141 individuals from five species: Bostrychopsis uncinata, Micrapate brasiliensis, Micrapate germaini, Xyloperthella piceae and Xyloprista praemorsa. The collects of most species of Bostrichidae, were significantly higher at 30 meters. The most frequent and dominant species captured was X. picea. This species presented the higher peak of occurrence in June and February, significantly different from the other species. In the studying period, it was not observed significant correlation between climate and the occurrence of the studied species.

The objectives of this study was identify the termite species, assess the relationship of the occurrence of nests with Tectona grandis (teak) and its possible damage caused by this association, being determined the type of spatial distribution of nests in the studying area. This work was conducted in the municipality of Porto Esperidião, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, in the teak plantation with 581,27 ha. The nests were placed with a GPS (Global Positioning System), for further assessment of population distribution, according to the Morisita index. The nests were quantified in different altitudes classes. It was also evaluated the number of nests found in trees and regrowth in and out of trees, as well as the influence of these nests in tree growth. The termites found were identify as Cornitermes snyderi. The nests do not affect the growth in relation to the circumference at breast height of tree. The spatial distribution of termites in the planting is pooled, binomial negative. I was not observed damage in trees surrounded by nests.

The effect of combined application of lime, phosphorus sources and forms of application of the phosphorus sources on growth and P uptake of Eucalyptus dunnii have been studied in pots. The treatments consisted of two levels of liming (C0, C1 lime to raise to pH 5.5 in water by pH SMP method), two phosphorus sources (triple superphosphate and Gafsa rock phosphate) and two forms of application of phosphorus sources (incorporated and located). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a Humic Cambisol Ta aluminate Typical for 67 days. Liming increased dry matter production of shoots, plant growth, accumulation and P use efficiency in Eucalyptus; the incorporated application was more efficient than localized. Liming decreased efficiency of Gafsa rock phosphate and triple superphosphate was the most efficient phosphorus source.

The spectroscopic characteristics (DRIFT, UV-visible and EPR) of humic fractions were studied during composting of sawdust and paper mill sludge. Infrared spectroscopy reveals a compost rich in hydroxyl and alkyl groups and carboxylates and carbohydrates. The alkyl fraction is abundant in the humic acids and humin. The decreasing of the E4/E6 ratio during composting indicates an enhancement of the organic chains number, with conjugated double bonds. This decreasing would correspond to a reduction of the lignin content and/or formation of porphyrins. The EPR shows that humin presents the highest concentration of free radical and the lowest intensities of the Fe3+.

The state of São Paulo has a wide climatic diversity which certainly influences productivity and species adaptation in forest plantations and places for plantation and experimentation must be carefully chosen. The objective of this study was to identify climatically homogeneous regions in the state of São Paulo, based on data collected at several experimental stations of São Paulo State Forest Institute to support deployment of Pinus maximinoi for experimental plantings. Thirty experimental areas and climatic data for each meteorological station were subjected to cluster analysis interpreted according to the resulting dendrograms. Climatic requirements for this species were verified in the scientific literature and assessed in experimental plantings. The most adequate experimental stations for P. maximinoi are in Angatuba, region that includes Buri, Pirajú, Itapeva, Avaré, Itapetininga, and Itararé Stations. The climate in the region is Cwa. The stations in the group including Bebedouro, São José do Rio Preto, and Ilha Solteira are not recommended for the species because of the warmer climate and water stress during the summer months. Campos do Jordão Station is also not recommended due to frequent frosts. For intermediate areas, could be identified specific genotypes that are adaptable to each specific climatic conditions. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.79

The effect of combined application of lime and phosphorus in critical levels in soil and plants of Eucalyptus dunnii in vessels was studied. The treatments consisted of three levels of lime (C0, without liming; C1/2, liming with half the doses to raise the pH in water at pH 5.5 by the method of SMP; C1, liming with dose to raise the pH in water at 5.5 by the same method) and five doses of phosphorus (0, 50, 150, 300 and 600 mg P kg-1 of soil). The experiment was carried out during 67 days in a greenhouse, using a Ta-aluminate Typical Humic Cambisol. The highest yields of shoots dry matter were observed at the highest level of liming. The critical levels of P in soil and shoot dry mass decreased with increasing level of liming.

This study aimed to characterize the composition and structure of mopane forest ecosystems, estimating growth rates and  determining the diameter distribution. It was used data from permanent plots established in 2002 in Mabalane region, Gaza Province. It was analyzed the species composition . It was also determined the horizontal structure of the forest (abundance, dominance, frequency and importance value index) and the annual periodic increment in diameter. The results showed that 15 tree species belonging to eleven botanical families occur in this region. The forest is dominated by Colophospermum mopane (Benth.) J. Léonard (mopane), with an abundance of 258.80 trees per hectare, which represents 85.8% of all individuals. The periodic annual increment in diameter observed in the period from 2003 to 2010 was 1.19 mm year-1, withdiameter distribution as inverted J-curve. Mopane forest shows slow growth and low species diversity, so it is important to apply silvicultural interventions and to establish a management plan taking into consideration the species growth rate and horizontal and vertical structure of the forest.

The study of the relationship between species or populations is an excellent tool to learn about ecological phenomena. Among the possible interaction between two species, it is highlighted the mutualism between ants and insects that produce honeydew. While honeydew is "garbage" for the aphids it can be a food source for ants. The type of interaction between aphids and their natural enemies, known as "intraguild predation" or predation of natural enemies that share the same prey is an interaction that occurs in aphid communities. The majority of natural enemies in this system interact asymmetrically according to differences in body size, feeding strategy and priorities of each species. In agroecosystems, the consequence of this relation becomes particularly important for the biological control of pests of economic importance. In Brazil, few publications refer to the association among ants, aphids and their natural enemies, specifically in forest areas. Thus, this work had the objective to review studies regarding these association and discuss a field observed case involving the giant conifer aphid, Cinara atlantica (Hemiptera: Aphididae), its natural enemies and the ants Solenopsis invicta and Camponotus rufipes, occurring on Pinus taeda.

Aiming to evaluate the development of seedlings of Schinus terebinthifolius under different irrigation depth, an experiment was installed in a greenhouse. The experimental design used was randomized block consisting of 4 treatments with 3 blocks. The irrigation depths evaluated were 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm daily, respectively T1, T2, T3 and T4. Seedling production was performed in tubes with 280 cm ³ filled with pine bark basis substrate and fertilizer. The development of the seedlings, were evaluated by the following characteristics: height of aerial part (APA), diameter at breast height (D),dried mass weight of roots (PMSR), dried mass weight of aerial part (PMSPA), total dried mass (MST) and relation (h/d). The treatment T3 presented the best results in relation to the appraised variables, followed by T2. The Schinus terebenthifolius needs a daily sheet of water of around 10 mm, which is smaller than other pioneer species. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.23

The objective of this work was to perform a screening of residues of forest species of the Central Amazon to prepare spawn of the edible mushroom Panus strigellus. Sawdust substrates from 11 forest species were tested. Then supplementation with beer yeast, cereal bran and regional fruit residues in sawdust:supplementation relation (5:1 and 10:1) were evaluated. Mycelial growth of P. strigellus occurred in all the substrates composed of the Amazonian forests species, suggesting that all have potential for use in spawn formulation and/or cultivation of this edible mushroom. Among these species the substrate formulated with Simarouba amara sawdust promoted higher mycelial growth (P<0.05). The formulation of S. amara supplemented with Astrocaryum aculeatum fruit shell bran (10:1) presented the best supplementation alternative among regional fruit residues. Three types of packaging for spawn preparation were evaluated, and the polypropylene sack (32×45 cm) was considered the most appropriate. Simarouba amara sawdust and A. aculeatum fruit shell are readily available in the North region, and the results demonstrating that these residues might substitute Eucalyptus sp. sawdust and rice bran, commonly used in the South and Southeast of Brazil for mushroom spawn production.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the salinity effects on growth and dry matter and cations accumulation in moringa plants (Moringa oleifera). The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, with four treatments, consisting of four soils (electrical conductivity (EC) 0.49 (control), 4.15, 6.33, 10.45 dS m-1) with four replications. Initially the plants were grown in rigid tubes, and 30 days after emergence, were transferred to pots containing 10 kg of soil, according to the salinity treatment. The parameters evaluated were plants height and dry matter and N, K, Ca, Mg and Na accumulation in shoots and roots. The salinity is detrimental to initial plant growth and cation accumulation in shoots and roots plants. Young moringa plants were not effective in inhibiting the absorption of Na and its translocation to the shoot. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.45

The objective of the present paper was to evaluate the survival of planted leguminous trees to restore degraded areas and yields of maize and cassava in traditional farming system. The trees species Acacia angustissima, Clitoria racemosa, Inga edulis, and Acacia mangium were planted at spacing of 1 m x 1 m, 2 m x 1 m and 2 m x 2 m. Sclerolobium paniculatum was planted only at spacing of 2 m x 1 m. The maize, remained in the cropping system during the first four months, and it was considered as monocropping phase and, yielded 1,890 +/- 32 kg ha-1. The survival of planted trees was not negatively impacted by the presence of agricultural crops. Regardless of the spacing, the planted trees did not cause a negative impact on dry weight of cassava root. There was a tendency to increase dry weight of root of cassava as the number of planted trees per hectare decreased. These results show the possibility to maintain crop productivity in enriched fallow vegetation systems. However, tree planting at the spacing of 1 m x 1 m should be carefully considered when food is required.

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of the non-segmented polynomial models of Fifth degree and Hradetzky from 1976 and the segmented models of Max and Burkhart from 1976 and Clark et al. from 1991, in estimating diameters along the stem of Tectona grandis L.f., with adjustments for the full set of data and by diameter class in a 16 years old stand in the center–southern region of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The database consisted of 114 trees, scaled by the modified Hohenadl method and distributed in diameter classes. The models adjustments were evaluated according to the adjusted coefficient of determination, standard eError of estimate and distribution of residuals. The accuracy of the models along the stem was evaluated by deviation, standard deviations of differences, sum of squares of relative residuals and percentage of residuals. The Hradetzky equation was the most accurate to estimate diameters along the stem of Tectona grandis, both for the total data set and for diameter classes, except Class 3, where Clark et al. model was more accurate.

In this research it was evaluated the potential of the soil seed bank in a remaining of Subtropical Ombrophilous Alluvial Forest (Araucaria Forest), by quali-quantitative analysis of seed germination. Additionally it was tested the occurrence of seasonal variation of the soil seed bank. The forest remaining located in Araucaria county, Parana State, Brazil, and it is influenced by Barigui river, affluent of Iguaçu river. It was used the completely randomized experimental design with ten replications. The soil seed bank was collected in three seasons at depth (of 10 cm plus litter), using a 0.40 m x 0.40 m sample square. The collected samples were placed in wood boxes in greenhouse, during 8 months. It was observed a season average of 5,732 individuals m-2, distributed into 276 species (120 genus, 54 families). A total of 34,780 seeds germinate. The number of seeds did not presented statistical difference among seasons. The floristic composition of the soil seed bank was influenced by anthropized surrounding areas.doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.77

This study aimed to develop an alternative model of trap for interception with ethanol for flying insects, in order to reduce the costs related to surveys of insects of the subfamily Scolytinae (Curculionidae), conducted in forest ecosystems. The model of trap, called PET-SM, was manufactured with recyclable materials: plastic plate, polyethylene (PET) bottle of two liters, PET bottle of 600 mL, and a hose with alcohol 96 GL used as attractive. Compared to other models used to monitor Scolytinae, the PET-SM model proved to be effective for capture, presenting a greater number of species and offering a lower cost of manufacture.

Landscapes formed on Barreiras Formation sediments occupy signifi cant area on Brazilian territory. Many of these landscapes have highly intensive agricultural use, dueto favorable climate and topography. The objective of this study was to characterize and to compare soil profi les situated on non-dissected coastal plains from southern Bahia to Alagoas, occurring under natural vegetation (forest) and agricultural use. Seven soil profi leswere analyzed and data from six soil profi les obtained in other works were incorporated. Particle size distribution, organic C (OC), Al, Ca, Mg, Al+H, K, Na, P, Fe, Ti and Si were determined. Clay mineralogy was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Soil profi les occur on fl at relief, have yellow color, weak small to medium subangular blocky structure on B horizon and sub-superfi cial cohesive character. Texture was the most signifi cant attribute thatdifferentiated soil profi les from each other. All soils have low Fe content. X-ray diffraction results showed kaolinite dominance in the clay fraction. The soil OC was the only attribute tested that signifi cantly varied between the surface materials of forest soils and the cultivatedsystems (sugarcane, orange, coconut and eucalyptus).

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of volume estimative along the stem of Tectona grandis L. f obtained by adjustment of non–segmented and segmented polynomial models, for a forest stand in South–Central region of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Data from rigorous tree scaling of Tectona grandis, using One hundred and fourtheen trees were measured by Hohenadl method, using 16 sections. The non–segmented models tested were the fifth-degree proposed by Schöepfer in 1966 and the Haradetzky from 1976 model. The segmented models tested were the Max and Burkhart from 1976 and the Clark et al. from 1991. The models accuracy along the stem were evaluated by the deviation, the standard deviations of differences, sum of squares of relative residues and percentage of residues The fifth-degree equation is the most accurate to estimate the volumes along the stem of Tectona grandis, and Max and Burkhart equation accurately estimated the volumes of the stem basis.

To know the volume of wood from a forest is extremely important. Volume equations for species from the Araucaria Forest are restricted almost exclusively to plantations of araucaria. Equations for Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart.) Barroso plantations are inexistent. The present work aims to develop equation for individual tree volume and hypsometric relation from an Ocotea porosa, established in the region of Rio Negro, PR. Twelve trees were logged with DBH from 3.98 cm to 43.13 cm and height from 5.1 m to 20.4 m. All the trees were measured and cubed. Eleven mathematical models were tested for the development of the volume equation. The criteria used for selecting the best equation were the adjusted coefficient of determination, the standard error of estimative in percentage, the value of F calculated and graphical analysis of the residuals. The model-Kopezky Gehrart, presented a high coefficient of determination (0.97), low standard error of estimate (16.7%) and high value of calculated F (382.6), with good distribution of residuals. The results indicate that this model can be used to quantify the volume with bark, which is very important in conjunction with other information for decision making in forest management. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.13

Quantification of nutrients in forest ecosystems is fundamental for the verification of the maintenance of continuous flow between what is deposited in the soil and what is re-assimilated by the plants. Using basal area as a practical tool in the measurement of forest stands makes modeling easy at stand level for nutrient quantification. Thus, the present work had as objective to quantify and fit the weight of macronutrients per hectare in different compartments of above ground biomass. The data used in this research came from 304 temporary plots with different ages in Mimosa scabrella Bentham. (bracatinga) stands located in the metropolitan region of Curitiba. Twenty three mathematical models were evaluated. Only one model was selected and validateds and it was appropriate for the estimation of nutrients quantities per hectare found in above ground of bracatinga biomass. In decrease order, the estimated values of macronutrients found in the aerial parts of bracatinga stands followed the sequence of N > Ca > K > Mg > P. After the exploitation of fire wood, were left as remnants in the area 25% of Ca, 32% of Mg, 37% of N, 45% of P and 18% of K.

The objective of this study was to improve existing methods for determination of stem biomass in a non-destructive way, and verify the influence that laser dendrometers have on the prediction by existing empirical models in forest environment on the individual trees. This study was developed in Itatinga, SP, Brazil, in three plots of a Eucalyptus grandis plantation, totalizing 175 trees. The stem diameter of standing trees were measured with two dendrometers, Criterion and RC3H, along the stem up to 8 meters height. After the volume evaluation of standing trees they were felled and the diameter obtained with a caliper and a tape in the same positions in which the non-destructive measures were taken. Wood disks were removed and dried for determination of humidity. The determination of biomass was performed by volumetric and gravimetric technique using three different methods (traditional wood volume evaluation, Criterion and RC3H). Some models were tested for these techniques and the best adjustment was selected. In general, all models showed good adjustments. The standard error average of prediction for these models were overestimated in 1% with the traditional wood volume evaluation and underestimated in approximately 11% using the Criterion and 40% using the RC3H.doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.23