Repositório RCAAP

This study aimed to identify damages caused by stink bugs in seeds of physic nut through the tetrazolium test. Seeds were soaked in water for 16 hours. After tegument removal, the albumens were submerged in tetrazolium solution at concentration of 0.5% for 4 hours at 40 ± 2 °C in BOD without light, and evaluated according to the levels of viability and damages by stink bugs. The tetrazolium test was efficient to evaluate the viability of physic nut seeds allowing the interpretation of vigor and damage caused by insects.

The present work evaluated the use of sewage sludge compost as a substrate component for Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis seedling production. Doses of sewage sludge compost and rice hulls were established with the following proportions (%): 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 and 20/80, and they were compared to commercial substrate commonly used in the nursery. Higher growth rates were observed on seedlings grown on substrates containing sewage sludge than on those containing commercial substrate.The use of sewage sludge compost in the substrate at levels above 40% is favorable to Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis seedlings growth. Use of sewage sludge compost as a substrate for seedling production is a viable way to its disposal. 

Pinus tecunumanii has good adaptation to edafoclimatic regions of Brazil and these pinus have been cultivated on Savanna and Atlantic Forest biomes. The objective of this study was to identify climate homogeneous experimental stations of the Forest Institute of São Paulo and indicate places where it is possible to establish progeny and clone tests for breeding and further commercial plantation of this specie. It was selected 30 experimental areas at São Paulo state and climatic data for each meteorological station nearest of these areas were obtained and subjected to cluster analysis. The results were interpreted from the observation dendrogramas. The climatic requirements of the species were verified in the scientific literature and technical reports. All area of São Paulo State  is adequate for experimental plantation, with exception of Campos do Jordão, because of great risks of freezing occurrence. The species may also be planted in the stations of Angatuba, Buri, Pirajú, Itapeva, Avaré, Itapetininga and Itararé, but lower areas of the landscape must be avoided, due to the low temperature. In hotter areas of  São Paulo State, as North and Northwest region, we can test the plants for earlier flowering what would be useful for optimization the time for plant breeding.

The study aimed to estimate parameters, values and genetic gain for growth traits in progenies of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, in the State of Mato Grosso. The progenies test was conducted under a randomized block design with 132 progenies, five replications and three plants in single rows, spaced 3 m x 2 m in Santo Antonio do Leverger, MT. At 24 months of age, progenies were evaluated for the characters: a) diameter at base height (DBH), in centimeters, b) total height, in meters, c) survival. The individual in the narrow sense heritability for the traits studied can be considered medium to high magnitude (0.13 and 0.21) for height and diameter, respectively. The heritability for survival were practically nil, due to low genetic variability among the progenies, as evidenced by high survival rate of the plants (96.8%). The phenotypic and genetic correlations were of high magnitude for DBH and height prediction. There is genetic variation among progenies for growth traits which will provide significant genetic gains with selection.doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.49

We assessed the damage done by cattle in three species of trees in a silvopastoral system implanted in the subtropical region of Brazil. The species Schinus terebinthifolius (Raddi), Grevillea robusta (A. Cunn. Ex R. Br) and Eucalyptus dunnii (Maiden), were planted in single rows (14 m x 3 m) to compose a silvopastoral system. During the first three years, the area was used for grain production in alley cropping systems. After 41 months of planting trees cattle were first introduced in the area. Five classes of damage intensity were established: no damage, low, medium, high, and extreme. The damage to the bark of trees were larger than those caused to the crown. The trees of S. terebinthifolius were more damaged by cattle. The maintenance of S. terebinthifolius trees in silvopastoral system is not recommended because the damage done by cattle is of extreme intensity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different substrates and luminosity in the early growth of Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul. seedlings. It was used completely randomized design in factorial 5 x 2 (five substrates and two environments) with four replications of 10 plants in each plot. The substrates were 1- arisco, 2- arisco + cattle manure 2:1, 3- arisco + cattle manure 3:1, 4- sand + cattle manure 2:1 and 5- sand + cattle manure 3:1. Environments were in full sun and 50% light. The evaluated characteristics in September 2009, were stem diameter, height, roots dry mass, shoots dry mass, leaf area and index quality of Dickson. There was no significant difference for stem diameter. The substrates containing manure promoted the development in height, dry mass of roots and shoots in both environments. Leaf area of seedlings was greater in shaded conditions and substrates with manure. The best quality seedlings were produced in 50% light or full sun. The seedlings should be produced on substrates containing cattle manure and conditions of full sun.

Plants of the genus Pinus are known worldwide by biological invasion potential. In the 1960s there were massive plantations of Pinus elliottii in the Campus of Juiz de Fora University, and nowadays the species is widespread. This study analyzed the species population structure in two distinct forest regeneration environments: open area (abandoned pasture) and closed-canopy (secondary forest) on the campus of UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. The hypothesis were that the open environment would present a better structured population, due to the preference of species for open areas. Random plots were allocated (15 plots of 5 m x 5 m in each environment), and all individuals of the species (trees: dbh . 5 cm, saplings, dbh <5 cm and H . 1 m and seedlings: H <1 m) were measured. We sampled 93 individuals (2,480 ind. ha-1) in the open environment and 122 (3253 ind. ha-1) in the closed-canopy environment. Unlike expected, the environments did not differ in the structural parameters, both presenting stable and self-regenerating populations. The absence of significant correlations (rs, P > 0.05) with environmental variables showed that competition for resources within the local vegetation is not an apparent problem for the permanence of species.

Most pathogens that cause diseases in crops can be transported and transmitted by seeds, with great economic significance. The objective of this work was to assess the incidence of pathogens and their effect in the germination and vigor of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. seeds. The seed sanity experiment was completely randomized with five treatments, and ten repetitions. The seeds were immersed in extracts of Allamanda cathartica, Momordica charantia and Foenicullum. vulgare for five minutes, and the control was immersed in sterile water. For the germination test, 200 seeds were used, distributed in four replicates of 50 seeds per treatment. The vigor tests consisted of the first count and germination speed index. The evaluation of fungi transmission were performed during the germination test, by counting the symptoms in the primary root, hypocotyl and epicotyl. The treatments reduced the incidence of Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus sp. Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. Nigrospora sp and Pestalotia sp..It was also found the fungus Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. associated with the lesions in the seed integument. The treatments provided a higher percentage of germination of seedlings. Higher percentages of germination were observed when oil extracts of Allamanda cathartica, Momordica charantia and Foenicullum vulgare were used.

Due to the difficulty in obtaining seeds with good physiological quality and ideal techniques for seminiferous reproduction, the study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of scarification on overcoming the dormancy of seeds of jatobá (Hymenaea oblongifolia and Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa). The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds. The following treatments were used: intact seeds (control), mechanical scarification with sandpaper number 100 in the opposite side to the embryo, and treatment of scarification with concentrate sulfuric acid (H2SO4) during 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The mechanical and chemical scarification for 30 and 60 minutes were effective pre-germination treatments on overcoming seeds dormancy of Hymenaea oblongifolia and Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa.

Os estudos da dinâmica de crescimento e o manejo florestal sustentável se encontram entre os temas de maior relevância para as florestas tropicais e subtropicais e sua grande diversidade de espécies arbóreas. Contudo há carência de informações que subsidiem plenamente os planos de manejo para uso e conservação dessas florestas.Nesse número especial da Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira, são apresentados 11 estudos, nove artigos técnico-científicos e duas notas técnicas, focando temas como inventário e manejo florestal, levantamentos florísticos, prognose da estrutura da floresta, estudos de dinâmica de clareiras, estimativas de crescimento e de volume e avaliação do potencial madeireiro. Esses trabalhos registram resultados do Bioma Amazônia, nos estados do Pará e Amazonas, do Bioma Mata Atlântica, relativo aos três estados da região Sul, além de abranger a região de Missiones, na Argentina.Essa publicação representa mais uma conquista de técnicos e pesquisadores envolvidos nos trabalhos de conservação e uso dos recursos das florestas naturais.

Desde o início de suas atividades, a Embrapa Florestas se preocupou em divulgar seus principais resultados de pesquisa por meio do Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal (BPF), lançado em 1980. Com o passar do tempo, percebeu-se a necessidade de modernizar o Boletim, ajustando seu formato aos novos tempos. O Engenherio Agrônomo, Pesquisador e Doutor em Economia, Luiz Roberto Graça foi chamado para liderar este processo de reformulação do BPF. Meticuloso, persistente e paciente, Dr. Graça deu novo formato ao antigo Boletim, transformando-o no periódico Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira (PFB). Novos processos foram inseridos na revista, a revisão dos artigos submetidos ganhou mais agilidade, a ampliação do número de revisores ad hoc impôs maior rigor na seleção dos trabalhos e diminui-se a endogamia antes existente no Boletim.Em 2008, o Dr. Graça aposentou-se da Embrapa, indo para um merecido descanso após tantos anos de dedicação à Empresa. Infelizmente, nos deixou precocemente em outubro de 2010. Sua ausência será muito sentida, tanto nos resultados de pesquisa quanto em sua calma para organizar o trabalho. Por isso, a PFB, em reconhecimento aos esforços e contribuições do Dr. Graça, aqui o homenageia, com a certeza que sua marca estará sempre estampada na pesquisa florestal no Brasil.

A biomassa florestal vem sendo apontada como alternativa com grande potencial para complementar a matriz energética mundial. O vasto campo ainda por explorar pela pesquisa resulta em trabalhos que muito contribuem para a otimização do uso desses recursos.Nesse número especial da Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira, são apresentados 11 estudos, oito artigos técnico-científicos, dois artigos de revisão e uma nota técnica, focando temas como biocombustíveis sólidos, briquetagem, carvão vegetal, avaliação da matriz energética e diferentes temas relacionados a produção de eucaliptos e espécies nativas.A PFB consolida, em sua 68a edição e 31o volume, sua contínua busca por excelência do conteúdo de temas florestais e a abrangência na divulgação, destacando-se a contribuição de autores de diferentes estados e países. Espera-se que esse processo contínuo de aprimoramento seja conquistado a cada nova edição.Comissão Editorial

This work aimed to quantify and compare chemical and energetic properties of Australian red cedar Toona ciliata MJ Roem var. australis (FV Muell.) C. DC wood from thinning and primary sawing for reconstituted panel and energy production; and also to verify the efficiency of extractive removal by water treatments, in order to improve wood quality for particleboard production. Lignin, holocellulose, extractives, ash, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur contents and higher heating value were determined. Two water treatments for extractive removal were performed: immersion in cold water for 24 hours and immersion in boiling water for 2 hours. Lower values of ash, holocellulose, hydrogen and nitrogen contents and higher contents of lignin, total extractives, hydrogen and nitrogen contents were found for wood from primary sawing residues. For other properties, the values were significantly equal. Australian red cedar wood presents high extractive content, being water pre-treatment necessary for the production of some particleboards. Higher heating values of materials indicate potential for energy production.doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.13

The search for information about the species of cerambycids associated to Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees (Lauraceae) on twigs cut off by Oncideres cervina Thomson, 1868 (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera), motivated the present research. It was determined in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State the emergence of cerambycids with biweekly evaluations in 49 twigs cut off. In addition to O. cervina, the twig-girdler, it was observed three other species of cerambycids, Trestonia capreola (Germar, 1824), Dihammaphora signaticollis Chevrolat, 1859 and Tropidozineus rotundicollis (Bates, 1863) (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera). It was the first record of host plant in this family botany for T capreola and D. signaticollis. The emergence period of cerambycids from twigs of O. puberula goes from September to December, with population peaking in November.

The present study aimed at estimating genetic parameters and variability among and within provenances for silvicultural traits of Handroanthus vellosoi (Toledo) Mattos, in provenances and progenies test stands, located at the Luiz Antônio Experimental Station (São Paulo State, Brazil). The test was established in the compact family block design, with two provenances (allocated in the plots), six replicates and sub-linear plots of five plants, totalizing 35 progenies. Diameter at breast height (DBH), plant height, cylindrical volume, stem form and survival at 24 years of age were evaluated. Significant differences among the provenances were observed only to the trait stem form. The analysis of deviance showed significant differences among progenies for the joint analysis of the provenances (experimental population), suggesting that the population has high genetic variation and indicating the possibility of genetic improvement by selection of the best progenies. Heritability estimates in individual and family level ranged from low to moderate (26% for DBH, 32% for plant height, 24% for cylindrical volume, 27% for form and 36% for survival), confirming the possibility of genetic improvement by selection and that the provenances have potential to respond to the pressure of natural selection.

This research aimed to analyze the quality and yields of the charcoal of a Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid clone commercially named GG100 for use in iron industry at different ages, plantation sites and spacing. The wood was carbonized in a laboratorial electric furnace (muffle furnace) at a heating rate of 1.67 ºC min-1 until the final temperature of 450 ºC, remaining stabilized for 30 min. The gravimetric yield in charcoal, pyroligneous extract, non condensable gases and insoluble tar, proximate and elemental chemical composition, relative apparent density and higher heating value of the charcoal were determined. In general, the charcoal evaluated may be considered homogeneous based on chemical and physical aspects and can be used in the steel sector. The apparent relative density allowed the charcoal samples differentiation produced by the same pyrolysis condition. The results obtained suggest that the density of the charcoal is highly influenced by the wood origin. It was observed that higher values of higher heating values are positively related with carbon content and negatively related with oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen contents and with gravimetric yield in charcoal.

The present study aimed to establish protocols for disinfestation, germination of seeds, as well as the induction of in vitro multi sprouting of farinha-seca (Albizia niopoides) using seeds and nodal segments from seedlings germinated in vitro. To evaluate the disinfestations and germination intervals of 0,10, 20 and 30 minutes of soaking seeds in sodium hypochlorite 8% were tested. The evaluations of contamination by fungi and/or bacteria, as well as the germination of seeds were performed 20 days after the test started. The induction of multi sprouting was performed in WPM culture medium supplemented with BAP at concentration of 0.0, 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 μM and ANA at a concentration of 0.5 μM. Number of sprouts and callus formation were evaluated. The F test did not revealed significant difference, in the percentages of disinfection and germination, considering the intervals of soaking in sodium hypochlorite. The percentage of disinfestation ranged from 93% to 97% and germination of 67% to 73%. The highest rate of regeneration of axillary sprout (2.6) was obtained with the combination of 5.0 μM of BAP + ANA 0.5 μM, 30 days after inoculation. It was also noted that without the addition of growth regulators in WPM medium, seedlings of Albizia niopoides achieved good rates of sprouts (2.3 sprouts).

In 1979 the technique of modeling diameter distributions by probabilistic functions was first applied for Hyink & Moser in forecasting growth and production of uneven aged and heterogeneous forests. However, today few studies use this method for planning the production in these forests for not knowing the operational feasibility of the technique. Therefore this paper presents a review of the characteristics that allow the modeling of growth and yield by diameter class, highlighting the importance of the dynamics of recruitment, mortality, survival, and population of attributes related to the modeling of Weibull distribution, with the specific statistics used in the modeling of yield by this method.doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.93

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of planting sites on the elemental chemical composition of Eucalyptus urophylla wood and the quality of its charcoal and to verify the statistical relations among the properties measured in wood and charcoal. It was used twelve 7-years old trees from E. urophylla clone from Curvelo, Itacambira and Turmalina counties located in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The elemental chemical composition (C, H, N, S and O) of the wood and C/H and C/N relations were determined. The wood was carbonized in a laboratorial muffle furnace. It was determinate the gravimetric yields in charcoal, in pyroligneous extract and, by difference, the non-condensable gases. The apparent relative density, the higher heating value, the proximate chemical composition and the yield in fixed carbon of the charcoals were also determined. The caloric value of charcoal was influenced by its proximate chemical composition. In the wood, it was observed significant effect from site on hydrogen content and C/H relation. The location also influenced the ash content and gravimetric yields in charcoal and fixed carbon, so it is considered important to consider the effect of planting site for charcoal production from the Eucalyptus urophylla clone studied.

The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial correlations of soil chemical attributes with the development of teak (Tectona grandis) in the city of Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. It was allocated 46 permanent plots of 15 m x 30 m. From the stand it was obtained the mean annual values of diameter at 1.3 m above the ground and total height of second to ninth years of age. Soil samples from 0 to 0.20 m depth were also obtained at the second year, to determine pH, calcium, magnesium and aluminum, phosphorus and potassium for subsequent modeling of spatial patterns by geostatistics. The diameter at 1.3 m and the total height of teak present higher spatial correlation with the chemical soil attributes pH and calcium, low spatial similarity with potassium and magnesium, absence for phosphorus and inverse relationship with aluminum.