Repositório RCAAP

Rural producer development or integration programs in Brazil are partnerships between industries and farmers that have been practiced since the 70's in Brazil. These models emerged from the need for dependable supply of raw materials produced on family farms, principally tobacco growing and pig farming. In the forestry sector, most of these programs emerged in the 80's. To date, these partnerships have attracted a growing number of producers given the advantages offered, especially a guaranteed income. Thus, the object of this research was to investigate the principal programs of rural producer development and integration in Brazil and compare their benefits. The main programs are from industries of tobacco cultivation, pig farming, poultry raising and forestry. It was observed that these programs have benefited farmers, mainly improving the quality of their production because of technical specifications and requirements. It is concluded that beyond the technical expertise, these programs provide benefits to society, given that contracts increasingly require the achievement of legal requirements and other matters related to environmental and social concerns.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural regeneration, to characterize the syndromes of seed dispersal and successional classes, and the parameters of relative humidity, temperature and luminosity of a restored forest through planting, with 40 years old, in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. It was registered 33 families, 102 species plus one morphotype (vines) and 1,938 individuals, with high diversity (H '= 3.56) and low ecological dominance (J' = 0.77), higher percentage of early secondary successional category, at the species level (33.3%), and late secondary, level of individuals (37%) and predominance of the zoochorous dispersion. The layer of forest regeneration restored reached similar parameters to those found in natural semideciduous forests in intermediate to advanced stages of succession, and was higher in the regeneration areas restored with planting.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mini-stumps survival and the mini-cuttings production of Eucalyptus benthamii regarding to Zn and B concentrations during successive collection of shoots. Shoots were collected from mini-stumps (BP101, BP118 and BP120 clones) fertigated with nutrient solutions containing different concentrations of Zn and B (S1 – free of Zn and B, S2 – 0.5 mg L-1 Zn, S3 – 0.5 mg L-1 B, S4 – 0.5 mg L-1 Zn and B, S5 – 1.0 mg L-1 Zn and B, S6 – 2.0 mg L-1 Zn and B). Eight shoot collections of the clonal mini-garden were performed. The mini-stumps survival, mini-cuttings production, leaves number, nodes number, shoots length, internodes interval and visual appearance of mini-stumps to identify symptoms of nutritional deficiency or toxicity were evaluated. The mini-stumps survival, mini-cuttings production, leaves number, nodes number, shoots length and internodes interval varied significantly among to treatments, and the nutritive solutions S5 and S6 presented the best responses.

This work had the objective of investigate the impacts of climate changes with different climate settings on the spatial distribution of Dicksonia sellowiana (Pres.) Hook. The survey was carried out by using spatial distribution modeling and methods in order to reduce the uncertainty of these predictions. The software Openmodeller was used to run the modeling with five spatial distribution algorithms. The modeling included the climate model HadCM3 of green house gases emission for the year 2050 for two CO2 emission scenarios: optimistic (B2) and pessimistic (A2). The area under the curve (AUC statistics) and the Kappa statistics resulted high values for all algorithms tested meaning high values of accuracy. Regarding only the species habitats available all algorithms have shown efficient distribution models and the projections were significantly different between the predictions for the future climate and for the current climate. Both models have shown reduction of 50% of the species potential area . Even with the high values of accuracy the variability of predictions for the future spatial distribution models confirm the need of consensus methods to reduce the uncertainty associated with this type of modeling.

This study aimed to enlarge the records of forest species attacked by leaf cutting ants in Viçosa, in the state of Minas Gerais. The rising was accomplished in the Campus of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, being considered only nest active that were cutting and carrying fragments of forest essences. For the study it was evaluated temperature measures and distances of the nest to the attacked tree. As results are observed the occurrence of three quenquém species (Acromyrmex niger Smith, F., 1858, Acromyrmex subterraneus molestans Santschi, 1925 and Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus Forel, 1893) and two saúva species (Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 and A. laevigata F. Smith, 1858) attacking 14 forest species.

The objective of this study was to characterize the damage caused by Oncideres saga in plantations of Acacia mearnsii. The percentage of trees attacked was evaluated and  the diameter and length of the branches were measured. It was observed that 34.3 % of the trees of A. mearnsii presented branches cut by O. saga. The average diameter and length of the cut branches were 5.75 cm and 4.95 m, respectively. The lower third of the girdled branches showed 64.23% of the posture incisions.

The wood of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze) had great economic importance in Brazil, mainly between 1930 to 1970. The deforestation caused a drastic reduction in population size of Brazilian pine and currently it integrates the list of Brazilian threatened species. The aim of thisreview was to present the potential of generating income from Brazilian pine plantation for pine nuts production and the consequent species conservation. According to the literature, pine nuts can generate more income than Brazilian pine wood, when used appropriate management techniques. The plantation with economic interest in pine nuts is an effective tool to increase planting and reduce exploitation of the Brazilian pine remaining. It is necessary to propose strategies in partnership among producer and collectors organizations, researchers and Brazilians government agencies to develop and improve management techniques, processing and marketing of the pine nuts.

The dry forests, widely distributed in Brazil, are formations subject to different sampling method. Consequently, the data generated may affect the comparison among other vegetation formations. Therefore, this study presents and discusses changes caused by sampling vegetation using circumference at soil height (CSH) ≥ 10 cm and circumference at breast height (CBH) ≥ 15 cm. Different criteria provide an ambiguous vision of a same forest fragment, resulting in different structure and species richness.

The aim of this study wasto determine the presence and influence of Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a stand of Schizolobium amazonicum trees on Tocantina region, Pará State, Brazil. One year old trees, were evaluated in the field by a team that chose the 10 most developed and the 10 less developed individuals. Height, greater circumference of the stem and leaf number were measured for each tree. At the same time, rhizosphere soil samples were collected at the canopy projection. Samples were analyzed for organic matter content, CaCl2 pH and presence of hyphae, vesicles, arbuscules and spores in the fine roots. We carried out further soil AMF spores extraction by centrifugation in a sucrose solution which was used for inoculation of S. amazonicum seedlings in a greenhouse. Positive correlations between fungal structures inside the roots and plant measured parameters were verified. Spores inoculation increased significantly height grown of seedlings in greenhouse.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the log-gamma function to describe the diameter structure of even-aged stands and propose a diametric distribution model using the function. The function was fitted to data from permanent plot inventory, measured at six different ages. The function’s adherence to the data was confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The graphical analysis of residuals showed no bias for the models built. The log gamma function can be used to build models of the diameter distribution of eucalyptus.

The vegetative propagation by cutting and mini-cutting techniques  is an alternative to overcoming difficulties of propagation through seeds and cloning of superior genotypes of native wood species. It is also useful to  the conservation of forest genetic resources. Brazil has a great diversity of wood species. However, researches with cutting and mini-cutting techniques of wood native species are still scarce. Additional studies concerning cutting rooting are  necessary. In this context, this paper presents a review of researches conducted with vegetative propagation via cutting and mini-cutting techniques with Brazilian wood native species, showing the procedures and the characteristics of the propagation of these species. The development and domain of propagation of wood native species will contribute to important achievements regarding species silviculture to the forest sector of timber and non-timber products, as well as, to the restoration of degraded forests and environmental protection.

The methodology proposed by the Forest Inventory of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, consists in applying data collected in quantitative forest inventories to help classify stages of savanna regeneration. Data from seven forest inventories were used. Number of individuals, basal area, quadratic mean diameter, mean height, percentage of individuals in the first diameter class, allied with a visual analysis, was used to classify the stages of regeneration. It was concluded that the new methodology was effective in classifying savanna regeneration stages, using data collected in quantitative forest inventories (DBH ≥ 5 cm), without the need to establishment new plots to sample natural regeneration.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate different transect lengths for determination of coarse woody debris on the ground. The data came from 10-meter-long transects, measured during the National Forest Inventory methodology test in the Amazon, Cerrado and Caatinga, and the forest inventory in Santa Catarina State, representing Araucaria Forest and Deciduous Forest. The comparison among the coefficient of variation obtained for transects from 10 to 150 m long indicates that the greatest changes in this estimator occur in the interval from 10 up to 50 m, stabilizing from this length. The adoption of 10 m transects in the typologies evaluated is recommended, because with this length there is a 35% reduction in total walking distance in relation to the 20 m transects to obtain the same sampling error.

Studies on forest nutrition and fertilization of native and exotic tree species provide insights on  management programs for rehabilitation of degraded lands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response to phosphorus fertilization at two levels of liming on biomass production and phosphorus use efficiency of seedlings of the tree species Swietenia macrophylla, Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, Cedrela fissilis and Toona ciliata. There were differences between the tree species in relation to phosphorus fertilization. Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia produced the highest total dry matter and the greatest P useefficiency in soils with low available P and it was more responsive to the fertilizer addition. Swietenia macrophylla showed better efficiency of P translocation and uptake and also better shoot/root relation than the other tree species. The tree species studied showed different performance in relation to phosphorus fertilization to reach 90% of the maximum dry matter production.

This study evaluated the diametric structure of the biological reserve of Cerradão (REBIO do Cerradão), from the analysis of the diametric distributions of the community and its main populations, ordered according to the importance value (IV). The individuals distribution ratio by diametric classes were evaluated by regression and variance analysis. The values of “q” and “R²” indicated that Qualea grandiflora Mart. was the species with the most balanced distribution and greater tendency to equilibrium, and Terminalia fagifolia Mart. the only one that did not show the J-reverse shape. The cerradão seems to be able to recover from random events, but new measurements need to be made to permit more robust conclusions.

Populational studies involve single individual DNA extraction in order to grant further genotyping data. In the case of some parasitic nematodes, the reduced dimensions and high individual number per infestation makes individual genotyping a difficult task. Aiming the development of a protocol we performed adjustments in available methods in order to acquire the best gain in purity and concentration of genomic DNA. Single specimens were digested in Worm Lysis Buffer and submitted to PCR amplification as a concept test. It was possible to obtain good amount and concentration of DNA from individuals. Quality was sufficient to grant subsequent ITS1 sequencing.

The objective of this work was to adjust traditional models of hypsometric relations for homogeneous candeia stands, under different initial spacings. Ten models were adjusted for hypsometric relations. The assessment criteria obeyed the highest determination coefficient and the lowest standard error of estimate in percentage. The F test was also evaluated, as well as the significance of the regression coefficients, the graphical analysis of the residues and the identity test when the same model was selected for different treatments. It was observed that, over time, the hypsometric curves reduce their tilt, move to the right and elevate, reducing the interval among them from the sixth year. The traditional hypsometric relation models as Henricksen, Stofells, Assman, Trorey and Curtis are efficient to estimate the total height of candeia in homogeneous stands and under different initial spacing in Minas Gerais State, Brazil

The success in the process of restoration and maintenance of the dynamics of an ecosystem is highly dependent on the capacity of species to promote interspecific interactions among the various life forms. These interactions create a favorable environment for the ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems. Thus, by review the literature, the objective of this study is to report the contribution and use of different animal groups in carrying out ecological restoration projects in Brazil. The fruit-eating birds and mammals and also other animals such as reptiles, fish and insects have been highlighted as tools to aid environmental ecological restoration projects. Techniques for attracting animals and consequent arrival of seedlings in a degraded ecosystem comprises the use of perches, which serve as landing and shelter for birds and bats, and the use of artificial shelters, which serve to escape from predators, resting and reproduction of animals. In general, these studies are excellent tools for managing environmental management actions in degraded ecosystems, enabling the recovery of biodiversity in these environments.

The objective of this study was to collect, identify and carry out a faunistic characterization of Geometridae family in Cotriguaçu county, Mato Grosso State, Brazil in different forest fragments. The sampled sites were: Tectona grandis plantation; mixed stand formed by Ficus spp., Astronium sp., Copaia Jacaranda, Syzygium jambolanum and Aspidosperma sp., initial forest regeneration, riparian forest and native forest. The samples were collected from July 2007 to June 2008. In each site, three light traps were placed at 1.5 m above the soil. It was used the model Luiz of Queiroz, with lights twice a month from 6:00pm to 6:00am. The faunistic index of dominance, frequency, abundance and constancy were determined. It was collected 387 individuals, divided in 10 genus and 25 species. The mixed plantation presented the highest number of individuals collected. However, in the native forest it was observed the higher number of species and diversity. The species Semiothisa sp.3, Synchlora gerularia e Synchlora sp.2 were dominant in all studied sites.

It was recorded for the first time the occurrence of Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle, 2004 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in eucalyptus in the State of Parana, Brazil. Infested seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were observed in December 2011 in Maringá, County.