Repositório RCAAP

This study aimed to test mathematical models for estimating of Pinus spp. biomass of different compartments,using easily measuring variables. The data were collected from plantations located in central Paraná state, Brazil. The data were obtained from total and partial dry weights of 35 trees of Pinus spp. , obtained using direct destructive methods. CBH (circumference at breast height) and total height were measured for each tree sampled. The models for estimating leaves dry weight were not satisfactory, verified by adjusted indicators. However, for branches, roots, bark, stem and total biomass the resulted equations provided reliable estimative for all models tested, with high R² values and low Syx% . Richards growth model presented the best adjustment among the other models tested to estimate total biomass.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the different resistance of commercial E. camaldulensis and E. urophylla clones to the attack of (Glycaspis brimblecombei) Moore (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae). The experiment was carried out between May of 2007 and April of 2008, in João Pinheiro, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with 5 clones of E. camaldulensis and 5 of E. urophylla. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 25 plants per plot, and four replications. Four leaves of nine plants were collected in the center of each plot to quantify the number of eggs and nymphs. The highest averages for eggs and nymphs were observed in E. camaldulensis clones, which were classified as highly susceptible to the red-gum-lerp-psyllid attack. Clones of E. urophylla had lower averages for eggs and nymphs, and it was classified as resistant.

Due to the lack of information about wood properties and charcoal quality from native species, this work was carried out aiming at to characterize the wood anatomical structure of Piptadenia gonoacantha and determine the yield and properties of charcoal. The wood anatomy was described, and it was determined the fibers and vessels dimensions, basic density and higher heating value (HHV). Bulk density, chemical analysis, and HHV were determined for charcoal. The average vessel diameter was 121.30 μm, with 15 vessels mm-2. The fiber dimensions were: length, 0.82 mm, width, 17.54 μm, lumen diameter, 8.02 μm, wall thickness, 4.76 μm, and wall fraction of 54.28%. The basic wood density was 590 kg m-³ and HHV was 4650 kcal kg-1. The charcoal yield was 37.10%. The content of volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon were 23.26%, 2.39% and 74.35%, respectively. Charcoal HHV was 7.719.27 kcal kg-1 and bulk density was 460 kgm-³. Wood showed satisfactory quality for charcoal production, and this meets the requirements of the steel industry.

The total soil organic carbon (C) is regulated by climatic factors, altitude, texture and soil depth. Due to higher storage in surface, it is common to observe the exponential model to adjust the C content in the soil profile. This study was carried out in order to study the influence of climatic factors, altitude and soil depth on the vertical distribution (0-100 cm) of C in five Cerrado fragments located in the municipalities of Januária and Bonito de Minas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in the following layers: 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-100 cm. The maximum and minimum levels of C varied depending on the sampling site, fragment and soil layer sampled. Larger variations in the levels of C were noted for the 0-10 cm layer, whose C content did not correlate with root and litter biomasses, and with other soil C conditioning factors tested. Specific logarithmic equations are provided for each of the five fragments in order to estimate the C contents (in the 0-100 cm soil layers) as a function of the average temperature, precipitation, altitude and soil layer sampled.

The objective of this work was to evaluate different densities of rootedproductivity and survival as well as the effects on production and survival of cuttings produced. We performed two separate experiments, one for each genetic material (C1 and C2) and were assessed three densities for clone C1 (88, 75 and 57 ministumps m-2) and two for clone C2 (104 and 78 ministumps m-2). Shoots we collected from the ministumps and they were used in making cuttings 6-10 cm long. Sampling was initiated in January 2011, ending in March 2011. The cuttings were planted in substrate composed of 50% vermiculite and 50% of rice hulls and subsequently they were conducted in following steps: greenhouse, shade house and field hardening. For both clones, the density with smaller number of mini-stumps m-2 resulted in lower mortality rate of mini-stumps and higher production of mini-cuttings. The survival of mini-cuttings in the first selection (when exiting from the shade) and the second selection of seedlings (50 days after planting) was not affected by the spacing given the mini-stumps.

The physiological activity of the seeds begins with water uptake, resulting in tissues rehydration and triggering metabolic events of germination. In this context, the present study aimed to verify the influence of the physiological quality and initial humidity in the water absorption rate of Dalbergia nigra seeds. The seeds were collected at two different sites, representing lots I and II. Seeds belonging to the two lots were placed to hydrate in water, in desiccators with relative humidity between 95-99% at 15 oC and 25 oC, until they reached near four hydration levels: 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of seeds moisture content. The lots were evaluated for germination, germination speed index (GSI) and mean germination time (MGT). Then, the changes in the water uptake by seeds of the two lots were evaluated after they reached the desired moisture levels, by analyzing the curves of imbibition. The experimental design was completely randomized. The lots I and II were classified as presenting high and low vigor, respectively. The results indicated that the rate of imbibition varied with initial moisture content. So the difference between the curves begins at stage II of the water absorption process. Dalbergia nigra seeds with lower physiological quality require longer periods of imbibition to reach phase III and complete the germination process.

The Australian cedar (Toona ciliata M. Roem) is a species of high commercial value, with characteristics similar to native mahogany and cedar, which has been highlighted in forest plantations in Brazil, whose wood should be the subject of technological research. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and mechanical properties from planted stands of 18 years old. The wood showed low density (0.330 g cm3), low average dimensional stability (anisotropy: 2.22), high content of extractives (10.33%) and moderate mechanical properties: MOR and MOE to bending: 498 kgf cm-2 and 66,163 kgf cm-2; MOR and MOE for parallel compression: 258 kgf cm-2 and 100.813 kgf cm-2; shear: 82 kgf cm-2 and medium hardness: 208 kgf.

Diversified wood uses are getting more importance in the world, due to the use of wood as substitute of non-renewable resource products as fuels and plastics, derived mostly from petroleum. Materials from renewable natural resources as planted forests are relevant to minimize the pressure on native forests and contribute to maintain the life quality in the planet. The eucalypt plantation  supply a significant amount of the national forest products market, including wood solid products, as lumber, charcoal, and pulp and paper. The search for a more efficient use of eucalypt wood compounds has getting attention, focusing on biofuel and by-products. The isolation and conversion of wood lignin and hemicellulose in products of high added value as chemicals and bio-products have been largely studied in association with eucalypt wood. The objective of this study was to show the importance and versatility of the eucalypt wood use on forest-based industries.

This study presents an alternative to spatial data simulation of forest production by wood assortment, to support in administrative and decision-makers in a forestry company. It was used the open source geo-referenced information processing system –SPRING, developed by the National Institute for Space Research. To simulate the forest production it was used the prognosis system for growth and yield of Pinus plantations, SISPINUS, developed by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. With the integration of SPRING and SISPINUS it was possible to spatialize the data of growth prognosis and yield output by wood assortment of a forest company until the year 2030, besides the possibility of spatial planning and programming the stands rotation. The proposed system is practical and provides easy and fast visualization of spatial information on production by wood assortment.In addition, provides information to control the production stands rotation and farms of a forest company. The system made possible the operational agility of information management and can be applied in forestry companies both as administrative support and in forest planning and management.

Studies with homeopathie on seed germination of native forest species are scarce, regardless of its potential as low impact technology. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of homeopathic medications in different dynamizations in the seed germination of yellow ipe. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replications, in a factorial scheme with the three medicines in five dynamizations, totaling 16 treatments with the control consisting of distilled water. The medications used were Calcarea carbonica, Carbo vegetabilis and Silicea. The mediations were applied in of 6, 12, 30, 100 and 200 centesimals hahnemanianas (CH) dynamizations. Regarding germination percentage and speed of germination index the medicament Silicea in 12CH dynamization was less efficient when compared to others medications and dynamizations. The use of homeopathic preparations does not benefit the pattern of yellow ipe seeds germination.

The use of plant extracts with antimicrobial properties is a promising and environmentally friendly alternative to substitute the protection promoted by fungicide application and can be used with other practices of integrated disease management. This study evaluated the interference of Allamanda blanchetti L. and Momordica charantia L. extracts application on the mycoflora and germination of Clitoria fairchildiana seeds. The treatments consisted of control (untreated seeds); dicarboximide fungicide (240 g 100 kg-1) and ethanol extracts of Momordica charantia and Allamanda blanchetti at concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm. The germination test was evaluated by the percentage of germination, first count and germination speed index. The extract of Momordica charantia at concentration of 1000 ppm, significantly reduces the mycoflora associated with of Clitoria fairchildiana seeds, favoring their germination performance. The extract of Allamanda blanchetti at concentration of 1000 ppm efficiently reduces the growth of Rhizopus stolonifer.

This work aimed to carry out a first diagnosis of local birds, concentrating in six fragments of Ombrophyllous Mixed Forest, using methods adequate to be repeated in subsequent periods. The assessment of birds on long-term may be used as local bio-indicator, especially because these areas will be managed in the future. In the sampledarea it was registered 124 species from 41 families. Four species listed in the Red Book of Threatened Fauna in the State of Paraná were recorded: Polioptila lactea (Creamy-bellied Gnatcatcher), Mesembrinibis cayennensis (Green Ibis), Accipiter superciliosus (Tiny Hawk) and Leptasthenura striolata (Striolated Tit-Spinetail). When the six forest fragments were assessed using the irregular transects method, it was registered 102 species. The trees survey, carried out by sample plots, resulting in 92 species. The Relative Frequency of wild bird community matrix and its sub-group of forest specialist birds presented significant correlation with the Coverage Value of the tree community (DBH ≥ 10cm).

Wood can be damaged by biological agents due to its organic origin and environmental conditions. To protect the wood and increase its useful life it is necessary to submit it to preservative treatment. So, the present study aimed to evaluate the biological resistance of the treated wood of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus cloeziana under the action of biological organisms in field trials. We used trees of E. grandis and E. cloeziana, with 16 years old, which were split into planks and submitted to drying outdoors to later make up the preservative treatment in an autoclave with chromated copper arsenate (CCA). The samples were prepared to conduct the test field. It was observed that the preservative treatment was effective in reducing the biological degradation of wood from both species. Comparing the results obtained for the two species, it was observed that E. cloeziana presents greater ability to be used in adverse conditions or in contact with the ground.

This study aimed to analyze the growth in diameter and height of individuals Handroanthus chrysotrichus through models based on age, in a stand in the municipality of São Pedro do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data are from three representative trees of the population and were obtained from stem analysis. The diameter growth of Handroanthus chrysotrichus trees in a function of age was best explained by the allometric model. For height the negative exponential model showed better statistical parameters. Selected models explain more than 92% of the variation and configure as adequate tools for the management of this species.

Bactris gasipaes produces heart-of-palm. Peach palm is a perennial crop that has a tillering capacity, being an alternative to illegal extraction. There is a lack of studies about vegetative propagation technics for this species. The present study aimed to analyze different tillering induction methods in Bactris gasipaes var. gasipaes seedlings in four different seasons. The treatments were: 1) stem bending; 2) stem bending and application of 150 mg kg-1 of benzylaminopurine; 3) stem bending and application of 150 mg kg-1 of gibberellic acid and; 4) stem girdling. The experimental design was random with 4 replicates of 20 plants per treatment. Anatomical analyses were conducted at the stem, and the tillering and mortality of the treated plants were evaluated. It was possible to identify the stem tissues and the meristematic apex site by anatomical analysis. The stem bending treatments were inefficient; but girdling presented potential as tillers inducer.

Forest production regulation is complex due to the large number of variables in the process. Economic variables consistently influence the results of regulation models. Therefore this study aims to analyze the influence of interest rate and wood price in some forest regulation models. Linear programming model was used in a studying case using data from 10 forest stands and the software Regulation of Forest Production, which was also used to simulate management and planning scenarios. All stands were regulated independently of the method used. It was observed that as the wood price raises, the annual cutting area becomes bigger and the average logging age decreases. The average annual production presented no change regardless of interest rate, wood price or the method used.

The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of substrate, color and size on the germination and vigor of Melanoxylon brauna seeds. It was performed two essays. In the first, the seeds were classified by color (light and dark) and size (small and large). In the second essay, it was investigated the influence of substrates on sand, between sand, above paper, between paper and in paper rolls, type germitest. In both essays, the seeds were maintained in controlled conditions (light and temperature) during 10 days. The percentage of germination and germination speed index (GSI) were calculated. Furthermore, it was determined the weight of 1,000 seeds and the germination of the species was characterized by observation until the seedling formation. The weight of 1,000 seeds of M. brauna was 133.43 g, in average. The root protrusion occurred around 72 hours after the beginning of imbibition, and the germination was as epigel phanerocotyledonar. Small and light color seeds presented percentage of germination and GSI lower than others. The large seeds, independent of color, and small dark seeds presented the higher GSI and percentage of germination. Paper roll is the substrate indicated to conduct germination tests of Melanoxylon brauna.

This study aimed to evaluate the content of organic carbon in plant parts (leaves, wood, twigs and bark) of forest species Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Eucalyptus grandis Hill and Mimosa scabrella Benth, under different spacing between trees (2.0 m x 1.0 m, 2.0 m x 1.5 m, 3.0x1.0 m and 3.0 m x 1.5 m), one year after planting. It was also aimed to verify if the conversion factor of 50% can be applied. To determine the organic carbon it was used a carbon analyzer(C-144). The carbon content varied depending on the species, spacing and the part of the plant component used. It was observed that the factors: species, spacing, and parts of the plant are not independent. So, the carbon content measurements should be determined for each species and for each biomass component. The 50% conversion factor is not appropriate due to under or overestimate the carbon content.

Establishing Comperj (petrochemical complex Petrobras and partner companies at Itaboraí city, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) involves a great impact on natural environment, while it is an opportunity for actions of environmental compensation. The objectives of this study were to characterize soil chemistry and mineralogy of Comperjarea, based on landscape, particle size distribution and soil morphology, also considering different parent materials, landscape positions (shoulder, backslope and footslope at the hillslope and toeslope at floodplain) and vegetation cover groups. Different landscape positions, comparing toeslope and average hillslope, have differential behavior on several chemical attributes, besides those associated with landscape position itself (topography and water regime). Along the hillslope, differences on surface soil samples also occurred, considering studied attributes, among different parent materials and vegetation covergroups. Sites of both vegetation cover groups (forest and pasture) along the hillslope showed differences on many chemical attributes, except for organic C average valuesthat were not differentiated among them. Soil mineralogy on all samples was extremely kaolinitic and there were small differences among parent material groups. Soilconsistencies observed were very to extremely hard on both soil parent material groups, Proterozoic and Tertiary.

The flamboyant tree (Delonix regia) is known for its exuberant flowering. It shows great variation in seeds viability, depending on the cutaneous water proofing, requiring processes to break dormancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate methods of breaking the physical barrier of seeds. In the greenhouse, seeds were subjected to different treatments to overcome the cutaneous restriction: mechanical scarification on the ventral part; thermal shock with soaking seeds in water at 80 °C for 10 min; soaking the seeds in sulfuric acid, and control, without intervention. It was observed that the mechanical scarification provided the best results for dormancy breaking of the seeds.