Repositório RCAAP

The objective of this work was to evaluate eucalypt commercial clones in Ponta Porã region, located in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Two clonal tests were established in 2009. Each field trial consisted of five clones (AEC 144, AEC 224, GG 100, 58 and 1277) and three commercial seed checks (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla and the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis). The experiments were designed as randomized blocks, with four replicates and square plots containing 25 (trial 1) and 16 plants (trial 2), at the spacing of 3 m x 3 m. At the age of 51 months, the circumference at breast height and the total height were assessed. From the collected data, we estimated the volume of wood per tree. We also carried out some phenotypic analysis based on silvicultural traits. The clones AEC 144 and AEC 224 exhibited the best performance for volume of wood. The use of these clones in commercial stands will make possible good productive, if adequate silvicultural techniques are applied.

Aiming to study the growth of seedlings of three eucalypt species produced in two sizes of containers and to verify their performance after two months of planting, two experiments were established at a forest nursery, both in a completely randomized design, factorial 3 x 2 (three species and two containers sizes), with 4 replicates. The first experiment was to evaluate the production of seedlings in the nursery and the second consisted of the field simulation. The characteristics evaluated were: height, diameter, leaf area, leaf number, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and percentage of deformed roots. The seedlings of all species produced in containers of 180 cm³ showed higher growth for all variables. In containers of larger volume (180 cm³) the seedlings are ready to be planted after 60 days, while those from containers at smaller volume (55 cm³) reach the minimum standard required for planting in the field only after 120 days. In simulation experiment in the field it was observed that seedlings grown in containers of 55 cm³ showed less growth in height and diameter, lower dry mass of shoots and roots and more deformed roots, independent of the species.

Allometric equations were developed for estimating individual plant biomass for ten species in an area of dry forest in northern of Bahia State, Brazil in the medium-lower São Francisco Basin, in Casa Nova and Remanso Counties. Fifteen individuals were sampled for each species  , except for Chamaecrista belemii, that had 30 sampled individuals . The assessed models were those proposed in the literature and constructed by the forward and backward methods, adjusted on the soil level diameter (SLD) and total height (H) for each plant. It was obtained equations for estimating the aerial biomass for individual trees of Byrsonima gardneriana, Cenostigma macrophyllum, Chamaecrista belemii, Copaifera coriacea, Maytenus rigida, Ruprechtia glauca, Strychno srubiginosa and Xymenia americana. It was also built general equations, considering all species, for estimating the total aerial biomass by individual tree and diameter classes. The results reinforce the necessity to improve indirect methods of biomass estimation and the development of equations segmented by diameter classes. 

Savanna is the vegetation of semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil, which is largely determined by climate and topography. The municipality of Teixeira in the state of Paraiba presents hyperxerophilous shrub-arboreal caatinga land cover, which differs in size and density from those found in Sertaneja Depression, due to higher humidity. The objective of this work was to quantify forest remnant in the municipality of Teixeira, using geographic information system and forest inventory techniques. Native vegetation was mapped using satellite images, from November, 2008. Forest inventory was carried out in 40 sample plots (20 m × 20 m) that were selected systematically. Height and diameter at 1.30 m from soil level (DBH) were measured in every tree with DBH ≥ 10 cm. Each tree was identified by common and scientific names. A total of 4,911 trees were sampled, representing 46 species and 24 families that corresponds to 3,069 trees ha-1. The species with highest importance value (IV) were: Croton sonderianus, Mimosa tenuiflora and Piptadenia stipulacea and the more important families were Euphorbiaceae, Mimosaceae and Caesalpinaceae. The municipality of Teixeira has its best preserved areas in mountainous regions with difficult access.

This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of a population of Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. in natural regeneration, in a fragment of Deciduous Forest in the county of Silveira Martins, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. For such analyzes, individuals of the species with height ≥ 30 cm were measured, in seventyseven sample units allocated contiguously in the area. To analyze the dispersion pattern of the specie it was used the indexes of Morisita, Payandeh and Fracker and Brischle. The structure was analyzed by frequency and absolute density and distribution histogram in height classes. According to the dispersion indexes, the species is aggregate. The high values of density and frequency confirm the importance of the species in forest structure.

The objective of this work was to adjust models to estimate biomass and total carbon of individuals of Caixeta (Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) DC.), located in Guaratuba, coast of Parana State, Brazil. Thirteen models were tested, and the choice of the best was based on the statistical indicators R2aj, Syx (%) and graphical analysis of residuals. It was also an additional choice criteria , the evaluation of residual from the constrained regression for the best models. No adjustments were made for biomass and carbon by compartments due to the low correlation between the dependent variables (biomass and carbon) and independent, diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height (h). For total biomass, the model Y = β0 + β1*dbh presented better results, with R2aj = 0.96 and Syx(%) = 7.94. For carbon, the best adjustment was given by model Y = β0 + β1*dbh + β2*dbh2 + β3*dbh3 + β4*dbh4, with R2aj= 0.97 and Syx (%) = 8.09. It was noticed the low variation of residues for both models. The variable total height, used isolated has proved to be inadequate to explain the variables total biomass and total carbon.

Yerba mate is largely used to produce drinks to human consume. In Spring the plants develop tender young leaves that could represent a new market niche in the yerba-mate industry; this period is called as ”pressafrinha” in this study. This study aimed to analyze the total and hydro soluble nutritional values of young leaves collected in the Spring season and its nutritional potential for human consumption. To represent the ”pressafrinha” young leaves, the collected vegetal material was limited to the third terminal bud. The total and hydro soluble chemical analysis of leaves in the provenances Cascavel (progeny 174), Ivaí (progeny 6), Barão de Cotegipe (progenies 68 and 69) included the following elements: P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. The content of elements in the beverage obtained from the infusion of young leaves of yerba mate in the recommended daily intake ranges from 0.5% to 11.5% and was in the following order: Cu > Mn > K > P > Mg > Fe > Zn > Ca > Na. Progenies and morphotypes of yerba mate showed little variation in the total nutrient content and did not differ in the content of soluble nutrients evaluated in young leaves. The extract obtained from young leaves of yerba mate presents potential to be used for human consumption.

The present study aimed to show the results of Acacia mangium volumetric estimates obtained through the Schumacher and Hall model compared to the methods of artificial neural networks and support vector machines. To enable this comparative analysis, we used data from 31 trees of Acacia mangium aged 14–17, from a stand located in the northern region of the state of Amapá. Diameter and bark thickness of the trees were measured into relative heights along the stem into 14 sections (0.05%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 95%), with measurement. Total volume with bark was obtained by applying the Smalian formula. In general, the methods that differ from traditional methods showed statistically superior results.

Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv.) is a herbicide-resistant weed that brings negative impacts to rice crops and threatens floodplains biodiversity worldwide. This study aimed to investigate allelopathic influences of extracts from Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (cheesewood) leaves on barnyard grass. Leachates in concentrations of 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% and 2.5% (w/v), aqueous extracts from powdered leached and non-leached leaves (10%, 7,5%, 5%, 2.5% and 1.25% for both), coumarin solution at 0.6 mM and original Roundup ® in concentration according to the label information were prepared. Petri-dishes germination bioassays, with counting at each 12 hours, allowed to determinate both germinability and germination rate; polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solutions were prepared to evaluate osmotic effects. In growth tests, seedlings were exposed for seven days, when root and shoot lengths were measured. Germination was sensitive to extracts from powdered leaves. In regard to growth, roots showed dose-dependent length reduction and necrosis. Inhibitory effects from different aqueous extracts suggest action of both internal and external leaf allelochemicals, raising the possibility of Pittosporum undulatum use for barnyard grass control.

Studies that address the appropriate use of forest resources are essential for the management and conservation of forest remnants, such as the Araucaria Forest. Considering the importance to improve the knowledge of the tree species growth in subtropical regions, the present study aimed to assess the intra-annual diameter growth of tree species in Colombo County, Paraná State, Brazil. In November 2009 dendrometer bands were installed in adult trees (15 to 25 trees) of 9 species among the most frequent in the studied Araucaria Forest remnant. The increment in diameter were measured monthly until June 2011. Ocotea bicolor grew faster and more constant than the other species. This may be due to lower coverage of the trees canopies, making easier to O. bicolor trees to access light and consequently resulting in improvement in growth. The highest growth of all species occurred in Fall of 2011, season preceded by a Winter of low rainfall (2010`s Winter), in which the sun light was more available for the photosynthetic production.

The mite Tetranychus urticae (Kock, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae) has been reported and the injuries characterized for the first time in nursery of teak (Tectona grandis) in Brazil.

Height growth analysis presents great importance in forestry, as it expresses site production capacity. Its use is associated with lower adjustment error models to generate estimates to inference with precision and reliability. The present study examined generalized linear models in predicting height growth of Pinus taeda L. depending on the age and diameter at 1.30 m height above ground level in stands in the highlands of Santa Catarina State. The data were obtained from complete stem analysis of 25 trees with 8 years old, divided into diameter classes from Lages, SC. Data were processed in original form without variables transformation. The model with gamma distribution and identity link function presented the best fit, with superior performance criteria deviation (1.21), Akaike (255.39) and residuals homogenization, showing potential to generate estimates of the variable.

The production of native species requires the knowledge of the best substrates and subsequent initial growth of these seedlings. This work aimed to evaluate the initial growth cedar seedlings (Cedrela fissilis Vell.) in different substrates and their initial establishment in field. The experiment was conducted in two stages. The first was conducted in nursery in a randomized block design with four replications. Each plot consisted of four seedlings in plastic bags. The treatments consisted of eight different substrates: T1 (sand+ soil+manure 1:1:1), T2 (sand+soil+Plantmax 1:1:1), T3 (soil+manure 1:1), T4 (soil+Plantmax® 1:1), T5 (soil+manure 2:1), T6 (soil+Plantmax 2:1), T7 (soil+sand 1:1) and T8 (soil). Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, canopy diameter and quality indexes were evaluate. It was found that the best growth and quality of cedar seedlings grown in nurseries were obtained with treatments sand+soil+manure (1:1:1), soil+manure (2:1) and soil+manure (1:1). The substrates used in the seedlings production in the nursery influence seedling growth cedar in the field, and the best results observed for height growth and stem diameter in nursery remain after planting in the field.

The study aimed at the energetic description of wood and bark biomass of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. in two spacing plantations: 2.0 m × 3.0 m × 1.0 m and 1.5 m, during 36 months after the planting. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Frederico Westphalen, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Biomass (BIO), calorific value, basic density, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon content and energy density (ED) of wood and bark were determined. The smallest spacing plantation presented the highest production per unit area of BIO and ED of wood and bark.

The aim of this study was to compare three alternative methods to determine the moisture content of wood logs with the method recommended by ABNT. The moisture content of the wood was determined in a sawdust sample and with a electric meter capacitive. it was also determined the moisture content of a disk sample using the method recommended by ABNT. Using the regression model, all the methods were statistically similar. It was concluded that the use of alternative methods for determining the moisture content of wood in logs is feasible, to substitute the traditional method, but corrections must be implemented.

The objective of the present was to characterize the quality of briquettes produced with fines of vegetable coal and bamboo residues, under different formulations. Specific gravity density, bulk density mass, moisture content and speed or rate of thermic degradation were evaluated. Compressive strength and rotation test were applied to the briquettes. Superior and inferior calorific values from briquettes were estimate by adjusted equations. Briquettes produced with the highest percentages of vegetable coal fines presented higher specific gravity, bulk density, ash content and fixed carbon. It also presented resistance to fall and abrasion. Briquettes with higher bamboo residues content presented faster degradation, higher compressive strength, beyond higher volatile matters and calorific value.

This study evaluated exponent taper-shape models and other types applied in Brazil. Data from 270 sample trees scaled-hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus grandis were used as a studying case with 18 taper types models: simple (2), biomathematics (4), segmented (2) and exponent-form (10). It was adopted the analysis of the residual distribution and statistics: multiple linear correlation, residual standard error, percentage of no significant parcels in a completely randomized split plot and average error Dunnett, both at the level of 5% significance level. It was concluded that models of taper-shape exponents, in general, are superior to other types, the segmented model of Clark et al. is superior to Max and Burkhart biomathematics and the model developed in this paper, is better than the other biomathematics evaluated.

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress factor, adversely affecting many aspects of plants physiology and biochemistry. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of preconditioning seeds of Gallesia integrifolia with potassium nitrate (KNO3) and sodium nitroprussiate (SNP) under saline stress. Seeds were treated through the preconditioning immersion in solutions with five concentrations of KNO3 (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg L-1) and of SNP (0, 0 01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg L-1) for one hour. Then, they were distributed in previously moistened filter paper sheets with saline solutions in three osmotic potentials (0, -0.6 and -1.2 MPa). The paper rolls were kept in germination chamber type BOD under alternating temperature of 20-30 °C with photoperiod of 8/16 h for 22 days. It was observed that lower osmotic potential resulted in reduction for all variables average. The osmotic potential of -1.2 MPa influenced negatively the germination and vigor of G. integrifolia. KNO3 and SNP at concentration of 1 mg L-1 reduces the saline effect in seeds.

The agroforestry systems (AFS) are part of the strategic actions to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), which compose the National Policy on Climate Change (NPCC). Considering the importance of these systems in capturing and storing atmospheric carbon it is necessary to evaluate this potential of carbon storage in order to encourage this activity in the context of Brazilian public policy on climate change. In this sense, it is aimed to systematize the available data in the bibliographic, demonstrating carbon storage of different agroforestry arrangements. The data indicated large variation in the average increment of carbon in agroforestry systems ranging from 1.26 t C ha-1 yr-1 to 11.19 t C ha-1 yr-1, depending on its structure and age. Thus, estimates of carbon storage in AFS should be one of the factors to be considered to encourage this activity and the choice of arrangement to be adopted. Finally, we infer that these systems have a great importance to make agricultural management practices more environmentally sustainable and for the mitigation of GHG emissions.

Aspidosperma pyrifolium (Apocynaceae) and Caesalpinia pyramidalis (Fabaceae) share the same habitat in the Brazilian Caatinga domain. In this paper, we investigate the intra and inter-species interactions between these two plants using spatial pattern analysis among cohorts. The results showed that the adult trees of each species present higher densities at distances shorter than 9 m to 12 m. However, due to seed dispersal via autochory, we expected a more aggregate density for C. pyramidalis than A. pyrifolium as the later disperses seeds through anemochory. Difference in spatial aggregation among cohorts was not observed and therefore the results contradict the expectations of the Janzen-Connell hypothesis. It is likely that this is associated with anthropogenic factors in the past such as fire, animal husbandry and logging. Using a bivariate analysis of the neighborhood density, we also confirmed the significant coexistence between the two species. This coexistence could be explained by the process of positive interspecific interactions, such as facilitation, which is common in semi-arid regions under stressful conditions.