Repositório RCAAP

Floral biology and pollinators of candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus) were analyzed in a natural population. We studied anthesis, flower morphology, stigmatic receptivity, pollen viability and floral visitors. The small flowers (10.17 mm in length) are pink, hermaphrodites and organized in dense capitula (mean = 29 flowers). We observed a large percentage of viable pollen (77.25%) and relatively scarce nectar availability for floral visitors (0.63 μL). The bees Apis mellifera and Trigona sp. were the most frequent visitors. The length of the bud, style and flowers varied significantly among plants.

The tribe Attini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) comprises 14 genera with approximately 230 described ant species, which are engaged in an obligate mutualism with fungi. The fungus is cultivated inside their  colonies, using a variety of organic material as substrate. The fungus is used as food by the ants, and in return, the ants nourish, protect, and disperse their fungal cultivars. Although all species of this tribe cultivate fungi, attine ants are quite heterogeneous in relation to agricultural system, colony size and social structure, substrate preparation behavior, foraging behavior, etc. Agriculture, symbiosis and natural history traits of fungus-farming ants are discussed in this review, as well as future research directions.

This study objective is to evaluate the use of the BehavePlus software as a tool for fire management operations around the world. Literature search was performed for studies that use BehavePlus, analyzing the objectives of use, how the program was used,the positive and negative points, and the main issues discussed. As a result of the analysis, it was recognized that, although the software is been commonly used by a great number of fire managers in the United States, most publications use it as a research tool and not as an operational tool. Because of the difficulties inherent to custom fuel models development, and the existence of studies confirming that the results generated by BehavePlus sometimesdiffer from experimental results, its use is only recommended for people with experience in fire management operations, who are able to identify when the simulations are reliable.

Planting woodlots for ecosystem restoration must be based on silvics and ecological features of the species. This paper deals with silvicultural performance of native Brazilian species Rapanea ferruginea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez and Citharexylum myrianthum Cham. planted in abandoned pastures in Antonina, coast of Paraná state. Monospecific plots were 69 months old and situated on hill slope and alluvial plain, sharply contrasting on water availability. Rapanea ferruginea showed higher survival and growth in the slope. Concerning to Citharexylum myrianthum, survival values were high and similar in both reliefs, although growth was higher in the plain.

This study was carried out in order to characterize and evaluate the home gardens in Machipanda, Manica Province (Mozambique). Interviews were conducted at 37 heads of households. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. To facilitate information understanding and analysis, they were grouped into a SWOT Matrix, so that its components: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in relation to the backyards studied, were highlighted. The backyards were mostly irregular, with an area ranging from 400-5,000 m2 with average of 770.27 m2. In the home gardens it was found that 90% practiced agrossilvipastoril system and 10% practiced agroforestry system. Twenty-four tree species belonging to 17 botanic families were identified. The most representative families were Rutaceae (4 species), Fabaceae (3 species) and Anacardiaceae, Moraceae and Myrtaceae (2 species each). The agrobiodiversity present in backyards contribute to food security and constitutes the main source of income for the farmer and his family. The SWOT analysis showed that the region is suitable for development and intensification of agro-forestry systems and that the practice of the backyards should be encouraged in the region under the precepts of socioeconomic and environmental sustainability.

Canker symptoms were observed in African mahogany plantations in Dom Eliseu County, Para State, Brazil. Fungi associated with symptomatic tissues were identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium subglutinans. Pure cultures of these fungi were tested for pathogenicity on healthy young plants of African mahogany. Only L. theobromae produced canker, using wound inoculation technique and high humidity. The confirmation of L. theobromae as the causal agent of canker came after the reisolation of this fungus from inoculated plants in greenhouse, concluding the first verification of Koch’s postulates for this pathosystem.

The use of wastes generated in the pulp and paper industries as an input to agricultural and forestry is an alternative to the disposal problem, and contribute to reducing the cost of agricultural and forestry production. However, for proper and safe use of this waste, it is necessary to know its effects on soil chemical properties. The effect of doses of calcium carbonate, ash forest biomass, lime mud and cellulosic sludge in chemical attributes of a Dystrophic humic Entisol. The pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg and P increased with increasing doses, while the Al content and its saturation were reduced with the application of doses of all tested materials. The K levels increased mainly by wood ash. The Ca/Mg ratio was increased by the application of calcium carbonate, lime mud and sludge cellulosic to values that can be harmful. The ashes were important sources of K, Ca, Mg and P.

The objective of this work was to define the best doses of Osmocote® for Apuleia leiocarpa seedling production for 60 and 90 days residence in the seedling nursery after the transplanting and to observe the chlorophyll index response of the seedlingsduring the studying period. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with five treatments and ten repetitions. The treatments consisted of increasing doses of Osmocote® ( 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 kg m-3 of substratum). There chlorophyll index, seedlingdiameter and height at 60 and 90 days after transplantation, leaf area, aerial part dry mass, root length and dry mass at 90 days after transplantation. Considering the average values of the points of maximum technical efficiency, seedling diameter and height, it was concluded that the best dosage of Osmocote® for A. leiocarpa seedling production, in a period of 60 and 90 days after transplantation are 7.97 and 7.73 kg of Osmocote® m-3 of substratum, respectively. The chlorophyll index demonstrated quadratic behavior for Osmocote® doses and positive correlation with the variables height and seedling diameter.

Growth of Dalbergia miscolobium Benth was evaluate under quartzite mining reject with chemical and organic fertilization, aiming at to support actions for restoration of degraded areas after quartzite mining. A greenhouse experimentation was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications The treatments consisted of five combinations of chemical (CF) and organic (OF) fertilizer and an additional treatment without CF or OF (Control). The combinations were: 100%CF; 25%OF+75%CF; 50%OF+50%CF; 75%OF+25%CF; 100%OF. Doses of 100% CF and OF were of 25 mg N, 25 mg P2O5, 20 mg K2O and 5 g of bovine manure per dm³ of reject. The plants of D. miscolobium responded to chemical fertilization with recommended doses, without addition of bovine manure. The accumulation of nutrients at recommended doses in shoots of D. miscolobium were: N > K > Ca > S > P > Mg > Mn > Fe > Cu > B > Zn. The quartzite mining reject of may be a favorable habitat for D. miscolobium growth when with chemical  fertilization.

The aim of this work was to adjust diameter distribution, hypsometric relation, taper and volume models to characterize the dendrometric relations on remaining fragments of Pinus sp. from stands of the 1970s, in the region where the Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Veredas do Acari is located, north of the state of Minas Gerais. The identification of the Pinus sp. fragments and its mapping was made. Biometric data were gathered from trees for modeling the diameter distribution, hypsometric relationship, taper and tree volume. The selection criteria for the models consisted on evaluation of the adjusted determination coefficient, standard error of estimate in percentage, F-test, regression coefficients significance and residuals graphical analysis. The Beta function, Naslünd, Max-Burkhart and Schumacher-Hall models were adequate to describe, respectively, diameter distribution, hypsometric relationship, taper and tree volume for Pinus sp., on fragments of the 1970s, in the state of Minas Gerais.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the function log-Pearson type V to describe the diametric structure of even-aged stands of eucalyptus and propose a model using this function. The modeling performed by the function log-Pearson type V was compared with the modeling performed with the Weibull function and hyperbolic. It was used data from permanent plots of eucalyptus stands located in the Midwest region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The function of Pearson type V was tested in three different configurations, with three and two parameters, and with the parameter replaced by the minimum diameter location of the plot. Adherence functions of the data were confirmed by applying the Kolmogorov-Sminorv (KS). All adjustments to the data presented adherence by KS test. The Weibull and hyperbolic functions presented better function performance than that observed applying Pearson type V.

The use of slow release fertilizer (SRF) can contribute to obtain better seedlings before an industry accustomed to the use of commercial fertilizers. This work aimed to evaluate doses of SRF on the growth of paricá tree seedlings and to compare the cost of conventional fertilizer use in relation to the cost involved in producing with SRF. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments and 4 replications of 40 plants, with one control and the other treatments with the addition of different doses of SRF per m³ of substrate used for seedlings production . After 81 days of sowing, it was analyzed total height, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weights, root dry weight, total biomass and maximum level of technical efficiency. Paricá tree seedlings responded positively to the use of SRF, presenting best results in parameters at doses ranging from 8.65 to 12.07 kg m-3 compared to control without SRF. Acquisition costs were higher when compared to conventional fertilization, requiring an economical and forestry analysis to infer on the feasibility of its use in the production and establishment of stands.

Forests contribute substantially to maintaining the global greenhouse gas balance, primarily because among the five economic sectors identified by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, only the forestry sector has the potential to remove greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere. In this context, development of national forest carbon accounting systems, particularly in countries with tropical forests, has emerged as an international priority. Because these systems are often developed as components of or in parallel with national forest inventories, a brief review of statistical issues related to the development of forest ground sampling designs is provided. This overview addresses not only the primary issues of plot configurations and sampling designs, but also to a lesser extent the emerging roles of remote sensing and uncertainty assessment. Basic inventory principles are illustrated for two case studies, the national forest inventory of Brazil with special emphasis on the state of Santa Catarina, and an inventory for Tanzania.

This study investigated the seed bank of pastures in disturbed areas in Amazonia Central. In four pastures, 20 samples of 15 x 15 cm at 0 to 5 cm depth and six samples in a depths of 5 to 10 and 10 to 30 cm. For counting and seed identification, the seedling emergence method in a green house was used. Significant differences in seed densities were observed among the four pastures, varying from 304 to 6153 seeds per m², at 0 to 5 cm depth, showing high variation among the areas. The number of species varied from 17 to 27 at the superficial layer. The seed banks contained mainly invasive herbs and pioneer species characteristic of disturbed areas. The succession plant which will develop require a longer time interval to present strata shrubs / trees with utmost importance and the forest will probably be much less heterogeneous than the original.

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of particleboard of Acacia mangium Willd pruning wood, in comparison with Pinus oocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis panels. The wood of A. mangium . was obtained in the southern region of . Piauí State, and the wood samples of P. oocarpa and E. grandis were obtained in  Lavras, State of Minas Gerais. To produce the panels, it was used 8% of urea-formaldehyde adhesive and 1% of paraffin. The panels were pressed at 160 °C, pressure of 3.92 Mpa for 8 min. Considering the physical properties, the panels of wood pruning from A. mangium and from P. oocarpa showed the best results, especially from A. mangium that presented values of thickness swelling below those required by the standard CS 236-66. According to the same standard, only E. grandis panels showed results above requirements to the modulus of elasticity and all materials presented performance above the reference normalized for the modulus of rupture. To traction strain the panels produced with pruning wood of A. mangium and E. grandis, with higher values for this mechanical property.

In last decades, the increase of Eucalyptus plantations was relevant in Brazil, especially in the global scenario. Several studies showed that these cultures, especially those guaranteed by certification mechanisms, can bring social and environmental benefits. This paper presents data collected in the period 2002-2011, where we show richness data of plants, birds and mammals in eucalyptus plantation farms in Brazil. It is discussed the importance of these areas to biodiversity conservation, where have been recorded 1,320, 620 and 55 species of woody plants, birds and medium and large mammals, respectively. It was registered the occurrence of endangered plant species in the plantations understory: Araucaria angustifolia, Couratari asterotricha, Buchenavia hoehneana, Dalbergia nigra, Ocotea catharinensis and Ocotea porosa. It was also registered the presence of threatened species:crowned eagle (Urubitinga coronata), red-browed parrot (Amazona rhodochorytha), maned-wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Plantations and forest fragments occupied by secondary vegetation will be among the main elements of future forest landscape. Thus, we cannot neglect the contribution of eucalyptus plantations on biodiversity conservation.

The aim of this work was to select progenies with high adaptability and stability from the dry rubber yield (PBS), of genotypes from a three-year-old rubber tree population, installed in three different locations (Selvíria, MS, Votuporanga, SP and Colina, SP), by the MHPRVG (harmonic average performance relative breeding values) method predicted by BLUP. The progenies were installed in a randomized block design with 30 treatments (progenies), three replications and 10 plants per plot, with spacingof 3.00 x 3.00 m (Selvíria, MS) and 1.50 x 1.50 m (Colina, SP and Votuporanga, SP). The PBS presented considerable genetic coefficient variability, ranging from 23.03 to 27.82% and average heritability ranging from 0.47 to 0.99, indicating the high value of the progeny tests in rubber tree breeding programs. The MHPRVG method provided a genetic gain ranging from 11 to 38% in 10 progenies to the PBS and allowed the selection of progenies with high predicted yield potential. 

With the objective to evaluate the soil seed bank of four distinct areas undergoing restoration activities of different intensities 30 samples of topsoil from 30 x 25 x 7.0 cm in deep were collected in each area and transported to greenhouse at 25 °C and relative humidity around 70%. The emerging seedlings were counted every two weeks for one year. Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness were calculate. The species were classified according to dispersal syndrome, life form and successional class. Considering the four areas, 323 individuals m-², emerged on average, belonging to 26 families and 69 species. Approximately 31% of the sampled individuals were Setaria vulpiseta, and it was present in all four areas. Areas 1 and 2 have low diversity and low ecological dominance. Areas 3 and 4 present mean diversity and low ecological dominance. Herbaceous form and anemochoric syndrome were the most outstanding. The seed bank of areas 1 and 2 have a low potential for auxiliary the forest restoration. In areas, 3 and 4 the seed bank showed a good potential for forest resilience.

Organogenesis is a technique rarely studied in the micro propagation of Ilex paraguariensis. This study evaluated different culture media on callus induction and in vitro organogenesis of this species. Leaves were collected from greenhouse grown plants. Leaves segments were placed on culture media ¼ MS, WPM or JADS, containing zeatin and 2,4-D. The MS medium was more efficient in callus inducing. Rooting was observed in the WPM medium. No buds were formed in any of the media evaluated.

Essentially there are three methods for commercial volume estimation of single trees namely: the use of a form quotient, volume equations and taper functions,which produce different results in variable precision and must be used adequately for different objectives. The aim of this study was to compare these methods. So, trees of Eucalyptus grandis from a first thinning were measured. The use of volume equations of two independent variables was the most effective method for commercial volume estimation. The use of form quotient has shown to be restricted and, taper functions have proven to be efficient to determinate the multiple uses of a tree.