Repositório RCAAP

The aim of this study was to evaluate the steel and energetic potential of charcoal of clones of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla at 42 months of age. Wood from seven clones were used. The carbonizations were performed in an electric furnace (muffle) with final temperature of 450 °C. The carbonization yields, immediate and elemental chemical composition, higher and low heating value, apparent relative and energetic density and fixed carbon stock were determined. For data analysis, the principal components analysis was used. The clones G129 and U059 stood out for steel and energetic use, fixed carbon stock, yields in charcoal, fixed carbon and in pyroligneous liquid, and for the lower values in non-condensable gases. These clones were considered as one group by the multivariate statistical analysis. In general, low influence of clone effect in the immediate chemical composition and higher and low heating value of the charcoal was noted. This result was attributed to the use of the same temperature of carbonization for all clones and the age of assessment.

Presenting great resistance to drought, Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl (faveleira) is a species that can be used as fodder, medicinal, human food, biodiesel and to restore degraded areas. However, there are difficulties regarding the technique of rooting cuttings and, therefore, it was used in this work asalternative layering technique. The treatments consisted of substrates and concentrations of IAA (indole acetic acid).There was a percentage of 46% rooting in vermiculite tailings. Vermiculite tailings yielded a significant gain of dry root matter. Regarding the doses of AIA, no significant differences were found for any variable.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of total organic carbon (TOC) of the soil, light organic matter (LOM) in water and oxidizable fractions of organic carbon in a cultivated area of maize in the alleys Flemingia macrophylla under different managements of their shoot. The study area is located in “Agroecological Fazendinha in Seropédica city, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three treatments and eight replications, consisting of the following treatments: control (corn cultivation with no alleys); cultivation of maize in alley cropping with pruning to 0,6 m high and growing maize in alley cropping system without pruning. In each area composite samples were collected at 0-5 cm. The presence of alleys and, in the pruning Flemingia macrophylla found that this area is connected with the growing season does not change the contents of the TOC soil. However, the use of stems and leaves as green manure originating from the treatment was carried out where pruning of alleys Flemingia macrophylla, provided the soil increasing concentrations of LOM, C content of LOM and fraction F1.

This study aimed at to characterize morphologically the fruits, seeds and seedling development of Casearia decandra and examine the best substrate and temperature for seed germination. The fruits were collected from 13 mothers in the municipality of Irati, Parana State, Brazil. Tests were conducted to determine the weight of 1,000 seeds, number of seeds per kilogram and the seeds moisture content. To test the influence of different substrate and temperature on germination it was tested four temperatures: 20 ºC, 25 ºC, 30 ºC and 35 ºC on four substrates: sand, paper towels, roll paper and vermiculite. The fruit is spherical, with dry pericarp, thin, with glabrous , smooth, and light yellow surface. The seed presents ellipsoid shape, chartaceous, creamy and lightly striated tegument. It has fleshy and orange arils, and fleshy endosperm. The embryo is spatulate, light green, with short axis and heart-shaped paracotyledons. The seedling is epigeous and phanerocotyledonal. The paracotyledons are opposite, heart-shaped and with entire margin. Eophylls are alternate, elliptical, with serrate margins. In the epicotyl occurs small axial stipules. The best germination results were obtained with temperatures of 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C with the substrate paper roll.

Phenological studies can support actions of seed collection and recovery of degraded areas, contributing to the conservation of forest species. This study aimed to understand the timing of flowering and fruiting of 21 native tree species in fragmented area of Atlantic Forest in Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Ninety one trees were monitored monthly, from January to December of 2011. Most species flowered in the late dry season and early rainy season, and presented a moderate negative correlation between flowering and photoperiod. There were two peaks of fruiting: March-April to zoochoric species and September-October for not zoochoric species, with positive correlation between rainfall and fruiting of zoochoric species. There was a high incidence of pathogens in fruits, affecting the seed production by Machaerium hirtum, Melanoxylon brauna, Machaerium brasiliense and Psidium guineense. Other species showed low fruit production, as Andira sp., Swartzia oblata, Guarea guidonea, and Enterolobium glaziovii. The timing of flowering and fruiting among individuals was low for most species. The lack of phenology research of most species studied (52%) reinforced the need of such studies in this region.

Aggregation can suffer permanent or temporary changes to cyclical variations induced by management practices for soil and plant growth. The study evaluated the temporal and spatial variation of the stability of water stable aggregates and its relationship with the organic matter content in an Hapludalf in Santa Maria municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The treatments were four tillage systems for deployment of Eucalyptus grandis: no-tillage, chisel, chisel tillage plus harrowing and rotary tiller. Soil samples were collected in the layer of 0.00 to 0.05 m for determination of the density, and stability in water of stable organic matter aggregates contents of the soil. Chisel, chisel tillage plus harrowing and rotary tiller resulted in lower structural stability of water stable aggregates. The negative effects of tillage on Hapludalf with sandy loam texture are reduced after 12 months, demonstrating its ability to restore the structure and aggregation. The soil tillage evaluated did not increase the carbon content and that was not influenced by the state of aggregation. The early growth of Eucalyptus was favored by the intensification of soil tillage.

The objective of this study is to characterize two lots of Luehea divaricate seeds, as its physiological and sanitary quality. Seeds were collected in the municipalities of Santa Maria (SM) and Restinga Seca (RES), located inthe central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Germination tests and fungi transmission were conducted in commercial substrate Carolina Soil®. The variables determined were germination indices (GI), emergency (%), symptomatic seedlings (%) and dead seeds (%).The fungi were detected using PDA test and substrate filter paper (PF). For each test it was used four replicates of 25 seeds. It has been also determined the sanity of the fruits using blotter test. The GI and percentage of emergence varied between 6.7 and 8.7 and 51 and 63%, for RES and SM lots, respectively. The fungi associated with the seeds, independent of the method were: Fusarium sp. Alternaria sp., Rhizoctonia sp. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phoma sp. and Cladosporium sp. Fusarium and Alternaria, can be associated with symptoms in seedlings of the transmission test. The fungi presents in fruits were: Fusarium sp., Aspergilus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp. and Alternaria sp.

The objective of this work was to select volumetric models and evaluate the efficiency of three methods to estimate the wood volume of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis in an even-aged stand in Vitória da Conquista, State of Bahia, Brazil. After the trees were selected, they were cut down and  their volume were rigorously measured to calculate total and commercial individual volume, with and without bark. Eight volumetric models were adjusted. Higher performance models were selected based on the weighted value of the statistical parameters scores. The volumes obtained by measurement were compared to those obtained by form factor, form quotient and adjusted models. The Stoate model was the most efficient in estimating total and commercial volumes with bark. The Stoate model and the modified Naslund model had better performance in estimating the total and commercial volumes, respectively, without bark. The form factor and the volumetric models are recommended for accurately predicting wood volume for this species.

This work aimed to better understand the ecology of Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. and the mechanisms for initial establishment of this species in riparian microenvironments. The study was conducted at Peti Environmental Station - PETI (19o53'34.1"; 43o21'52.6"), São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The ecological parameters studied were: moisture at dispersion (fruit, seed and diaspore) and after dispersion (imbibition; initial growth and development). Diaspores and seeds present different behaviors. The faster water absorption process was in seeds without endocarp. The total growth length from embryo until seedling was 21 days. Seedlings establishes preferentially in flooded environments.

This work aimed to study the influence of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Claroideoglomus etunicatum and levels of phosphorus in subsurface substrate of a Latossolo Amarelo biometric parameters in seedlings of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in Bom Jesus in Piauí State, Brazil, October, 2011 to December, 2011. The experimental design was completely randomized in 4x3 factorial scheme, with the factors: phosphorus levels (0, 60, 120 and 240 mg dm-3) and mycorrhizal treatments (no AMF, C. etunicatum and natives AMF). At 65 days after sowing, it was evaluated the biometric parameters plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry weight of roots and shoots, root length, root diameter, root volume, mycorrhizal colonization and mycorrhizal efficiency. Inoculation with C. etunicatum increases seedling growth of M. caesalpiniifolia in substrate subsurface of Latossolo Amarelo under low phosphorus levels. The maximum efficiency occurs in the absence of mycorrhizal phosphate fertilizer. With the increasing levels of phosphorus occurs further growth of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia seedlings and decay in the rate of root colonization by AMF, C. etunicatum and AMF natives.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects caused by the above ground pruning over the survival, height (h), neck diameter (dn) and h/dn relation, of Pinus taeda L. seedlings, in the municipal district of Caçador, Santa Catarina State, Brazil, aiming to obtain seedlings of better quality. Six different types and intensities of pruning were tested. The data were analyzed by the variances homogeneity test (Bartlett’s test), variance analysis (ANOVA) and, by the Tukey’s test of means comparison (α = 5%). Sixty days after the experiment installation, there was no seedlings mortality ; the removal of the upper portion of the seedlings showed abundant formation of side shoots, significant decrease of seedling heights and h/dn relation, improving the quality pattern of the seedlings. On the other hand, the removal of the lower portion of seedlings leaves caused significant increase of heights, but did not affect the h/dn relation. None of the treatments resulted in significant increase in neck diameter. However, the most intensive above ground pruning (upper portion removal + removal of the 2/3 of the lower portion of leaves) caused significant reduction of the neck diameter and, consequently, of the seedlings quality.

Although the wood from Cedrela fissilis Vell. has great commercial interest, its use is limited due to the lack of information regarding forestry of the species. The aim of this study was to evaluate growth and its correlations with climate variables in six districts at the eastern border of Paraná and Santa Catarina states. Radial wood samples were collected from 42 individuals. Once dried and sanded the annual growth rings were marked, measured and evaluated. The average diameter increment was 1.1 cm year-1. Considering a cutting diameter of 40 cm it was estimated rotations of 30 to 36 years to the species. From the 42 individuals sampled, it was possible to cross date 28 growth series, which presented an inter-correlation of 0.551. Pearson correlation analysis between radial growth and climate data did not show significant values for most of the variables. However, the relative humidity of the air in December was significant and inversely proportional to the radial growth.

Micro-propagation has potential to apply to multiply genotypes of Brazilian forest species. The studies on in vitro culture of these species are related to their recalcitrance to other propagation techniques as well as in vitro conservation of plant germplasm. Micro-propagation by axillaries buds proliferation corresponds to the main system used for in vitro propagation, due to its simplicity compared to organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Nevertheless, the native forest species are poorly studied and consequently the advances in in vitro propagation protocols are still not expressive. Thus, it is necessary to develop new works to promote advances in in vitro culture of native species, and the use of new culture media compositions. It is also important to test the interaction of growth regulators or even bioreactor systems, aiming at to consolidate the micro-propagation technique as applicable strategy in Brazilian silviculture.

This study aimed to evaluate deposition and decomposition of litter and nutrient input in an area of eucalyptus plantation in top-sequence. It was verified significant contribution of the stratum leaves, what could be attributed to the age of the plantation. Regarding the rate of decomposition it was observed a decrease in the spring season at all sites. It was observed differences among sites related to top-sequence There was addition of nutrients as P, N and K, with a tendency for larger values of P in the top of the slope. The studied parameters reflect the different characteristics of the studied environmental growth conditions and their growth limitation and it suggest differences in the management of the areas.

P. elliotii var. elliottii is the second most planted fast growing tree species in Brazilian subtropics for wood and resin production. The objective of this work was to predict genetic values of fast growing individual trees. A trial was established in a randomized complete blocks design involving 76 treatments, 75 open pollinated progenies from a clonal seed orchard and a commercial progeny as control, in a 3 m x 3 m spacing. Total heights of all individuals were measured at 1, 2, and 3 years old and also stem diameter at 1.3 m height- dbh at 3 years old. Deviance analysis was performed by using Selegen-REML/BLUP software and genetic parameters were estimated. Significant variation was detected among progenies. Estimates of narrow-sense individual heritabilities were 0.25 and 0.42, respectively, for height and dbh. Some progenies grew faster than the control (commercial progeny) and the observed genetic variation was sufficiently high to encourage selection to obtain genetic gains in wood production.

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that crown length affects the hypsometric relationship. We used data from diameter measured at 1.3 m above ground level (DBH) and total heights of 337 trees of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze from an urban remnant of Araucaria Forest with 15.24 ha, located in Curitiba, PR, Brazil. These trees were grouped into classes of crown length. Six hypsometric models were adjusted to the data for each class and for the entire data set. The best model was chosen based on the standard error of estimate in percentage, index of Schlaegel, and graphical analysis of residuals. The ranking indicated Trorey as the best model. The models identity test of Graybill applied to the Trorey model indicated that crown length influenced the hypsometric relationship of the araucarias in the study area.

The objective of this work was to survey wood borers in natural environment in the Atlantic Forest and eucalypt plantation of individuals families: Cerambicydae, Lyctidae, Bostrichidae, Buprestidae and subfamilie Platypodinae e Scolytinae. Was installed between the months of april and october, 20 Carvalho 47 traps model, adapted, baited with ethanol (92.8º), 50 m distant from each other and 1.3 m from the ground, with five setting: Atlantic Forest (border and interior) fragment; eucalyptus plantation (border and interior). 1,797 individuals were collected in total weekly collections and morning. The stand of eucalyptus submitted higher amounts of individuals in both setting analyzed (992 individuals).The subfamily Scolytinae was the most numerous (774 individuals - 43.07%) and the most important in terms of degradability of wood. In second place was the family Bostrichidae with 345 individuals (19.20%).

The action of winds often cause damage to trees and forests, causing recurring economic losses worldwide. The objective of this study was to present a method for selection of Eucalyptus clones tolerant to winds. For that, ten clones widely planted by a forestry company located in areas of high incidence of storms and winds were selected. The sample trees were subjected to endurance resistance test, simulating the effect of the wind. The results show that there were no statistically significant differences among clones with regard to wind resistance. The methodology proposed in this paper comes as an alternative to select clones for resistance to winds.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of seedlings of Mimosa setosa using different combinations of renewable residues: sewage sludge, carbonized rice husks and straw of coffee in natura, and commercial substrate. The seedlings were grown in plastic tubes with capacity of 120 cm3, remaining 120 days under shadow in a greenhouse and more 30 days in rustification area. When the seedlings reached 150 days of growth it were measured the shoot height, the diameter, the ratio of shoot height and diameter, the shoot dry weight, the root dry weight, the total dry mass, the ratio dry shoot mass and root dry mass and the Dickson quality index. The data were subjected to statistical analysis (ANOVA) and the means were compared by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability. The substrates made with sewage sludge, carbonized rice husks and straw of coffee provided better growth of seedlings. Moreover, the treatment with 80% of sewage sludge mixed with 10% carbonized rice husks and 10% straw of coffee in natura provided the best results of the morphological characteristics evaluated, when producing Mimosa setosa seedlings.

This study aimed to determine the more efficient and economically viable dosage of chemical insecticide to control Quesada gigas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) nymphs in parica plantations. Three dosages of three products (carbofuran, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) were tested based on the maximum recommended dosage for the control of cicadas in coffee plants and applied in total area. The dosage of one kilogram of a commercial product based in thiamethoxam per hectare was more efficient economically and environmentally to control nymphs of Q. gigas in parica plantations.