Repositório RCAAP

This study aimed to compare three sampling methods: fixed area, Bitterlich, and Prodan, regarding accuracy and relative efficiency to estimate the variables: diameter at 1.30 m above soil level (DBH), number of trees, basal area, and volume. The limit of error established was 10% at probability level of 95%, using 30 plots for each method. Circumference at 1.30 m above soil level was measured, for conversion in DBH, with total time counted since the plots installation until the last tree measured. The most accurate sampling was the fixed area method, for estimation of DBH and number of trees per hectare, whereas the Bitterlich method was the most accurate for estimation of basal area and volume. Bitterlich method proved to be more efficient for estimation of all variables. It can be concluded that the accuracy is not directly associated with relative efficiency, and that less usual sampling.

African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) is a forest species of high value in international trade and it presents great potential to replace the Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Currently, little is known about the nutritional requirements of African mahogany. So, the present work aims to induce the onset of visual symptoms of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in seedlings of African mahogany. It was carried out an experiment using nutrient solution with the following treatments: T1 - Complete Solution; T2 - omission of N; T3 - omission of P; T4 - omission of K and T5 - deionized water. The symptoms of macronutrients deficiency in African mahogany were evident, compromising the seedlings growth.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the initial growth and biomass partitioning of mulungu (Erythrina velutina Willd.) seedlings under different rates of phosphorus in the presence and absence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMA’s). A randomized blocks design in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement was used, with four replicates and three plants per plot. Treatments consisted of five phosphorus rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.Kg soil-1), using as source the superphosphate fertilizer, and presence or absence of FMA’s. At 98 days after sowing (DAS), shoot height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf chlorophyll index, leaf dry matter, stem dry matter, root dry matter, leaf area, Dickson quality index and height/stem diameter ratio were evaluated. The phosphorus rate of 200 mg.kg-1 proved to be the most efficient for production of Erythrina velutina seedlings, but with a significant reduction in the biological association of this plant with rhizobacteria. Biomass distribution within the different parts of the plants did not change with distinct rates of P, and there were no benefits in the use of FMA’s until 98 DAS.

Floristic composition and structure of the tree component were analyzed in a coastal peat forest of the Toto Beach, located in the southern region of Lagoa dos Patos (31º43’39”S e 52º12’04”W). The phytosociological sampling was conducted on a sample area of 0.1 ha. All trees with DBH ≥ 4.8 cm were included. The species richness found was equivalent to 23 species distributed in 20 genera and 15 families. Two endangered species were sampled. The total tree density estimated for one hectare was equivalent to 3,480 trees. The most important species in the forest structure were Ocotea sp., Myrcia multiflora, Psidium cattleyanum, Ocotea pulchella, Myrsine lorentziana, Citharexyllum myrianthum, Ilex dumosa, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Guapira opposita and Sebastiania brasiliensis. The species diversity estimated by the Shannon index was 2,174 nats.ind.-1 and evenness (J) was 0.684. The forest structure, number of taxa and diversity are similar to other surveys carried out in swamp forests of southern and southeastern Brazil. These parameters must be considered in the environmental licensing and ecological restoration projects of this forest type.

The objective of this work to evaluate the influence of the position of baru seeds, the emergence and early seedling development. The test was conducted in a greenhouse experiment in randomized blocks, with five treatments (seeding position), with four replications, positions were: A - Hilo up, B - hilo down C - hilum and raphe aside, D - horizontal raphe up, E - horizontal raphe down. It was observed that the seeds deposited at the position B (heel down) provided better emergence and seedling development. We evaluated the emergence, speed of emergence index, plant height, stem diameter, root length, dry mass of air, root dry weight, relative AP/DC, FSPA/FSR and Dickson quality index. The emergence and early seedling development baru were influenced by sowing position. The seeds deposited with the hilum down provided better results.

In this work, from the equation y=bxr, a methodology that links the different geometric solids in four segments of standing trees trunks was developed. Data from 1297 scaled trees of the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla were used for the preliminary analysis and independent data from another 65 scaled trees for the validation of the developed methodology related to the taper and volume predictions. The evaluation criteria of the quality and fitness of the methodology were based on the graphic analyses of the residuals and on the followings statistics: mean percentual deviation, residual standard error, accuracy obtained from the Chi-square test and the variance analyses by the Entirely Randomized Design in Subdivided Blocs with the use of the Dunnett test, both at 0.05 significance level. It was concluded that from a greometric solid, or optimized dendrometric prototype, it is possible to simulated the scaling of standing trees, measuring the trunk diameters located only at: 0.3 m, 1.3 m, h-2/2 and on h-1,25/1,25, besides the total height h, whose processes were included in a methodology named Relative Height Method with Two Diameters (hr2D).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the wood and charcoal quality of young Eucalyptus spp. trees, and to verify the influence of age and clone on the energy performance of these fuels. It was sampled the clones 1277 and 0321 of Eucalyptus spp. in two ages (46 and 58 months). The characteristics determined in the wood were: chemical molecular and elementary, basic density, carbon stocks and lignin by volume, the energy density and heating values (higher and lower). The charcoal was produced in an electric furnace (muffle) with the final temperature of 450 °C. It was conducted the mass balance and carbonization energy, beyond the immediate evaluation of the chemical composition, apparent density and calorific value of charcoal. The clone 1277, at the age 58 months, is the most suitable for the charcoal production for steel industry and direct combustion of wood, because it showed better results for basic density, energy density, carbon stocks and lignin per unit volume and the lignin content of the wood. The clonal effect and age did not influence the content of fixed carbon and volatile materials, the calorific values, the gravimetric yield in charcoal and energy losses of carbonization.

This paper aimed to evaluate the accuracy of taper functions fitted with and without stratification on Pinus sp. trees. Three strata were allocated using diameter at 1.3 m above the ground, artificial form factor and Schiffel’s form quotient as stratification criteria. Schöepfer, Kozak et al. Hradetzky, Garcia et al., Ormerod and Demaerchalk taper functions were tested and the one which best fitted to the total population was selected by statistics standard error of estimate in percentage (syx%), adjusted coefficient of determination (R²aj.) and residual scatterplots. After this, the selected function was fitted with data stratified and the gain of accuracy was evaluated by two statistical methods. As results, Hradetzky’s function adjusted better when compared to the others. Equations obtained for the total population and for strata are statistically different. Stratification by form factor and by form quotient provide considerable reduction of errors, reaching up to 50%, however it was not observed expressive reduction for stratification by diameter at 1.3 above the ground. So, the stratification by form factor is recommended for fitting taper functions to boles of Pinus sp.

The aim of this study was to determine the physical and energetic properties of wood and charcoal obtained by carbonization of Hieronyma alchorneoides Allemão (licurana). Coal produced in family farming Biguaçu, SC, is to supplement the income. The most important results are: specific gravity of the timber presented 530 Kg m-³ and the gross calorific value greater of 4.315 kcal kg-1. The coal gravimetric yield was 37% and gross calorific value was 6.740 kcal kg-1. The wood of H. alchorneoides presents physical properties suitable for charcoal production. The charcoal showed excellent gravimetric yield.

Palm tree seeds present slow and uneven germination. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of pre-germination treatments in promoting germination and early seedling growth of palm tree (Euterpe edulis Martius). Treatments were: control, immersion in GA3 solution, exposure to ethylene, water immersion, H2SO4 immersion, mechanical scarification, stratification for 30 days at 10 °C, and scarification followed by stratification. Soaking seeds in gibberellic acid (GA3; 2000 µL L-1 for 24 h) or their exposure to ethylene (1000 µL L-1 for 24 h) are effective for promoting emergence, which started 30 days after seed treatment, and for early seedling growth of palm tree.

Phosphate fertilization for native perennial species need studies in field conditions and seedling production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of interaction between phosphorus and lime levels on growth and nutrients content of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.), cultivated on a Yellow Latosol Dystrophic typic, in greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial, with three replications. The treatments consisted of six doses of P (11; 22; 44; 66; 88 and 110 mg dm-3) and control treatment (without P fertilization), combined with 500 mg dm-3 of limestone or without limestone addition. The addition of increasing doses of P with lime provided increase on early growth and nutrient contents in seedlings of mahogany, however, without interactions. The maximum economic yield for dry matter production was obtained with 41.6 mg dm-3 of P, associated with additional 500 mg dm-3 of limestone.

The objective of this work was the comparison of vegetation structure of two Caatinga fragments with primary and secondary levels of ecological succession, located at Embrapa Semiarido, Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. For floristic survey it was used the method of plots, where 10 sampling units of 8 m x 40 m randomly distributed were plotted. All living individuals with diameter at ground level (DGL) ≥ 3 cm were inventoried and also measured their total heights. We observed significant differences in the diametric structure, but the distribution of hypsometric frequency showed that the majority of individuals in both areas were small-sized (< 5 m). Through similarity analysis and principal coordinates, we observed the formation of three distinct groups when compared to other surveys in Caatinga sensu stricto. The results showed that the studied areas have floristic richness compatible with Caatinga environments, the fragments are in early stages (Area I) and intermediate succession (Area II) and 30 years of regeneration were not enough for area I to achieve a level of development similar to the ecologically better conserved area.

This study evaluates seeds germination of Anadenanthera colubrina, Acacia polyphylla and Bauhinia cheilantha, typical species of deciduous forests. Seeds were submitted to pre-germination treatments and attack of native insects. The seeds of each species were grouped in: seeds scarified with sandpaper; seeds immersed in water heated to 70 °C, seeds with signs of attack by herbivore insects and the control group. The largest proportion of germinated seeds occurred in the first week of incubation and germination peak, ranged from first to third day. All groups of A. polyphylla and B.cheilantha showed high germination rate (> 90%), being reduced only when seeds were attacked by insects (< 25%). Mechanic scarification was efficient in A. polyphylla by enhancing germination to maximum (100%) and accelerating germination. A. colubrina showed no difference among groups, and germination rate was lower (< 50%), which was attributed to infestation by fungi, commonly reported in this species and apparently independent of usual hygiene procedures. Finally, except the fungi infestation in A. colubrina, evaluated species were independent of pre-germination treatment to obtain a high rate of germination.

Homogeneous forests are susceptive to the occurrence of population’s boom of forest pests. Among them, the beetles are considered important economically, not only for the actual damages to the stand, but mainly for the difficulty of control. This work aimed to carry out a population survey of insects, mainly of xylophagous, in stands of Tectona grandis. Twenty ethanolic traps and 30 wood samples of teak were installed in two stands in the municipalities of Alegre and Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, located in the south of Espírito Santo State, Brazil. After 18 months (January of 2011 to July of 2012) adult insects, pupas and larvae in the existing galleries in wood samples were collected. The collections of the adult insects were carried out monthly in the ethanolic traps. From August of 2011 to May of 2012, it were collected 742 coleopters in the traps, from the families Bostrichidae and Cerambycidae and subfamily Scolytinae, beyond non xylophagous individuals from the families Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Lagriidae, Lampyridae, Scarabaeidae and Tenebrionidae. The highest incidence of insects with xylophagous characteristics and a higher diversity of families of coleopters were observed in Alegre municipality.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy potential of Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage wood. The samples were collected in the municipality of Cerro Negro, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Samples were collected from 5 trees at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of commercial height. It was determined basic density, high calorific value, elemental composition, immediate chemical analysis, lower calorific value, energy density, carbon storage and energy production. The physical and chemical variables studied and energy potential of wood did not present differences along the stem.

This study aimed at evaluating the application of linear hypsometric equations in savanna located in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Data were obtained in 46 plots of 1,000 m² each, and 13 plots were used to simulate six different systems of data sampling to fit hypsometric models. The remaining 33 plots were reserved for an application test of generated hypsometric equations. In this assessment, to decide the sampling system and model, in addition to the residual graphic analysis, the following statistic criteria were adopted: residual standard error and multiple linear correlation. After this decision, a model identity test was applied to determine the best way to prepare the database aiming at the hypsometric models adjustment. We concluded that the linear functional relation: Ln(h)=f[Ln(N); Ln(dq/d); 1/d] fitted with data from the first 50 trees of each plot and, independently, from diameter class, was the most appropriate to characterize the hypsometric relation in savanna in Tocantins.

The aim of this study was to develop an empirical statistical model to estimate leaf surface by a non-destructive method of leaflets in young and mature plants palm macaúba. Eight leaflets per leaf, four on each side and two leaves per plant on opposite sides, total 16 leaves were collected from each of five plants per growth stage (juvenile and adult) were collected. Thus obtaining a total of 80 leaflets for each phenological stage. Individually each leaflet had its area (LA), length (L) and width (W) measured. Linear models with and without the intercept, and a potential model were tested using the independent variables W, L and combined (WL). Equations with coefficient of determination less than 0.90, were discarded and the combined use of the WL variable resulted in greater accuracy and better distribution of residuals, by employing the functional relationship y = β0xβ1. Thus, the area of leaflets macaúba can be estimated by LA = 0.4683WL1,1104equation.

The aim of this study was to characterize the floristic composition, structure and spatial distribution of tree species in an upland forest in the state of Amapá, Brazil. Dendrometric and floristic data were collected at 200 tertiary sampling units. It were analyzed data from trees with diameter at 1.30 m above soil level (DBH) ≥ 40 cm. Phytosociology, spatial distribution and Shannon diversity index were calculated. It were surveyed 4,030 individual trees, distributed in 37 families and 201 species. Goupia glabra (cupiúba) was the species with highest importance value (IV). The forest area presented characteristics of preserved forest. Sampling revealed that tree species occur with a higher proportion of species with random spatial distribution, however, the species with higher VI had aggregate distribution in the area.

The aim of this work was to evaluate drastic drying of small pieces as  alternative method to define moisture content-temperature dry kiln schedules, to be applied on wood of Corymbia torelliana, Eucalyptus cloeziana, E. grandis x E. urophylla, E. pilularis and E. resinifera.  Moreover, it was aimed to evaluate the possibility to group different species with similar recommended conditions. It was used pieces with initial dimensions of 100 mm long, 50 mm wide and 10 mm thick, maintained in kiln at 100 °C until moisture content reached values below 5%. During this drastic drying the pieces were weighed every hour and length and width of cracks were measure with caliper and feeler gauges. Considering initial and final temperature and drying potential, it was observed one group that supports more severe drying conditions, formed by Corymbia torelliana and E. grandis x E. urophylla and another that demands conservative conditions formed by E. pilularis and E. cloeziana. E. resinifera wood can be dried at conditions defined to both groups.

The knowledge of wood volume is essential to determine the logging productive potential of a forest plantation. However, as this variable isn’t easily measurable it’s necessary the obtainment by estimation. This study aims to select volumetric models and analyze the efficiency of three different methods to estimate the wood volume (form factor, form quotient and adjusted volumetric equation) to the species Pterogyne nitens Tul. in pure plantation in Vitoria da Conquista, State of Bahia, Brazil. The sampled trees were logged and rigorously cubed, andeight volumetric models were adjusted. The best models were selected based on the pondered value of the statistical parameters scores and residues distribution. Stoate model presented the best performance to estimate the bole volume and the total wood volume of Pterogyne nitens with bark. Nevertheless, for the bole volume, Koperzky and Gehrhardt model presented similar estimates as Stoate’s, being also indicated to this species. Among the methods used to estimate volume, it is recommended the use of adjusted volumetric models.