Repositório RCAAP

On May 29, the centenary of the 1919 eclipse is celebrated, which would have “proved” (or confirmed) the General Theory of Relativity “created” by Albert Einstein in 1915. This very common phrase presents several conceptual problems, among them the idea of what theories can be proved and which have creators; and that the eclipse data was sufficient to confirm General Relativity. After a hundred years of the eclipse, there are still many myths surrounding the Theory of Relativity and the figure of Albert Einstein. In this article we present five myths about the theory of special relativity, three myths about general relativity and four myths about Einstein, which are constant in textbooks, specialized books, newspapers and works of popularization of science. To deconstruct each myth, we make a historical and conceptual presentation, which reflects a rigorous examination of research in primary and secondary literature. The objective of the work is not to minimize Einstein's contribution to relativity, but to deconstruct the myth produced over the scientist Albert Einstein and present the historical Einstein and his scientific positions, as well as discuss how the construction of the theory of relativity and its consequences occurred, as the Black Holes and Gravitational Waves program. We also showed that Relativity was not the only consistent theory and did not solve all the known problems of its time, just as its acceptance was not immediate, nor was it due to any crucial experiment (experimentum crucis).

Nancy Fraser é uma filósofa norte-americana, professora de Filosofia e Política da New School for Social Research em Nova Iorque. Considerada um dos nomes mais importas da teoria crítica e do pensamento político feminista, a trajetória de Nancy Fraser é caracterizada por um diálogo contínuo com alguns dos  mais destacados pensadores políticos do século XX, entre eles Jurgen Habermas, Iris Young, Seyla Benhabib, Richard Rorty, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Drucilla Cornell, Judith Butler, Axel Honneth e Rahel Jaeggi. Outro traço marcante de sua longeva e profícua carreira é a centralidade da Teoria Crítica e de seu firme posicionamento a favor da construção de alternativas ao capitalismo. Em várias momentos de sua carreira, Nancy Fraser trouxe a teoria crítica para dialogar com as questões mais do período. Por essa razão em alguns momenntos o feminismo socialista veio para o primeiro plano, depois a teoria da justiça e sua análise da dimensão normativa da teoria social crítica, o mesmo ocorreu em sua análise sobre a relação entre redistribuição, reconhecido e representação, a proposição de estratégias políticas para mitigar formas de exclusão. Mais recentemente Fraser tem se dedicado a luta em defesa do meio ambiente e contra a expansão predatória do capitalismo financeirizado sobre as dimensões políticas e sociais do tempo presente, o que, em última instância, fomenta a deterioração progressiva da democracia. Nos encontramos com Nancy Fraser em 2017, quando a filósofa completava 70 anos, a maior parte desse tempo dedicada ao desenvolvimento de uma teoria crítica capaz de responder às questões sociais e políticas mais urgentes de seu tempo. Nesta entrevista, a autora nos fala sobre os principais elementos dessa teoria, a trajetória que a levou à academia, a importância do diálogo acadêmico e o seu atual projeto de investigação sobre a crise que vivemos.

This text indicates essential elements needed for an analysis of direct democracy, materialized in processes of decentralization and civil society participation in spaces for deliberating public policies, in a context of reform of these policies in the 1990’s. It analyzes the national Policy for the Elderly and the experiences of elderly rights councils. It concludes that despite the fact that spaces for participation are contradictory and the orientations of participation of the various subjects are in conflict, the correlation of forces favorable to conservative forces, redirect social policies, giving them a new rationality and new legitimacy that distribute responsibilities to civil society. These changes reinforce a culture of privation in light of the clashes of the refractions of the social issue and transmute popular participation into consent and legitimization of the given order.

In this paper we investigated how L1 word stress affects L2 word naming for cognates and non-cognates in two lexical stress languages, Brazilian Portuguese (BP, L1) and American English (AE, L2). In Experiment 1,  BP-AE bilinguals named a mixed list of disyllabic moderate frequency words in L1 (Portuguese) and L2 (English). In Experiment 2, Portuguese-English bilinguals named English (L2) disyllabic target words presented simultaneously with auditory Portuguese (L1) disyllabic primes. It is concluded that word stress has a task-dependent role to play in bilingual word naming and must be incorporated in bilingual models of lexical production and lexical perception and reading aloud models.

This article analyzes the characteristics of a collective identity that emerged among part of the civilians recruited for the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (BEF) and some of their agency attempts during the Italian campaign. The new practices experienced within this collective were very different from the practices adopted in the Brazilian Army. In episodes of indiscipline or in the use of collectively constructed instruments, such as the trench newspaper – E a Cobra Fumou! – we seek to highlight the protagonism of the febianos in relation to the command, composed of career soldiers of the Brazilian Army.

The Aim of this study was analyze the academic productions about migratory flow in the sports. The foundation was build based on PRISMA model: identification of the Works in the data basis Scielo, Pubmed, Lilacs, Google scholar and Brazilian Portal of History; realization of the exploratory reading to select; elegibility through the analytical Reading; and inclusion the texts in the qualitative analysis. The results points the work of sportive migration are ruled by Marxist vision. Others factors: language patterns; sportive level at the destiny country and, number of countryman players. We concluded, beyond sociocultural analysis, few works search the relation of performance and migration. We believe that studies about this relation can be enlighten other questions.

This interview presents a summary of three interviews with Myra Bergman Ramos, the North-american “accidental translator” who translated the 1968 manuscript of Pedagogia do Oprimido from Portuguese into English. Pedagogy of the Oppressed was published in New York in 1970 and its great success made the publication of the Pedagogia do Oprimido possible in Brazil, in 1974, in Portuguese. From two structured interviews via e-mail and one semistructured tele-interview, several questions about the translation, the translator and the act of translating were raised with the aim of contributing to the Translation Studies subfield called Sociology of Translation which focuses on Translator Studies (Chesterman, 2014).

This article discusses the results of a study of children’s and adolescent’s perceptions and experiences with participation, citizenship, rights and responsibilities. The study was conducted in public and private schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro and with children and adolescents living on the streets and from the Landless Farmers Movement (MST). The study addressed questions related to social, economic and political issues as well as perception of gender in relation to rights and participation. The study demonstrated that children and adolescents have a broad notion of their participation and of other concepts. It also reveals that they are aware that their rights are frequently ignored and violated. This study is part of an international study conducted in parallel in six countries with the same themes and methodology.

From Svetlana Aleksiévitch’s work, Last witnesses, this paper analyzes the tension between the translatable and the untranslatable testimonies of European East's Second World War’s survivors, considering three elements of untranslatability: the excess of the real, the lack of the word and the pseudo-witnesses.

The beginning of football competition shapes one of the learning environments on youth sports, therefore, the children need to be properly organized to their own characteristics and possibilities. The aim of this theoretical framework is to demonstrate possibilities to the competition initiation, based on the structure, norms and game functionality and reflect concerning the competitive environment. We propose that the organization of the structural and functional elements of the soccer game in early phases should be realized from the understanding of the players' level, mainly regarding the structuring of space, communication in action, and ball-player relationship. The relationships between players, coaches, referees and the family must provide positive interactions, establishing a safe environment for the youth players. Therefore, competition initiation in football must be thought and designed to aid the children' development, setting up a safe learning environment.

The article applies the Emprical-Rethorical Discourse Analysis method (AERD), (REIS, 2013) in the verdict around the case of Raposa Serra do Sol Indigenous Land, aiming to show the construction of the indigenous fact concept to replace the indiginate as an argumentative process corrupted and stereotyped interpretation of Supreme Federal Court about the Indigenous Peoples’ reality. It is stated, in hypothesis, the misconception of the use of “timeframe” authorizing the suppression and reduction of the land which was already demarcated, including by the Second Class of STF or by Union General Advocacy (AGU) causing instability and enlargement of violence against Indigenous Peoples on their native lands.

A habilidade de elaboração do gênero exposição oral é imprescindível na esfera acadêmica, porém, existem poucas oportunidades para seu aperfeiçoamento nos cursos de química. Neste trabalho temos como objetivo analisar a elaboração de exposições orais baseadas em artigo original de pesquisa (texto-base), por parte de graduandos dessa área. Para tanto, as operações de retextualização colocadas em funcionamento foram investigadas, tendo em vista o oferecimento de subsídios para a reflexão acerca das facilidades e dificuldades na utilização das mesmas. Os resultados apontaram que houve facilidade no uso de seis operações de retextualização, com destaque para as de acréscimo de nova informação e retomada. Já as dificuldades se relacionaram a três operações de retextualização, com destaque para a de construção de opinião própria. Atividades como as descritas neste trabalho são imprescindíveis no ensino superior, pois favorecem o desenvolvimento de habilidades necessárias à elaboração do gênero exposição oral por parte dos estudantes.

The training of two foreign languages (usually English and another foreign language) by the Chinese universities can date back to the 1980s (Sun, 2015:91). Nevertheless, there are still some parts which need to be improved, such as the lack of adequate materials, and the insufficiency of disciplines linking knowledge of two foreign languages, for example, the disciplines on comparison, contrast and possible translation between the two foreign languages. Without such disciplines, students can only study the two languages separately, which not only increases the student's task, but also is not conducive to activating the positive transfer (Wang, 2012; Li, 2012) of English knowledge in learning a second foreign language. In addition to presenting and discussing the training of two foreign languages by the Chinese institutions, in this work, we also want to propose an English - Portuguese translation discipline for Chinese bachelor students of Portuguese. In support of this, our considerations are based on the discussion of training of two foreign languages.

This article analyzes Physical Education in the Common National Curriculum Base of High School, from the understanding of the conceptions and perspectives, sent by the document to the field of Physical Education. Methodologically, it uses a critical approach, as well as bibliographic and documentary research, whose data were supported by content analysis. Notes that the "new high school" is linked to other reforms, which in its entirety subjugate this stage of basic education to the labor market, in the capitalist logic. Perspective is a minimal high school, diluted and pragmatic and, conceptually impoverished, because it is based on the fragmentation of knowledge. It concludes that physical education in the Common National Curriculum Base of High School is conceptually translated, as a medium activity, from a literary perspective to the market. 

This article provides an overview of eye tracking studies on subtitling (also known as captioning), and makes recommendations for future cognitive research in the field of audiovisual translation (AVT). We find that most studies in the field that have been conducted to date fail to address the actual processing of verbal information contained in subtitles, and rather focus on the impact of subtitles on viewing behaviour. We also show how eye tracking can be utilized to measure not only the reading of subtitles, but also the impact of stylistic elements such as language usage and technical issues such as the presence of subtitles during shot changes on the cognitive processing of the audiovisual text as a whole. We support our overview with empirical evidence from various eye tracking studies conducted on a number of languages, language combinations, viewing contexts as well as different types of viewers/readers, such as hearing, hard of hearing and Deaf people.

As the Translation Studies have solidly risen to scientific status in the last decades, a great interest is growing toward the pedagogical practices, syllabi and bibliographies for the teaching of translators. The book Teaching Translation: Programs, Courses, Pedagogies, organized by Lawrence Venuti, aims at presenting the state-of-the-art programs in the area by describing courses and disciplines in some of the most notable American, Canadian, English, and Spanish institutions, and also by detailing the requirements for students application in such courses as well as the final papers and theses. Furthermore, the book presents several articles which focus on teaching literary translation, technical translation, post-colonial translation, theatrical translation, among others. Moreover, as if that alone will not suffice to satisfy the reader’s needs, the final part of the book brings detailed analysis not only of the main pedagogical approaches for the formation of translators but also of the handbooks, encyclopedias and other books in the subject which were released in the last twenty years. The best feature of this book is the broad view it provides for teachers, students, and scholars in the field, who are interested in learning how translation is being taught in praxis, even though the same information is lacking when it comes to countries out of the axis chosen by Venuti.

The main objective this article is to analyze the railroad workers strikes of the State of Bahia South-western Railway Co. Ltd.in 1927. The railroad workers strikes were one of the principal worker’s campaign in South Bahia during First Republic, with mobilization much working-class associations of Ilhéus and Itabuna city around of the activities and the schedule “in defense of sacred interests”. Of pacific way and acting inside of the oligarchic Politic, the railroad workers turn up popularity strikes, so that press over mayor, parliamentarians and patronal associations, and use themselves of the Brazilian nationalism against the English chiefs of the railway company. This article was writing from newspaper, institutionals reports and correspondence researched at archives from Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.

Based on the premise that teaching is a political act and that it is thus necessary to engage additional language students in the process of both linguistic and critical development (Crookes, 2013), this study aims at investigating the role of the teacher during the implementation of a cycle of tasks designed from the perspectives of the Task-based Approach (Ellis, 2003) and of Critical Pedagogy (Freire, 1996). According to Breen (2009), a task can be understood as a workplan which is modified and reinterpreted during its implementation. Samuda (2009) argues that one of the central roles of the teacher in task-based language teaching is to guide students in language processing so as to cater for linguistic development. In this sense, it is important to investigate the task as a process, that is, the strategies adopted by the teacher while implementing the task as a workplan. In order to do so, this study focuses on the reflexive diaries of the teacher-researcher, in which he describes and reflects upon the implementation of a critical cycle of tasks designed for a group of high school students in a Brazilian context. From the thematic analysis of the diaries, the theme ‘strategies’ could be identified, which demonstrates decisions that were taken by the teacher-researcher during implementation so as to: a) guarantee that the critical objective of the task would be met, b) guide the students’ attention to a specific topic (such as focus on form or the critical topic at hand), c) overcome technical and material difficulties and d) facilitate students’ learning process. The complexity involved in the implementation process of tasks designed from a critical perspective suggests the need for teachers to develop their critical reflexive skills in order to be able to make decisions that will be adequate for each specific educational context.

The third issue of the International Interdisciplinary Journal INTERthesis covers a round-table about the Contemporary Brazil, explanation and discussion of Canadian and Brazilian University students' papers, accomplished at the Canadian Congress of Latin American and Caribbean Studies (CALACS), in the city of Guelph (Ontario, Canada), on October 30, 2004. The president was Prof. W.E. (Ted) Hewitt (University of Western Ontario), and the coordinator was Prof. Edgar Dosman (York University), having Prof. Judith Hellman (York) as mediator. The round-table was organized and presented to honor Betinho (Herbert de Souza, creator of IBASE in Brazil), who was exiled in Canada between 1974 and 1978, becoming at that time highly acknowledged at the academic environment, for his capacity of leadership, organization and initiative towards the fight for social justice, for the intellectual innovation, and the practical sympathy with the Latin American peoples. Such qualities have been reconsidered today by several Brazilian and Canadian University professors and students, as necessary to rebuild and broaden the exchange, the convergence and the reflection in common, between Brazil and Canada. The reasons for this search for the mutual acknowledgement and cooperation between Brazil and Canada are many. Brazil is today very little known and studied in Canada and the same happens in Brazil concerning Canada. Whenever we hear something involving these two countries, it has to do with occasional incidents and conflicts of interests. Recently we have seen successive complaints from both countries to the World Trade Organization (WTO), mutually denouncing the state subsidies to the plane industries - Embraer, in Brazil, and Bombardier in Canada, for violation to the rules of free formation and price competition in the international market. Whatever the practical results of these arbitrages for interest might be, the Brazilian and Canadian public opinion just receives very partial information regarding the existence of competition and occasional contradictions between these two countries. However there are convergent characteristics and long-term contributions, even complementary, of both - Brazil and Canada - that have never reached the media. Among these characteristics which challenge the comparative study and the bilateral cooperation, we can highlight, in the internal aspect: the Canadian multiculturalism and the Brazilian ethnic pluralism; the importance of the civil society and of the social mobilizations in the magnification of the public sphere in both countries; the gradual integration of the migratory groups in the national society and the native peoples' rights to the defense of their cultural patrimony; the existence of vast inhabited areas and the challenges they mean to Nature preservation and the national integration. Beyond any doubt, the Parliament in Canada and the Presidentship in Brazil (among other inheritances and historical differences) conditions the development of these common characteristics and challenges in each country. Therefore, this divergent institutional-juridical inheritance must also be the object of a comparative study, that enlightens its relative efficacy in the environmental, social and cultural diversity approach. But besides the convergent national challenges, there are also important Brazilian and Canadian experiences in the international scope, which are unknown to public opinion as well. Let us mention just three examples that present great similarities: 1) The contributions that both Brazil and Canada have been efficiently and constantly giving to the special forces of the UN for the maintenance and reestablishment of peace in areas of conflict all over the world; 2) Regarding the Americas, both countries, in their peculiar ways, have tried to oppose to the ambitions of the United States unilateral hegemony. In North America, Canada has been showing the virtues of the so called North Model accepted at a state of minimum welfare, contrasting with the individualization of the social problems predominant in the United States. Yet Brazil, even having pragmatically accepted the alliance with Bush's government, attempts, through Mercosur and new diplomatic cooperation, establish a constructive presence among its neighbors in South America and other emergent countries around the world; 3) There is also an influential presence of Canada in the British Community of the Nations, as well as of Brazil among the Portuguese speaking countries - in both cases, concerning the preservation and development of their political - cultural traditions. There is no doubt that there are many other national and international similar experiences worth mentioning, showing that both countries have played a most important role, having a moderating and multilateral influence in the construction of a more peaceful and pluralist world. Unfortunately, the international news does not highlight these common objectives practiced by Brazil and Canada, and by several other countries, in favor of the peace and the cooperation among the peoples of the world. This round-table about the contemporary Brazil at the CALACS Conference lines up, therefore, with a greater effort of cooperation, aiming at promoting a mutual study and knowledge of their national realities. The papers selected for presentation at CALACS, have chosen, for discussion among the Canadian University public, a few central themes of studies of the current Brazilian reality. Ted Hewitt begins presenting a report of recent studies about Brazil, performed by intellectual Canadians. The results of the studies have verified significant growth and pending challenges in the area. All the papers presented can be found in this issue of our journal; in the language they have been written and presented, followed by their abstracts. It is important to mention the importance of each study: Sérgio Costa, for instance, approaches the current changes in the ethnic mobilization in Brazil (mainly of those with Afro background), pointing out the contributions of the international studies on the theme, as well as the links that this mobilization establishes abroad. Paulo Krischke discusses the characteristics of the government social politics, emphasizing that they are not only redistributing, but they also turn to the acknowledgement of the social and cultural diversity and the political tolerance as well - hence its impact in the popular approval of the government, in spite of the pending social-economical problems. Leandro Vergara-Camus analyzes the objectives and principles that guide the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra - MST (Landless Rural Workers' Movement), and pictures the existing tension between their objectives and the policies of the current government. Finally, Tullo Vigevani and Marcelo Fernandes de Oliveira show the attempts to change the Brazilian international politics in the last decade, concerning a more autonomous and deliberate participation, facing imminent difficulties, such as the ones occurring along the ALCA negotiations. In short, all the presentations reveal the current Brazilian reality, as a historical process in progress, dedicated to the accomplishment and development of democracy, and, as such, teeming with ambiguities, challenges and problems of difficult solutions. The examples of Canada and other democracies more fully consolidated than ours might provide profitable comparative studies and promote the strengthening of democracy in Brazil. Last, but not least, it is necessary to thank the multilateral support that allowed this round-table at CALACS to be held: the CNPq, which paid for the trip of some of the Brazilians who participated the Congress; their Universities, which released them from their classes and allowed them to travel during that week; CALACS, which paid for their stay and internal trips in Canada; The Study Center on Security and International Relations of the University of York, which provided opportunities of lodging, research and exchange with other colleagues of that University in Toronto and also sponsored all the trip of one of the Brazilian participants; all the Canadians at CALACS - participants, organizers, workers - who welcomed us, Brazilians, so warmly and cordially. We will surely never forget such hospitality and we hope we can soon meet again, this time in Brazil, so that we can also offer them a warm and cordial reception.

The –ING construction has a number of uses in the English language and teaching it to speakers of other languages poses some challenges, as learners tend to interpret the construction as a verbal one, in the progressive aspect, which is only one part of the picture. Bearing this in mind, we have developed a corpus-based research into the form-meaning/function pairing (Goldberg, 1995, 2006) of the construction, relying on Construction Grammar (Fillmore; Kay, 1999; Goldberg, 1995, 2006) and Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2008), apart from a semantic approach to the –ING construction (Wierzbicka, 1988), essential for describing the –ING construction from a conceptual perspective within the wide-ranging scope of Cognitive Linguistics (Geeraerts, 2006), which also included Prototype Theory (Rosch, 1973) and Radial Categories (Brugman, 1981; Lakoff, 1987). In regard to methodology, we have taken both a quantitative and qualitative approach to data (Cook; Reichardt, 1979; Richardson, 1985; Creswell, 2010) compiled from an English/Spanish parallel corpus of 1199 verbal –ING occurrences. Our main hypothesis is that the –ING construction, in its verbal function, is more central or prototypical (Rosch, 1973; Brugman, 1981; Lakoff, 1987; Langacker, 2008) in respect to its conceptual network and its other functions, namely nominal, adjectival and adverbial. These functions, in turn, exhibit a more peripheral role and are linked to the verbal function through metaphorical extension relationships (Goldberg, 1995, 2006). By performing a corpus-based analysis of the data (Berber-Sardinha, 2002, 2004) we finally argue that there is a radial organisation (Brugman, 1981; Lakoff,  1987) for the –ING construction, which goes from a more concrete level, being this more situated or grounded and thus more objectified (as a “here and now process”), until it gets to a more abstract level, therefore, less situated and more subjectified (taken as a “thing”).