Repositório RCAAP

This article argues the periphery and metropolitan process in Bahia and in Brazil using the Salvador-BA example, approaching topics kike the metropolitan regions creation in national scale, the migratory movements field to city, the industrialization, the raising of “favelas” and the recent phenomena of suburban arise and “metropolitan involution”, observed in Brazilian metropolis. On a second moment, the analyses focus the spatial organization of Salvador and its metropolitan region as well as the social classes distribution in urban and metropolitan space. The conclusion is that, for the Bahia capital social and spatial polarization are phenomena present in all the metropolitan territory and not only in residences production bat also in recreation and work, shopping and services offering. Not at all, even with evident essential public services deficits, a generalized scene of poverty, unemployment and environment problems, the metropolitan popular quarters are central for social and cultural diversity in metropolitan space. And this happens in spite of the concentration of cultural equipments in middle class quarters in Salvador and in the other Metropolitan Region cities.

In Santa Catarina State (South Brazil), after Brazilian Constitution, 06 Metropolitan Regions had been created trying to improve urban and regional structure in a ideological and unreal modernization. We elaborate a diagnosis of the metropolitan process, integration degree and urban structures of Greater Florianópolis and it‘s central agglomeration (Florianópolis, São Jose, Palhoça and Biguaçu), as well as the difficulties to implement a Metropolitan Region in Santa Catarina State. We use, for this purpose, statistics of the cities from 1991 and 2000 and the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil. The Greater Florianópolis illustrates that in Santa Catarina exists a lack of conceptual definition and a complex juxtaposition of regional divisions, overlapping some laws. The Greater Florianópolis has a strong physical process of conurbation and a medium functional integration (Florianópolis is dependent of Curitiba and Porto Alegre). We verify that the institutionalization of the Metropolitan Region of Florianópolis, as well the other five in the Santa Catarina State, was based on political criteria and not in geographical definitions.

Regional development within the Ruhr district – from the formally centre of the coal and steel industry to a centre of tertiary services. The Ruhrgebiet (Ruhr district) is an urban agglomeration in the western part of Germany with a population of approximately 5.3 Million, covering an area of 4.435 km². It’s part of the metropolitan area of Rhine-Ruhr with more than 10 Million inhabitants living in an area of about 10.000 km².The black coal resources, deposited during the carboniferous area form the natural backbone for the development of the largest region of coal, iron, and steel industry in Europe. The economy of the Ruhrgebiet was unidirectional dominated for more than 150 years by four heavy industry sectors, black coal, steel, chemical industry and energy production. But later, when petroleum and natural gas and cheaper imported black coal conquered the German market and, as well, steel could be produced at a reduced rate elsewhere in the world the booming producing industry quasi collapsed. Thus, the Region is characterized by an above average unemployment since the mid 70ies. More than 50% of the 1 Million jobs in the region were lost, while only 300.000 new jobs could be added within the service sector between 1980 and 2002. The economic and social structural change within the Ruhr district is primarily based on the expansion of services like advertisement, science, development, transport logistics, consulting, and design. But also the cultural and tourist branches are characterized by growing figures. The BIP, produced within the Ruhrgebiet, is about 26% of the BIP of North-Rhine-Westphalia or 6% of Germany’s BIP. In comparison, the metropolitan area of São Paulo produces 17% of the national BIP of Brazil.

Along the first half of the century XX the formation of the wealth in Bahia felt in a very limited way, based on “agro-mercantile” activities and financial dependents of the generosity of the nature and of the flotations of the prices of the products in the foreign markets. The Recôncavo, as historical nucleus of the economical base of Bahia, contemplated in the technical and productive aspects, in the infrastructure and in the society the declining level of the life conditions and of the wealth production. It is in that adapts that Petrobras is inserted starting from the decade of 1950 and raising to restructure the social, technical and productive organization, around the area where the petroleum and the natural gas are produced and industrialized. As a result of that, along the second half of the century XX an urban and industrial complex space emerged in the surroundings of the municipal district of Salvador.

This paper focuses on some conceptional, practical and theoretical reflections on sustainable regional development in the context of extensive protected areas. It will be shown that in the course of the global debate on sustainability, protected areas with an integrative character are getting more and more significant. Three different categories of protected areas exist in Germany: natural parks, biosphere reserves and national parks. Transfrontier protected areas are the strength of Europe. The latest scientific discourse shows that in place of an unsophisticated way of thinking about ecology, a new kind of thinking trying to overcome the dichotomy of nature and culture is more and more attracting the notice. This change of perception has a deep impact on a purely nature-oriented sustainability, which especially applies to national parks in Germany. On the basis of an empirical study of the Bavarian Forest National Park, the opportunities and limits of integrative development strategies are identified by opposing the different interests of the affected actors and their contrary logic of economy and protection. It will be pointed out that the diverse perceptions of the actors are deeply constructivist and generate profound areas of conflict. These arising conflicts can just be minimised by an equal dialogue to solve the divergent interests. By elaborating the thesis of a “blocked change”, a socio-critical perspective is drawn on this blockade.

La pêche artisanale détient au Brésil un considérable poids économique et social, spécialement parmi les Etats du Nord et Nord-Est. L’article propose une analyse à l’échelle locale pour initier une réflexion sur le développement de la pêche artisanale. Le développement local est entendu et défendu ici comme solidaire ou alternatif, ou encore comme écodéveloppement. L’échelle locale se justifie car c’est au niveau du lieu que s’impriment les actions des divers acteurs et où se forme le locus de la solidarité organique. Dans le Pará et dans la Baie d’Iguape (Bahia), il existe des réserves extrativistas (resex) marines, principalement en aire de mangrove, bien qu’elles abritent aussi des écosystèmes de forêt de terre ferme, forêt inondée d’eau douce, fleuve, estuaire et zone maritime côtière. Dans les resex, les pêcheurs artisanaux exercent une activité très influencée par les aléas climatiques, même si le système de pêche (embarcation-instrumentstype de capture) peut amoindrir un peu les impacts en fonction du niveau de technologie. Mais, plus que le niveau technologique employé, le niveau socio- économique des pêcheurs est conditionné par la division du travail et par le degré d’organisation sociale. Dans le Pará, les resex possèdent déjà chacune une association d’usagers, outre les conseils, délibératifs et fiscaux, ce qui démontre un processus très dynamique de construction sociale. L’analyse comparative entreprise ici montre que sans un tissu social cohérent et sans appui gouvernemental de confiance, le processus de construction social avance à pas lents, comme l’illustre l’exemple de la resex Baie d’Iguape, dans l’Etat de Bahia. Dans le Pará, il reste encore beaucoup de défis à relever à la recherche de solutions économiquement plus rentables. On peut dire que le principal bénéfice obrtenu jusqu’à nos jours par les communautés extrativistes est l’augmentation de leur pouvoir de contestation politique.

We treat here about the Brazilian elections after the redemocratization and the voting rights conquest to all executive and legislatives posts and we discuss about the Geography contributions to analyze the electoral behavior. Political parties and candidates from different profiles hold diverse logics on theirs votes distribution, that occurs accordingly to theirs ideological spectrum position, echoing on theirs political action and electoral strategy. The geographical study of the votes socio-spatial differences permitted the understanding of the role of the place in the values formation and knowledge on the formation of the voters preferences, their relationship with the candidates territoriality, and an interpretation of the actual electoral dynamics.

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The Basin of the Corrente River is a significant example of the environmental problems of the western Baiano basins. The growing economic development in that area is causing conflicts related to the irrigation demand of water and generation of electricity, adding to these issues the processes of environmental degradation. The purpose of this study is to considerer aspects of the vulnerability of the Basin, which plans to offer subsidies to strategies for its revitalization and integration in the production process of the Basin of São Francisco River. The landscape units - UIPs of the Corrente River basin were classified according to their degree of environmental vulnerability of the model of Ecodinâmica of Tricart, measured through the use of geoprocessing, which has an integrated analysis of the landscape. The environmental risks identified are spread by UIPs, they are classified into different degrees of vulnerability, and they reflect the actions relating to the production of regional space. The program and development projects located in that area, both the public as the private power, had not considered the relations society/environment, insisting most of them by exploratory activities clearly, without the consideration of studies on the ability of sustainability of regional ecosystems.

O trabalho apresenta o resultado de estudos iniciais sobre a bacia hidrográfica do rio Passa Vaca, que se encontra com o Rio Jaguaribe na sua foz, localizada na orla Leste de Salvador, Bahia. Utiliza como método de interpretação espacial a análise morfométrica para obter os parâmetros físicos mais significativos da bacia e algumas características ambientais como, por exemplo, fatores do potencial ecológico e exploração biológica, entre outros. Analisa as formas das vertentes encontradas, as características geológicas, hídricas e morfológicas da área. Questiona, a partir das principais atividades socioeconômicas desenvolvidas no espaço geográfico estudado, os impactos evidenciados pela supressão da cobertura vegetal em toda a bacia e seus reflexos na degradação do manguezal localizado em seu estuário. Referencia-se numa estreita interação dinâmica com as atividades socioeconômicas desenvolvidas no interior do recorte estudado, para identificar as modificações fisiográficas da paisagem do curso do rio e de seus tributários.

This research had identified the main factors which influenced the changes of the land use in the localities along of the Mogi Guaçu’s drainage basin between 1979 and 2001. This area is located in a strategic geographical region and has an important role for agricultural production the sugar cane at the state, national and international levels. Our study have followed three steps, the first one elaborated a database with the results of the Shift-Share model applied to the statistic data, collected from the Annual Agricultural Production Report in Municipal Scale, by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The second step have consisted in elaborating a Spatial Database with the multitemporal analysis of the land use in agricultural areas of five localities inside the drainage basin studied (Barrinha, Dumont, Jaboticabal, Pitangueiras, Santa Lúcia and Sertãozinho using satellite images of LANDSAT 2-MSS (1981); LANDSAT 5-TM (1990) and LANDSAT 7-ETM+ (2001). The integration and comparison of the results was the third step of this research, making possible the analysis of land use changes and agricultural production for the studied drainage basin. The results had evidenced that the Shift-share model and geoprocessing are complementary. In the study area the expansion of agricultural production occurred mainly by the substitution of smaller fields of non-profitable agricultural crops by a large sugarcane cultivated area and also, by more intensive agricultural use of the land.

The PEMC is located in Bahia’s semi-arid region above a sediment plateau which reaches heights of 1000m. In this work, it was estabilished a methodology to morphological survey of the area and the mapping of the geomorphological habitats. In order to do this, it was used LANDSAT ETM+ scene clippings and Quickbird scene; and the MDT/SRTM-NASA, to the maps generation. The NDVI aimed vegetation density data, revealing itself very meaningful, most of all because it’s an area which presents strong semi-aridity, where during the dry season, occurs leaf biomass loss. The microbasins’s survey has identified the surfaces which have got a great level of rugosity which along with the other morphometric parameters, aimed the grade of relief’s dissection and the environmental isolation’s levels. This premise is supported on the fact that the fragmentation enlarges the complexity and the environmental heterogeneity levels. The results aimed the dissected pediplanos of the Morro do Chapéu’s formation as the most important habitat. It reaches the Isabel Dias and Carnaíbas, where predominates grotão woods, riparian forest and cave complexes, and the caatinga in the soils spots, which are a mosaic of plants formations with strong grade of primitivity, derived from environmental isolation produced by the relief’s fragmentation.

Cette étude sur la planification en aires de protection environnementale d’usage durable a comme espace d’expérience vécue la réserve extrativiste marine baie d’Iguape – BA. Avec des réflexions sur l’importance de l’éducation et du dialogue de savoirs à la lumière des phénoménologies existentielle et de l’imagination, de la théorie systémique et de la science de la cognition, sera discuté et analysé, à partir de la réalité d’une aire de protection environnementale, la nécessité de la dialogicité et du caractère communautaire et leurs implications en actions et projets politiques tournés vers le développement social et humain. Les populations traditionnelles et leurs savboirs ne sont pas objets d’étude ; ils en sont les sujets et leur univers cognitif qui es essentiel à la planification tout comme les sciences. Cet article essaye de contribuer aux questions qui engagent la discussion de la conservation de la nature et les stratégies adéquates pour sa matérialisation : une organisation sociale et politique viable pour penser l’autonomie politique et économie et la liverté sociale de la population de la réserve extrativiste.

This essay intends to analyse the different forms of social appropriation that derives from practices of home waste separation that occurs in the city of Salvador. Based on empirical evidences and on a dialectic argumentation between a conceptual triad (conceived, perceived and experienced spaces), the study conducted among residents and domestic workers in the area of Pituba (that accumulates experiences of official interventions that culminated with the implementation of Salvador Recicla Programme), unveils that the criterion utilized to define the geographic area where the programme took place, specially the levels of education, and high incomes/consumptions, does not present any technical consistence. The scientific investigation of how home waste is separated demonstrates that, in general terms, the high/medium classes with the highest levels of education developed a “limited appropriation” of the actions of the Program that, even though recognized by the conceived, does not become effective as an experience, but only as a perception. On the other hand, those with lower levels of education and income/consumption establishes an appropriation that even though it is not recognized by the conceived, assures on daily practices the incorporation of home waste separation as something experienced and not only perceived.

The intensification of the urbanization on the Modernity generated innumerable problems related to the quality and conditions of human life in the cities. Concerning the undeveloped countries these problems take greater magnitude that in the developed ones, generating considerable challenges to the socioenvironmental management of the urban areas. The problem of the quality of the water and the management of the hydrical resources appears as one of the most serious of the contemporary society, notably in countries as Brazil, whose urban rivers are highly degradeted. The association between the dangers, risks and socioenvironmental vulnerability, focused in the perspective of the interaction between the hydrical resources and the urban society, becomes very important, consisting the central approach of the present text. In this context, the question of the water scarcity in the Brazilian urban environment is analised and the problematic one is explored.

The climatic system is formed by a whole of highly dynamical elements which Interact with climate geographical factors, there being a permanent exchange of energy and interdependence. For study purpose, climatic analyses are organized according to a scale ranking, which on the geographic approach level particularly prioritizes the spatial point of several climatic environments. The focus on mesoscale intends to express the correlation level existent between dynamical and controlling aspects of climate, as well more suited techniques of inquiry for this scale level. This paper main purpose is setting forth some considerations about these points which still are relatively less discussed as compared to other Climatology study lines. At the end, a scale proposal for mesoclimates study is submitted and applied to the State of Bahia.

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