Repositório RCAAP
Behavioural dynamics and decision-making of cognitively-developed invertebrates (cephalopods) in social contexts
A totalidade das interações sociais e contextos, tanto com indivíduos relacionados como não- relacionados (incluindo heteroespecíficos), funcionam como fontes críticas de pressão selectiva sobre um organismo e são considerados factor-chave para explicar a evolução da fauna existente. No entanto, há uma grande lacuna de conhecimento sobre como a informação social pode moldar os processos de tomada de decisão e a dinâmica comportamental dos cefalópodes. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo preencher esta lacuna de forma compreensiva, ao estudar o que são definidos como grupos de cefalópodes sociais (lulas e chocos, Parte 1) e asociais (polvos, Parte II). Assim, na Parte I, o Capítulo 2 relata um novo e importante comportamento de corte que aumenta as opções de táticas sexuais durante a época de acasalamento das lulas, podendo representar investimento paterno; e o Capítulo 3 revela a ocorrência de formas complexas de aprendizagem por observação em chocos, através de uma experiência multi-factorial. Na Parte II, o Capítulo 4 detalha as primeiras observações diretas de uso de ferramentas sociais em animais não-sociais, ao mostrar polvos a usar pepinos do mar como cobertura. Adicionalmente, ao analisar grupos de caça heterospecíficos de polvo e peixes, o Capítulo 5 descreve mecanismos de controlo de parceiros empregues pelo polvo, e o Capítulo 6 revela que a tomada de decisão nestes grupos é um processo partilhado, onde os peixes a decidim onde o grupo vai e o polvo decide se o grupo vai. Esta tese demonstra que todos os grupos de cefalópodes coleóides (lulas, chocos e polvos) têm interacções sociais coespecíficas/heteroespecíficas complexas, com as informações sociais a modelar tomadas de decisão para maximizar o fitness individual. Assim, propomos que a socialidade teve um papel- chave na evolução do comportamento e cognição dos cefalópodes.
Lipid signalling in grapevine resistance against fungal pathogens
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L) is one of the most economically important crops worldwide, mostly due to its uses for wine and table grape production. However, it is prone to several diseases. Downy and powdery mildews and grey mold, caused by Plasmopara viticola, Erisiphe necator and Botrytis cinerea, respectively, are among the most devastating ones. Disease control strategies include phytochemical applications every growing season, jeopardizing the sustainability of viticulture. Understanding the molecular processes behind disease resistance or susceptibility is vital to define alternative control strategies and select new disease resistance traits for breeding programs. The identification of molecular markers that allow discriminating tolerant and susceptible grapevine genotypes to their pathogens is an important step to help breeders select genotypes for crossings to produce hybrids with good winemaking and disease tolerance traits. Lipids and lipid-derived metabolites are not only major structural and metabolic constituents of the cell, but they also function as modulators of a multitude of signal transduction pathways evoked by biotic stresses. It has been proposed that specific fatty acids (FA) may be involved in plant resistance against pathogens with different colonization strategies (biotroph, hemibiotroph and necrotroph). Previous results indicate that the content of several FA suffers alterations at early time-points after grapevine inoculation with the biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola. These alterations are linked with reactive oxygen species and Jasmonic acid (JA) associated signalling. Moreover, lipid molecules and their derivatives, including JA, when applied externally, can cause a modulation of the lipid and FA signalling mechanisms in a similar manner to the pathogen challenge. Plants that are exposed to these elicitor molecules show a quicker and more intense defence response upon contact with a pathogen. The extracellular matrix (ie apoplast) is the first battlefield where pathogen recognition occurs and secretion of both defence molecules and pathogen effectors take place. Therefore, the apoplast is one of the most important cell compartments in plant-pathogen interaction. Nonetheless, despite our knowledge on apoplast involvement on several processes from cell growth to stress responses, its dynamics is still poorly known due to the lack of efficient extraction processes adequate to each plant system. Because apoplastic fluid extraction from woody plants is a challenging task, studies regarding grapevine apoplast are still scarce to this day. There are two published studies on the grapevine leaf apoplast proteome and none on its metabolome. In this work, the problems raised above were addressed. The analysis of the constitutive lipid and FA composition of tolerant and susceptible grapevine genotypes to P. viticola was carried out, along with the expression analysis of FA desaturase (FAD) genes. These studies allowed to identify lipids and FA as potential biomarkers for tolerance or susceptibility to P. viticola. The saturated FA, mainly in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidyl choline are candidate tolerance biomarkers and the polyunsaturated linoleic acid (C18:2) as well as the plastidial lipids are candidate susceptibility biomarkers. Moreover, the higher expression levels of FAD4, FAD6 and FAD8 in susceptible genotypes suggest that they might also be considered as candidate biomarkers for susceptibility. The analysis of the total leaf FA composition revealed corroborating results in terms of FA saturation degree and FAD expression, and it is a more rapid and less costly approach (discussed in the chapters II and III). Due to the relevance of the JA mediated lipid signalling in the grapevine-P. viticola interaction, another question that raised was whether this mechanism would be conserved in the interaction with other pathogens with different invasion and/or lifestyles. Therefore, the FA modulation events, crucial for JA synthesis and signalling, were also addressed in the grapevine interaction with E. necator (biotroph, invading the plant leaf in the adaxial page from wound apertures) and B. cinerea (necrotroph). While the interaction with the biotrophs may trigger a higher synthesis of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) at early time-points with a tendency to return to basal levels, the interaction with B. cinerea may trigger a later and more durable induction of PUFA synthesis. In all interactions, membrane fluidity modulation occurred, which may be crucial to maintain cellular function during infection (discussed in chapter IV). Since lipid molecules and JA showed previously to play important roles in the grapevine defence responses to P. viticola, the potential role of this molecule as a FA signalling trigger was studied. In fact, FA modulation after JA elicitation is similar to that described previously after P. viticola inoculation even in a susceptible cultivar, highlighting the potential of this molecule as an alternative to prevent grapevine diseases (discussed in chapter V). To uncover the lipid signalling events of the first moments of plant pathogen interaction, a thorough analysis of the apoplastic fluid is necessary. A new methodological approach to isolate grapevine leaf apoplast compatible with proteomic and lipidomic based studies was defined. The constitutive metabolome was assessed by FTICR-MS, which allowed the identification of 514 unique putative compounds revealing a broad spectrum of molecular classes. Among them, lipids are the most abundant molecular class. This methodology represents an optimization to the existing protocols and opens the way to study the lipid signalling events in the first battlefield of the grapevine-pathogen interaction (discussed in chapter VI). This work allowed to bring us a few steps closer to the complete disclosure of the grapevine lipid mediated defence mechanisms highlighting also candidate molecules to be used in future breeding programs for disease tolerance.
2025-10-28T12:19:54Z
Cavaco, Ana Rita Sebastião Mendes
Mechanical and optical studies for an extremely large telescope mid-infrared instrument
Extremely Large Telescopes are considered worldwide as one of the highest priorities in ground-based astronomy, since they have the potential to vastly advance astrophysical knowledge. ESO is building its own Extremely Large optical and infrared Telescope, the ELT. This new telescope will have a 39m main mirror and will be the largest optical telescope in the world, able to work at the diffraction limit. METIS, one of the first light instruments of the ELT, has powerful imaging and spectrographic capabilities on the thermal wavelengths. It will allow the investigation of key properties of a wide range of celestial objects. METIS is an extremely complex instrument, weighing almost 11t, and requiring high positioning and steering precisions. Here I present the ELT’s METIS’ Warm Support Structure. It consists of a seven leg elevation platform, an hexapod capable of providing METIS with sub-millimetre and arcsecond positioning and steering resolutions, and an access platform where personnel can perform in-situ maintenance activities. The structure weighs less than 5 t and is capable of surviving earthquake conditions with accelerations up to 5g. The current design is supported by FEM simulations in ANSYS®, and was approved for Phase C. I also study the impact of the Talbot effect on the optics of METIS. This near-field effect reimages high frequencies of the phase into the amplitude, having the potential to harm the High contrast imaging (HCI) modes of the instrument. I analyse the phase errors resulting from the surface form errors of optical elements and conclude that they have an impact of less than 3% on the amplitude considering the current specifications. Finally, I develop a way of replicating the behaviour of a vortex coronagraph with raytracing software. I use this to assess the straylight caused by this kind of coronagraphs.
Current and Foreseen Tungsten Production in Portugal, and the Need of Safeguarding the Access to Relevant Known Resources
The economic and strategic importance of tungsten is widely recognized, but several concerns exist on its stable future supply. Portugal is one of the main tungsten producers in Europe, having generated ≈121 kt of contained tungsten in mineral concentrates from 1910 to 2020, i.e., ≈3.3% of the global production documented for the same time period. Since the early nineties, tungsten mining in Portugal is confined to the Panasqueira deposit which accounts for 79% of the country reserves (≈5.4 kt). However, according to the performed Generalized Verhulst and Richards curve-fitting forecasts, there is a significant future potential for increasing production in Portugal due to the low (<2%) depletion rates of the remaining known tungsten resources (≈141 kt). This projected growth is not necessarily guaranteed, depending on many unpredictable economic, technological, and political factors, besides appropriate social consents. Even so, a prudent land-use planning oriented to long-term needs should avoid the sterilization of the most relevant tungsten resources so far identified in the country. These are resources of “public importance”, as objectively demonstrated with a weighed multi-dimensional (geological, economic, environmental, and social) approach. Safeguarding the access to these resources does not implicate more than ≈6% of the Portugal mainland territory. The joint interpretation of results independently gathered for tungsten production forecasts and for the definition of areas hosting tungsten resources of public importance, provides additional support to political decisions on the urgent need to reconcile mineral exploration surveys and mining with other land uses.
2025-10-28T12:10:48Z
A., Mateus Lopes, Catarina Martins, Luís Gonçalves
O lugar das bibliotecas nas políticas públicas em Portugal: 1976-2020
O estudo que se segue ocupa-se de uma análise sobre a presença das bibliotecas nas políticas públicas portuguesas e parte da seguinte questão: Qual é o lugar das bibliotecas nas políticas públicas em Portugal entre os anos de 1976 e 2020? Para responder a esta questão procurou-se uma análise dos estudos realizados, nacional e internacionalmente, sobre políticas públicas bibliotecárias, almejando a uma compreensão acercas das políticas públicas bibliotecárias. Assim, procedeu-se à identificação dos principais instrumentos legais e outros documentos sobre formulação e execução de políticas públicas para as bibliotecas e à interpretação de tais instrumentos à luz do objeto em estudo, considerando o período temporal definido e procurando verificar a importância das bibliotecas nas políticas públicas. Este estudo qualitativo permitirá observar a evolução das políticas para as bibliotecas, aferindo a sua adequabilidade em âmbito biblioteconómico. Conclui-se que a ausência de uma visão integrada e estratégica da gestão de informação, assim como a falta de regulamentação legal para o setor, não admitem uma política biblioteconómica nacional coesa.
2025-10-28T12:12:12Z
Jorge, Samuel Filipe dos Santos
Optimization approaches to the ambulance dispatching and relocation problem
In the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) context, the decision-making process plays a very important role since some decisions highly impact patients’ health. This thesis focuses on the operational level by solving the dispatching and relocation ambulance problems. Dispatching decisions assign ambulances to emergencies, and the relocation problem decides to which base ambulances should be (re)assigned. Two optimization approaches are proposed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency in the EMS response: a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model and a pilot method heuristic. The aim is to maximize the system’s coverage using a time-preparedness measure allowing relocations to any base. Experiments are performed using EMS data from Lisbon, Portugal, where solving these problems is still a handmade task. Different ambulance types are considered, which should be used according to the severity of each emergency. The proposed approaches are tested under different scenarios: varying the period size, varying the number of emergencies, and simulating a whole day. Furthermore, they are adapted to compare the proposed strategy with the current Portuguese EMS strategy, which dispatches the closest available ambulance for each emergency and always relocates ambulances to their home bases. Results highlight the potential of the mathematical model and of the proposed strategy to be applied in realtime contexts since a reduction of 10% is obtained in the average response time to emergencies in the simulation scenario. The heuristic should be used when more emergencies occur in the same time period since a solution can be obtained almost immediately in contrast to the MILP usage. To help EMS managers in the decision-making process, we propose an ambulance management tool using Geographic Information Systems, which embeds the proposed approaches. It can be used in real-time or for simulation purposes. It incorporates a map visualization that analyzes ambulances’ movements on the map and the emergencies’ location.
2025-10-28T12:26:34Z
Carvalho, Ana Sofia Fonseca de
Effects of spatial and temporal scale on the assessment of biodiversity and ecosystems health, under the scope of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive
A avaliação ambiental e a monitorização do ambiente marinho têm como objetivo esclarecer a condição dos diferentes componentes do ecossistema, identificar os impactos das atividades antropogénicas ou avaliar os efeitos das medidas de gestão implementadas. Na União Europeia, a Diretiva Quadro Estratégia Marinha tem como objetivo avaliar e gerir a qualidade das áreas marinhas europeias. Esta Diretiva reuniu um leque de informação abrangente e inexistente até à data, no entanto, alguns aspetos poderão mascarar os efeitos das atividades antropogénicas ou da variabilidade natural existente (e.g., alterações climáticas). Para ultrapassar estes obstáculos a presente dissertação abordou os seguintes aspetos: 1) o nível de implementação e as escalas utilizadas pelos Estados Membros para reportar indicadores de biodiversidade; 2) a utilização de diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais na avaliação de indicadores de biodiversidade, focando na avaliação de espécies de peixes sensíveis; 3) a desagregação dos efeitos das escalas espaciais, temporais e das componentes ambientais – profundidade e temperatura – na variabilidade dos indicadores de cadeias tróficas; e 4) a implementação de indicadores de cadeias tróficas no Atlântico NE e a sua capacidade de deteção de efeitos das pressões antropogénicas e variabilidade natural, para detetar alterações no funcionamento do ecossistema. Os resultados demonstraram uma baixa cooperação entre Estados Membros e a utilização de um elevado número de indicadores, métricas e escalas que desencadearam várias incongruências na implementação. A avaliação das escalas utilizadas para estimar indicadores de biodiversidade e cadeias tróficas revelou que as escalas espaciais deveriam ser mais detalhadas para detetarem padrões locais e regionais ao nível das espécies e comunidades avaliadas. Ao aplicar as escalas identificadas à avaliação na plataforma continental portuguesa foi possível demonstrar que a utilização de escalas espaciais menores, definidas através da profundidade, sector ou unidades igualmente distribuídas de 1000km2, permite identificar indicadores abaixo dos limites estabelecidos em zonas da costa Sul e de zonas de profundidade intermédia no Sudoeste da plataforma continental portuguesa. Ao contrário das escalas espaciais, as escalas temporais explicaram uma variabilidade residual. Por último, este trabalho demonstrou que a implementação de indicadores de cadeias tróficas no Atlântico Nordeste é bastante incongruente no que diz respeito aos indicadores e elementos dos ecossistemas abordados. As pressões antropogénicas que influenciaram significativamente estes indicadores foram a pesca e alterações climáticas na Baía da Biscaia e plataforma Ibérica, e a eutrofização e a contaminação química no Mar Celta e no Mar do Norte. Estes resultados permitiram estabelecer uma relação entre as pressões e os padrões obtidos pela avaliação de cadeias tróficas, no entanto, é de salientar que apresentam vários constrangimentos, pois a avaliação de cadeias tróficas não foi feita para escalas relevantes.
Recommender system to support comprehensive exploration of large scale scientific datasets
Bases de dados de entidades científicas, como compostos químicos, doenças e objetos astronómicos, têm crescido em tamanho e complexidade, chegando a milhares de milhões de itens por base de dados. Os investigadores precisam de ferramentas novas e inovadoras para auxiliar na escolha desses itens. Este trabalho propõe o uso de Sistemas de Recomendação para auxiliar os investigadores a encontrar itens de interesse. Identificamos como um dos maiores desafios para a aplicação de sistemas de recomendação em áreas científicas a falta de conjuntos de dados padronizados e de acesso aberto com informações sobre as preferências dos utilizadores. Para superar esse desafio, desenvolvemos uma metodologia denominada LIBRETTI - Recomendação Baseada em Literatura de Itens Científicos, cujo objetivo é a criação de conjuntos de dados <utilizador, item, classificação>, relacionados com campos científicos. Estes conjuntos de dados são criados com base no principal recurso de conhecimento que a Ciência possui: a literatura científica. A metodologia LIBRETTI permitiu o desenvolvimento de novos algoritmos de recomendação específicos para vários campos científicos. Além do LIBRETTI, as principais contribuições desta tese são conjuntos de dados de recomendação padronizados nas áreas de Astronomia, Química e Saúde (relacionado com a doença COVID-19), um sistema de recomendação semântica híbrido para compostos químicos em conjuntos de dados de grande escala, uma abordagem híbrida baseada no enriquecimento sequencial (SeEn) para recomendações sequenciais, um pipeline baseado em semântica de vários campos para recomendar entidades biomédicas relacionadas com a doença COVID-19.
Does caffeine modify corticomotor excitability?
Aims. – To test the influence of caffeine on the lower and upper motor neuron excitability. Methods. – In Experiment A, 18 healthy subjects received 200 mg of caffeine or placebo, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design protocol. Mean F-waves amplitude, amplitude of the motor response evoked by magnetic stimulation (MEP), MEP duration, cortical silent period (CSP), central conduction time, and cortical threshold were evaluated. In Experiment B, 6 healthy controls received 400 mg of caffeine, the peripheral silent period (PSP) and CSP were evaluated. CSP was recorded bilaterally in biceps brachii (intensity 10% above threshold) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) (intensity at 10% and 50% above threshold). Muscle contraction was above 50% of the maximum force in both experiments. Latencies were defined by a technician who was not aware of this investigation. Serum caffeine level was evaluated. Results. – In Experiment A, only the CSP, recorded in both ADM with intensity at 10% above threshold showed a significant change after caffeine (decrease of 17.1 ± 34.0 ms, about 12% reduction). In Experiment B, PSP did not change, but CSP tested with intensities 10% above threshold was significantly decreased by 20.8 ± 34.4 ms in ADM and 13.5 ± 13.8 ms in biceps (about 13 and 16%, respectively). Serum caffeine level clearly increased after consumption but no correlation could be found between these levels and CSP reduction. Conclusions. – In our investigation, caffeine elicited a consistent decrease of the CSP, suggesting that caffeine increases cortical neuronal excitability.
2025-10-28T12:23:53Z
Cerqueira, V. Mendonça, A. de Minez, A. Dias, A.R. Carvalho, M. de
The shape of days to come : effects of climate change on building energy consumption
Climate change effects vary with region, season, and time of the day. Existing annual and diurnal temperature cycles will shift and be reshaped, leading to increased air temperatures earlier and later in the year. Buildings will be affected by these changes, especially the ones using passive design strategies, whose performance is highly weather dependent. Building energy simulation (BES) is key for building energy design and optimization. Since most buildings last 50+ years, BES must use future weather data accounting for climate change. Presently, photovoltaic (PV) energy self-consumption must be maximized through building demand flexibility and energy storage, because of grid and economic interests. However, clouds can shade PV systems, reducing production and increasing grid demand, particularly in the cooling season. This thesis addresses three complementary research topics that build on the use of high-resolution state-of-the-art historical and future climate data. First, two methods to produce future climate data for BES are compared. Secondly, upcoming changes in temperature, their interaction with solar radiation, and the consequent impacts on passive building strategies are analysed in the EU 43 most populated cities. Finally, cloud shading periods capable of triggering demand flexibility events are analysed and simulated. The results show that current methods used to produce future climate data for BES, produce reliable results when correctly applied. Upcoming climate change will impact diurnal temperature cycle by increasing or decreasing the daily temperature range depending on season and region. Further, natural ventilation and shading seasons will be affected, with a higher impact on energy consumption in Southern Europe. Finally, cloud shading periods vary with climate but, on average, clouds last 20 minutes and occur predominately in the afternoon. The simulation results show that grid energy demand can be reduced by 60 % while maintaining comfortable indoor conditions.
2025-10-28T12:13:33Z
Dias, João Maria Bravo Vieira
Simplified Modeling of Wind-driven Single-sided Ventilation
In the last decades there has been an expansion in the use of building mechanical cooling systems. This increase is due to several factors such as global warming, higher internal heat gains, widespread use of unshaded glazed façades and more stringent thermal comfort requirements. In mild to warm climates, buildings without operable windows require mechanical cooling during most of the year, even in moments when the outdoor conditions would allow for natural cooling by ventilation. To reverse this trend designers are encouraged to use natural cooling strategies such as natural ventilation (NV). A well-designed building NV system can reduce building energy use and contain the increasing demand for mechanical cooling systems in buildings. Unfortunately, building designers often struggle when trying to predict the performance of an NV system due, in part, to the lack of precision of the existing simple models for NV airflow in real-world conditions. This thesis investigates the wind driven NV airflow over a multitude of NV systems: night ventilation (NVC), single sided ventilation (SS1), pumping ventilation (SS2 and CR2), and corner ventilation (CR2). For these NV systems, this thesis developed simplified correlations that improve existing models for predicting these NV airflows. The results of this research show that NV systems can be modeled using simple correlations that can assist designers in the integration of these systems in modern buildings. The experimental study of NVC showed that this strategy can significantly reduce mechanical cooling load. The study of window effects on wind driven NV in SS1 systems showed that the window geometry can significantly increase the ventilation flow. Finally, the studies on pumping ventilation showed that this recently discovered ventilation mechanism is very prevalent in isolated buildings with SS rooms with two or more openings.
Extăsis Naturae : O valor eurítmico do devir natura : Alfred North Whitehead e a Escola de Lisboa
Quando, há cerca de dez anos, assisti à disciplina leccionada pelo Prof. Rui Nobre Moreira, “O que é uma teoria física?”, fiquei espantado com duas coisas. Primeiro, existia uma notável semelhança entre alguns aspectos do pensamento de Alfred North Whitehead, que eu na altura conhecia apenas superficialmente, e o trabalho desenvolvido na Universidade de Lisboa pelo grupo de investigação sobre os fundamentos da mecânica quântica coordenado pelo físico José Ramalho Croca. O segundo aspecto que me surpreendeu foi que nem o Prof. Moreira nem o Prof. Croca, nem os outros membros do grupo – que desde então passei a chamar de “Escola de Lisboa” - conheciam a obra de Whitehead, senão indirectamente. Como mostrei na minha dissertação de Mestrado, há uma sensível sintonia entre a visão da natureza proposta por Whitehead e a defendida pela Escola de Lisboa, mas não há influência directa. Como explicar tal comunhão de visões? É possível que exista tanta proximidade filosófica sem uma relação de filiação? E se não, quais os factores internos ao desenvolvimento científico que permitem articular estes dois episódios da aventura das ideias? A minha investigação foi guiada pela exigência de satisfazer aquele meu espanto seminal. A presente dissertação encerra os resultados que obtive no esforço de esclarecer esta ressonância ideal. Como qualquer outra investigação, pode-se entender quanto se apresenta a seguir como uma viagem, e, como tal, contendo uma ida e uma volta. Para enfrentar os celebérrimos problemas conceptuais inerentes aos fundamentos da física, seguiremos o percurso feito pelo próprio Whitehead. Enquadraremos o seu pensamento no seu contexto histórico, tanto científico como filosófico, visando ilustrar a sua posição em relação à crise nos fundamentos da matemática, antes, e nos fundamentos da física, a seguir. Ambas as crises colocaram em questão algum dos pressupostos filosóficos comummente aceites e apelaram para um renovado esforço conceptual. Não apenas muitas “verdades” foram rejeitadas, mas o próprio método científico teve que ser repensado. Whitehead viveu as duas crises na primeira pessoa e tentou elaborar uma síntese filosófica para lhes fazer face. Os aspectos do pensamento de Whitehead, que se podem genericamente definir como humanistas – os seus originais contributos à filosofia da educação, da religião e da civilização – estarão quase completamente excluídos da presente analise, que se limitará às componentes científicas da sua filosofia. Nomeadamente, ocupar-nos-emos do Whitehead físico-matemático. O valor científico e filosófico da sua obra tem sido em larga medida subestimado ou esquecido. Quer a comunidade dos matemáticos e dos físicos, quer a comunidade dos filósofos parece não ter ainda reconhecido o seu valor e a sua importância, embora, tanto na sua altura como hoje, o alto gabarito dos seus contributos lhe seja reconhecido. Neste sentido, tentaremos salientar a sua fertilidade nos actuais debates filosóficos em volta das mais problemáticas facetas dos fundamentos da física. A dissertação está dividida em três partes. Na primeira parte trataremos da situação problemática oriunda da matemática e mostraremos as lições epistemológicas que Whitehead soube extrair dela. A sua filosofia da matemática e os conceitos que orbitam em seu redor constituem um alicerce que nunca será removido por si por altura da posterior construção do seu sistema metafisico e cosmológico. A sua corrente de pensamento produziu um campo em expansão, mantendo uma intrínseca continuidade. Na segunda parte argumentaremos que Michael Faraday foi o fundador de um programa de investigação científica e subjacente programa metafísico, alternativo ao programa newtoniano. O programa inaugurado por Faraday é ainda o programa em desenvolvimento na física contemporânea. Whitehead foi um entusiasta continuador deste programa e a sua posição a respeito da física quântica (assim como a respeito da teoria da relatividade) deve-se entender neste quadro programático. Na terceira parte proporemos ao leitor uma experiência de pensamento: convidamo-lo a imaginar que Whitehead participou na famosa quinta conferência de Solvay, na qual os maiores físicos discutiram as novidades experimentais e teóricas mais espantosas da época. De facto, se a filosofia nasce do espanto, como foi dito por Aristóteles e repetido por Whitehead, os físicos também não puderam esquivar-se aos desafios lançados pelos fenómenos observados, recorrendo à especulação filosófica. Neste campo noético, enfrentaram-se posições divergentes quanto à interpretação da fenomenologia experimental. O maior problema conceptual que Whitehead se propôs resolver foi a separação e o sempre maior afastamento entre o conhecimento científico e o senso comum. Pois, de certa forma, já antes do surgir da mecânica quântica propriamente dita, Whitehead tinha sentido com irritação o cisma entre realistas e não realistas de que falara Karl Popper na sua obra A teoria dos quanta e o cisma na física. O objectivo da presente dissertação é, portanto, analisar a filosofia de Whitehead, assim como mostrar de que forma a mesma não pode ser colocada lado a lado com os intérpretes ortodoxos da mecânica quântica, tendo, pelo contrário, lugar entre os realistas.
Species interactions in recently established mixed colonies : Implications for conservation
Human-induced changes in the environment dramatically shape the distribution of many species by restricting their access to resources such as food or nest-sites. Ongoing biodiversity loss has prompted conservation projects and large-scale nest-site provisioning to halt species declines. While successful at recovering endangered populations, artificial nests may turn into ecological traps by attracting animals to sites that end up reducing their fitness, or into conservation traps by making populations fully reliant on continuous conservation actions. Particularly, these new artificial nesting landscapes may alter the structure and functioning of communities, and modify or promote new species interactions, with unknown consequences for the conservation of target species. In Europe, large-scale nest-site provisioning aimed at recovering lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) populations attracted several other bird species forming mixed colonies. The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the consequences of these breeding assemblages for the conservation of the lesser kestrel and the European roller (Coracias garrulus) in Portugal. Using long-term monitoring data and a wide range of field techniques, this thesis first addresses the challenges and opportunities of artificial nests for the successful persistence of populations. Then, it investigates how costs and benefits typically associated with group living, such as increased transmission of parasites, competition for resources, and protection from predators, may affect the conservation of lesser kestrels and rollers. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that artificial nesting landscapes may cause target species to become fully reliant on conservation actions and could concentrate species with similar niches in supra-optimal breeding densities. Ectoparasite burden was influenced by the relative abundance of each host species, most species highly overlapped in their trophic niche, and rollers acquired clear anti-predatory benefits from nesting near lesser kestrels. Understanding the impacts of nest-provisioning beyond the recovery of target populations, by considering how they attract other species and shape the interactions between them and their resources, will help researchers and conservation managers to draw and adapt conservation actions that guarantee the long-term persistence of wildlife populations.
Comparison of models with extended Higgs sectors, dark matter and CP-violation at colliders
In this work, we catalog several scalar extensions of the Standard Model (SM) that provide suitable dark matter (DM) and/or novel charge-parity (CP)-violating interactions. We categorize these scalar extensions in terms of their phenomenology and study the impact of current and future experimental data on the models allowed parameter spaces. This thesis encompasses several works, developed during the course of this doctorate, that aim to providing unique signatures for the models and distinguish them experimentally, ultimately providing potential guidelines for the discovery of new physics.
Understanding physical and dynamical processes in the atmosphere of the Solar System planets with ground and space based observations
The plan which gave purpose to this thesis was purposefully ambitious. Instead of focus-sing on a single theme, we chose to follow a path that would ultimately lead to a greater overall understanding of several ongoing processes within the atmospheres of planets in the Solar System. Our goal was to combine different techniques in a single project so that by the end of this PhD, not only did the candidate obtain valuable results and a worthy contribution to the scientific community, but also became proficient in multiple ways to study planetary atmospheres. With images from multiple spacecraft, we employed the Cloud-Tracking technique to study the winds on multiple layers of Venus’cloud deck, and at the tropospheric level of Jupiter’s atmosphere. We used the most modern instruments such as those on board the japanese Akatsuki mission, retrieving multiple wind profiles to study the variability and evolution of the atmosphere across several altitude layers. Along with capturing winds, we set out to gather the most complete survey of atmospheric gravity waves on the lower clouds of Venus. This effort will help not only to understand their role in powering su-perrotation but also provide general circulation models valuable data on this previously under-explored feature. From the ground we performed a unique Doppler velocimetry method to complement our analysis, proving that the wind results obtained from this method can be competitive with those gathered from spacecraft data at significantly lower costs and greater flexibility. The capabilities of the team in which I am inserted have enabled multiple collaborations on other projects, further reinforcing that science is a joint effort. In this document, I attempt to provide further proof that my contribution is not only to academia but the larger society as well.
2025-10-28T12:14:01Z
Silva, José Eduardo Oliveira
Filtros de espumas biocidas e fotocatalíticas para a remoção de poluentes em fluidos
A contaminação da água por contaminantes biológicos e poluentes orgânicos emergentes é um problema global que acarreta graves consequências socioeconómicas, ambientais e de saúde pública. Nesta tese apresentam-se duas metodologias inovadoras de controlo da bioincrustação, um fenómeno indesejável que ocorre em superfícies em contacto com a água e promotor de biocontaminação, e uma metodologia de remediação de poluentes orgânicos aquáticos, passível de promover sinergias para com a bio-descontaminação. Numa primeira metodologia antivegetativa não-lixiviante, revestimentos de diferentes bases poliméricas (polidimetilsiloxano e poliuretano) contendo o biocida Econea® enxertado, obtidos por um processo de imobilização previamente desenvolvido e patenteado, foram investigados para a proteção de superfícies metálicas e de filtros cerâmicos aplicados em diferentes sistemas em meio aquático. Esta metodologia revelou resultados antivegetativos promissores sob condições hidrodinâmicas de formação de biofilmes e quasi-estáticas simuladas, bem como de campo (condições reais), em particular para os revestimentos de base polidimetilsiloxano. Nestes revestimentos também se obtiveram reduções consideráveis na lixiviação do biocida para o meio aquático, compreendidas entre 34% a 100% (lixiviação indetetável), dependendo da matriz. Na segunda metodologia antivegetativa, desenvolveram-se espumas de poliuretano contendo Econea enxertado na sua estrutura celular com efeitos antivegetativos igualmente promissores, e similares aos obtidos pela metodologia de revestimentos não-lixiviantes, demonstrando a versatilidade da estratégia de imobilização de biocida, neste caso para estruturas poliméricas capazes de atuar como filtros bioativos por si só. Para a remedição de poluentes orgânicos, fotocatalisadores de TiO₂ anatase co-dopadas com cobalto e nitrogénio sintetizados revelaram atividades promissoras, com uma remoção de triclosan superior a 99%, em apenas 20 min sob irradiação de luz LED ultravioleta (365 nm) e visível (450 nm). A dopagem com cobalto revelou ainda poder potenciar efeitos antimicrobianos contra bactérias patogénicas, em particular para a Legionella pneumophila. Os fotocatalisadores demonstraram também compatibilidade para com revestimentos poliméricos inferindo a sua atividade fotocatalítica nos mesmos.
Desenhando a música : análise da composição e da escuta a partir do conceito peirceano de diagrama
A questão central desta investigação pode ser assim enunciada: como pensar a mediação entre som e música, a passagem do sonoro ao musical, sem pressupor qualquer tipo de esquema transcendental — estruturas matemáticas ou formais, gramáticas ou qualquer tipo de código que delimite a priori as possibilidades da música? Como pensar um sentido musical que não esteja dado a priori numa regra de síntese qualquer? A problemática que investigamos tem reaparecido com alguma frequência na filosofia, ao menos desde a última crítica de Immanuel Kant, e sobretudo em pensadores do século XX como Theodor Adorno e Gilles Deleuze. Com efeito, há uma forte tradição musical — teórica e prática, de Pitágoras ao Programa — segundo a qual o sentido musical só é gerado quando, sobre os sons musicalmente desinformados, se sobrepõe algum tipo de esquema racional (i.e. razões, proporções, logoi). É, pois, no limite dessa abordagem — que hoje, na era da programação ubíqua, abunda — que surge o referido tema desta investigação. Podemos dizer que o problema em pauta nos é reimposto pelo próprio avanço dos esquemas matemáticos transcendentais em todas as áreas do pensamento, inclusive do pensamento musical. Mas não propomos, aqui, meramente re-ativar os autores que, antes da revolução digital, investigaram o que há para além dos programas ou esquemas musicais. Da nossa parte, introduzimos a seguinte hipótese: o conceito de diagrama, proposto por Charles S. Peirce como substituto pragmati(ci)sta, incorporado, sensível e nãoalgorítmico, do esquema transcendental kantiano, indica um caminho ainda não investigado, nomeadamente, o conceito de diagrama musical. Assim, para amplificar e dar corpo (musical) ao pensamento que há para além do programado e do programável, atentamos para a dinâmica mediadora dos diagramas visuais, gestuais e sobretudo sónicos, que a história da música (suas tecnologias e suas práticas) nos legou, e que chegam até este trabalho por intermédio de variadas escutas compostas, verbalizadas e anotadas por compositores, teóricos, escritores, artistas, músicos e filósofos.
Collective dynamics of flexible active particles on substrates : from cells to tissues
We study the effects of disorder in epithelial confluent tissues through the Voronoi model for dense tissues. The modeling of epithelial tissues relies on three different mechanisms: cell-cell and cell-medium interactions, and propulsion or activity. First, we focus on the role of cell-cell interaction in this model by exploring, in the athermal limit, its anomalous jamming behavior. We introduce a new metric that allows us to find a hierarchical structure in its energy landscape similar to colloidal particle systems. We then introduce a cell-medium interaction by explicitly considering an interaction between the cells and their underlying substrate. We consider that the targeted geometry of the cells changes according to their spatial position and in turn affects the cells motility. We show that when the characteristic length scale of the disorder is smaller than the cell size, the cell motility increases when compared to its homogeneous counterpart. This result is in sharp contrast to what has been reported for tissues with heterogeneity in the mechanical properties of the individual cells, where the disorder favors rigidity. Due to the internal biological complexity of the cells, changes to the cell-substrate interaction should trigger a hierarchy of biochemical responses in the cell that lead to its adaptation to the new substrate region. As such, the process of cell adaptation to its underlying structure is not instantaneous but requires a finite time that in many cases competes with other relevant timescales for the dynamics such as, for example, the diffusion timescale. With this in mind, we then introduce a characteristic adaptation time of the cells to the cell-substrate interaction changes. We study how the competition between the adaptation of the cells and their mobility can compromise the fidelity of the substrate and by relating this with the previous disordered substrate propose a typical time scale for the adaptation of cells that is relevant for experiments. Lastly, we consider non-confluent tissues by allowing the cells to break from one another and create empty spaces. This change opens the door to the study of the surface properties of cell colonies and it is a first step towards the study of the transition from a single cell to confluent tissue. Implications of our findings in the field of Soft Condensed Matter Physics are discussed.
2025-10-28T12:26:46Z
Estevão Pereira Pinto, Diogo
Matrix models and phase transitions in gauge theories
Aspects of gauge theories in two, three and five dimensions are investigated using matrix models. Specifically, we consider pure Yang–Mills theory and its deformations in two dimensions, and supersymmetric Yang–Mills and Chern–Simons-matter theories in three and five dimensions. The random matrix approach allows us to explore a vast range of features of the gauge theories, including phase transitions, one-form symmetries and integrability. Partition functions and Wilson loops are studied in these setups by exploiting their matrix model presentation derived by localization. Two main lines of research are pursued: the computation of exact results at fixed and the quest for quantum phase transitions at large . The partition functions of several three-dimensional quiver Chern–Simons-matter theories are computed exactly using Mordell integrals, and we put forward a character expansion in terms of Schur polynomials, with coefficients given by topological invariants. A correspondence between two matrix models is provided as well, one computing topological invariants in pure Chern–Simons theory and the other arising from a two-dimensional, noncommutative scalar field theory. The correspondence is extended to supermatrix models, with ABJ(M) theory replacing topological Chern–Simons theory in this case. Partition functions and Wilson loop expectation values in three-dimensional = 4 gauge theories are also computed, uncovering a relation with Calogero–Moser integrable systems. Furthermore, we apply localization to five-dimensional supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory on compact product manifolds 3 × Σ, where Σ is a closed oriented Riemann surface, and introduce in this way a novel, “squashed” deformation of q-deformed Yang–Mills theory on Σ. Proceeding in the study of deformations of two-dimensional Yang–Mills theory, we analyze their perturbation by the operator ⊤₸ and prove that Abelianization still holds, although other characteristic properties such as factorization of the partition function break down. The analysis of large quantum phase transitions in matrix models and gauge theories constitutes the core of the thesis. We present a systematic study and classification of phase transitions for supersymmetric gauge theories on three- and five-dimensional spheres of large radius. The transitions are always third order for gauge theories connected to a known superconformal point, but are second order for generic five-dimensional () theories. Several multi-parameter families of unitary matrix models are also considered and their phase diagrams are established. Finally, we show how the Douglas–Kazakov transition of two-dimensional Yang–Mills on the sphere extends to its newly derived deformations. When both ⊤₸ and q-deformations are turned on, the two effects compete, and the system has two phases in the most part of the parameter space, but the weak coupling phase is removed in the regime of strong ⊤₸ -deformation, whereas the strong coupling phase is removed in the strong q-deformation regime.
Agentes de socialização da violência e vitimização escolar
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2025-10-28T12:20:07Z
Ochoa Gonzalo, Musitu Estévez, Estefanía Jiménez, Terebel Veiga, Feliciano Henriques