RCAAP Repository

The objective of this work was to perform a screening of residues of forest species of the Central Amazon to prepare spawn of the edible mushroom Panus strigellus. Sawdust substrates from 11 forest species were tested. Then supplementation with beer yeast, cereal bran and regional fruit residues in sawdust:supplementation relation (5:1 and 10:1) were evaluated. Mycelial growth of P. strigellus occurred in all the substrates composed of the Amazonian forests species, suggesting that all have potential for use in spawn formulation and/or cultivation of this edible mushroom. Among these species the substrate formulated with Simarouba amara sawdust promoted higher mycelial growth (P<0.05). The formulation of S. amara supplemented with Astrocaryum aculeatum fruit shell bran (10:1) presented the best supplementation alternative among regional fruit residues. Three types of packaging for spawn preparation were evaluated, and the polypropylene sack (32×45 cm) was considered the most appropriate. Simarouba amara sawdust and A. aculeatum fruit shell are readily available in the North region, and the results demonstrating that these residues might substitute Eucalyptus sp. sawdust and rice bran, commonly used in the South and Southeast of Brazil for mushroom spawn production.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the salinity effects on growth and dry matter and cations accumulation in moringa plants (Moringa oleifera). The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, with four treatments, consisting of four soils (electrical conductivity (EC) 0.49 (control), 4.15, 6.33, 10.45 dS m-1) with four replications. Initially the plants were grown in rigid tubes, and 30 days after emergence, were transferred to pots containing 10 kg of soil, according to the salinity treatment. The parameters evaluated were plants height and dry matter and N, K, Ca, Mg and Na accumulation in shoots and roots. The salinity is detrimental to initial plant growth and cation accumulation in shoots and roots plants. Young moringa plants were not effective in inhibiting the absorption of Na and its translocation to the shoot. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.45

The objective of the present paper was to evaluate the survival of planted leguminous trees to restore degraded areas and yields of maize and cassava in traditional farming system. The trees species Acacia angustissima, Clitoria racemosa, Inga edulis, and Acacia mangium were planted at spacing of 1 m x 1 m, 2 m x 1 m and 2 m x 2 m. Sclerolobium paniculatum was planted only at spacing of 2 m x 1 m. The maize, remained in the cropping system during the first four months, and it was considered as monocropping phase and, yielded 1,890 +/- 32 kg ha-1. The survival of planted trees was not negatively impacted by the presence of agricultural crops. Regardless of the spacing, the planted trees did not cause a negative impact on dry weight of cassava root. There was a tendency to increase dry weight of root of cassava as the number of planted trees per hectare decreased. These results show the possibility to maintain crop productivity in enriched fallow vegetation systems. However, tree planting at the spacing of 1 m x 1 m should be carefully considered when food is required.

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of the non-segmented polynomial models of Fifth degree and Hradetzky from 1976 and the segmented models of Max and Burkhart from 1976 and Clark et al. from 1991, in estimating diameters along the stem of Tectona grandis L.f., with adjustments for the full set of data and by diameter class in a 16 years old stand in the center–southern region of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The database consisted of 114 trees, scaled by the modified Hohenadl method and distributed in diameter classes. The models adjustments were evaluated according to the adjusted coefficient of determination, standard eError of estimate and distribution of residuals. The accuracy of the models along the stem was evaluated by deviation, standard deviations of differences, sum of squares of relative residuals and percentage of residuals. The Hradetzky equation was the most accurate to estimate diameters along the stem of Tectona grandis, both for the total data set and for diameter classes, except Class 3, where Clark et al. model was more accurate.

In this research it was evaluated the potential of the soil seed bank in a remaining of Subtropical Ombrophilous Alluvial Forest (Araucaria Forest), by quali-quantitative analysis of seed germination. Additionally it was tested the occurrence of seasonal variation of the soil seed bank. The forest remaining located in Araucaria county, Parana State, Brazil, and it is influenced by Barigui river, affluent of Iguaçu river. It was used the completely randomized experimental design with ten replications. The soil seed bank was collected in three seasons at depth (of 10 cm plus litter), using a 0.40 m x 0.40 m sample square. The collected samples were placed in wood boxes in greenhouse, during 8 months. It was observed a season average of 5,732 individuals m-2, distributed into 276 species (120 genus, 54 families). A total of 34,780 seeds germinate. The number of seeds did not presented statistical difference among seasons. The floristic composition of the soil seed bank was influenced by anthropized surrounding areas.doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.77

This study aimed to develop an alternative model of trap for interception with ethanol for flying insects, in order to reduce the costs related to surveys of insects of the subfamily Scolytinae (Curculionidae), conducted in forest ecosystems. The model of trap, called PET-SM, was manufactured with recyclable materials: plastic plate, polyethylene (PET) bottle of two liters, PET bottle of 600 mL, and a hose with alcohol 96 GL used as attractive. Compared to other models used to monitor Scolytinae, the PET-SM model proved to be effective for capture, presenting a greater number of species and offering a lower cost of manufacture.

Landscapes formed on Barreiras Formation sediments occupy signifi cant area on Brazilian territory. Many of these landscapes have highly intensive agricultural use, dueto favorable climate and topography. The objective of this study was to characterize and to compare soil profi les situated on non-dissected coastal plains from southern Bahia to Alagoas, occurring under natural vegetation (forest) and agricultural use. Seven soil profi leswere analyzed and data from six soil profi les obtained in other works were incorporated. Particle size distribution, organic C (OC), Al, Ca, Mg, Al+H, K, Na, P, Fe, Ti and Si were determined. Clay mineralogy was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Soil profi les occur on fl at relief, have yellow color, weak small to medium subangular blocky structure on B horizon and sub-superfi cial cohesive character. Texture was the most signifi cant attribute thatdifferentiated soil profi les from each other. All soils have low Fe content. X-ray diffraction results showed kaolinite dominance in the clay fraction. The soil OC was the only attribute tested that signifi cantly varied between the surface materials of forest soils and the cultivatedsystems (sugarcane, orange, coconut and eucalyptus).

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of volume estimative along the stem of Tectona grandis L. f obtained by adjustment of non–segmented and segmented polynomial models, for a forest stand in South–Central region of Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Data from rigorous tree scaling of Tectona grandis, using One hundred and fourtheen trees were measured by Hohenadl method, using 16 sections. The non–segmented models tested were the fifth-degree proposed by Schöepfer in 1966 and the Haradetzky from 1976 model. The segmented models tested were the Max and Burkhart from 1976 and the Clark et al. from 1991. The models accuracy along the stem were evaluated by the deviation, the standard deviations of differences, sum of squares of relative residues and percentage of residues The fifth-degree equation is the most accurate to estimate the volumes along the stem of Tectona grandis, and Max and Burkhart equation accurately estimated the volumes of the stem basis.

To know the volume of wood from a forest is extremely important. Volume equations for species from the Araucaria Forest are restricted almost exclusively to plantations of araucaria. Equations for Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart.) Barroso plantations are inexistent. The present work aims to develop equation for individual tree volume and hypsometric relation from an Ocotea porosa, established in the region of Rio Negro, PR. Twelve trees were logged with DBH from 3.98 cm to 43.13 cm and height from 5.1 m to 20.4 m. All the trees were measured and cubed. Eleven mathematical models were tested for the development of the volume equation. The criteria used for selecting the best equation were the adjusted coefficient of determination, the standard error of estimative in percentage, the value of F calculated and graphical analysis of the residuals. The model-Kopezky Gehrart, presented a high coefficient of determination (0.97), low standard error of estimate (16.7%) and high value of calculated F (382.6), with good distribution of residuals. The results indicate that this model can be used to quantify the volume with bark, which is very important in conjunction with other information for decision making in forest management. doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.69.13

Quantification of nutrients in forest ecosystems is fundamental for the verification of the maintenance of continuous flow between what is deposited in the soil and what is re-assimilated by the plants. Using basal area as a practical tool in the measurement of forest stands makes modeling easy at stand level for nutrient quantification. Thus, the present work had as objective to quantify and fit the weight of macronutrients per hectare in different compartments of above ground biomass. The data used in this research came from 304 temporary plots with different ages in Mimosa scabrella Bentham. (bracatinga) stands located in the metropolitan region of Curitiba. Twenty three mathematical models were evaluated. Only one model was selected and validateds and it was appropriate for the estimation of nutrients quantities per hectare found in above ground of bracatinga biomass. In decrease order, the estimated values of macronutrients found in the aerial parts of bracatinga stands followed the sequence of N > Ca > K > Mg > P. After the exploitation of fire wood, were left as remnants in the area 25% of Ca, 32% of Mg, 37% of N, 45% of P and 18% of K.

The objective of this study was to improve existing methods for determination of stem biomass in a non-destructive way, and verify the influence that laser dendrometers have on the prediction by existing empirical models in forest environment on the individual trees. This study was developed in Itatinga, SP, Brazil, in three plots of a Eucalyptus grandis plantation, totalizing 175 trees. The stem diameter of standing trees were measured with two dendrometers, Criterion and RC3H, along the stem up to 8 meters height. After the volume evaluation of standing trees they were felled and the diameter obtained with a caliper and a tape in the same positions in which the non-destructive measures were taken. Wood disks were removed and dried for determination of humidity. The determination of biomass was performed by volumetric and gravimetric technique using three different methods (traditional wood volume evaluation, Criterion and RC3H). Some models were tested for these techniques and the best adjustment was selected. In general, all models showed good adjustments. The standard error average of prediction for these models were overestimated in 1% with the traditional wood volume evaluation and underestimated in approximately 11% using the Criterion and 40% using the RC3H.doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.23

This study aimed to identify damages caused by stink bugs in seeds of physic nut through the tetrazolium test. Seeds were soaked in water for 16 hours. After tegument removal, the albumens were submerged in tetrazolium solution at concentration of 0.5% for 4 hours at 40 ± 2 °C in BOD without light, and evaluated according to the levels of viability and damages by stink bugs. The tetrazolium test was efficient to evaluate the viability of physic nut seeds allowing the interpretation of vigor and damage caused by insects.

The present work evaluated the use of sewage sludge compost as a substrate component for Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis seedling production. Doses of sewage sludge compost and rice hulls were established with the following proportions (%): 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60 and 20/80, and they were compared to commercial substrate commonly used in the nursery. Higher growth rates were observed on seedlings grown on substrates containing sewage sludge than on those containing commercial substrate.The use of sewage sludge compost in the substrate at levels above 40% is favorable to Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis seedlings growth. Use of sewage sludge compost as a substrate for seedling production is a viable way to its disposal. 

Pinus tecunumanii has good adaptation to edafoclimatic regions of Brazil and these pinus have been cultivated on Savanna and Atlantic Forest biomes. The objective of this study was to identify climate homogeneous experimental stations of the Forest Institute of São Paulo and indicate places where it is possible to establish progeny and clone tests for breeding and further commercial plantation of this specie. It was selected 30 experimental areas at São Paulo state and climatic data for each meteorological station nearest of these areas were obtained and subjected to cluster analysis. The results were interpreted from the observation dendrogramas. The climatic requirements of the species were verified in the scientific literature and technical reports. All area of São Paulo State  is adequate for experimental plantation, with exception of Campos do Jordão, because of great risks of freezing occurrence. The species may also be planted in the stations of Angatuba, Buri, Pirajú, Itapeva, Avaré, Itapetininga and Itararé, but lower areas of the landscape must be avoided, due to the low temperature. In hotter areas of  São Paulo State, as North and Northwest region, we can test the plants for earlier flowering what would be useful for optimization the time for plant breeding.

The study aimed to estimate parameters, values and genetic gain for growth traits in progenies of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, in the State of Mato Grosso. The progenies test was conducted under a randomized block design with 132 progenies, five replications and three plants in single rows, spaced 3 m x 2 m in Santo Antonio do Leverger, MT. At 24 months of age, progenies were evaluated for the characters: a) diameter at base height (DBH), in centimeters, b) total height, in meters, c) survival. The individual in the narrow sense heritability for the traits studied can be considered medium to high magnitude (0.13 and 0.21) for height and diameter, respectively. The heritability for survival were practically nil, due to low genetic variability among the progenies, as evidenced by high survival rate of the plants (96.8%). The phenotypic and genetic correlations were of high magnitude for DBH and height prediction. There is genetic variation among progenies for growth traits which will provide significant genetic gains with selection.doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.49

We assessed the damage done by cattle in three species of trees in a silvopastoral system implanted in the subtropical region of Brazil. The species Schinus terebinthifolius (Raddi), Grevillea robusta (A. Cunn. Ex R. Br) and Eucalyptus dunnii (Maiden), were planted in single rows (14 m x 3 m) to compose a silvopastoral system. During the first three years, the area was used for grain production in alley cropping systems. After 41 months of planting trees cattle were first introduced in the area. Five classes of damage intensity were established: no damage, low, medium, high, and extreme. The damage to the bark of trees were larger than those caused to the crown. The trees of S. terebinthifolius were more damaged by cattle. The maintenance of S. terebinthifolius trees in silvopastoral system is not recommended because the damage done by cattle is of extreme intensity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different substrates and luminosity in the early growth of Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul. seedlings. It was used completely randomized design in factorial 5 x 2 (five substrates and two environments) with four replications of 10 plants in each plot. The substrates were 1- arisco, 2- arisco + cattle manure 2:1, 3- arisco + cattle manure 3:1, 4- sand + cattle manure 2:1 and 5- sand + cattle manure 3:1. Environments were in full sun and 50% light. The evaluated characteristics in September 2009, were stem diameter, height, roots dry mass, shoots dry mass, leaf area and index quality of Dickson. There was no significant difference for stem diameter. The substrates containing manure promoted the development in height, dry mass of roots and shoots in both environments. Leaf area of seedlings was greater in shaded conditions and substrates with manure. The best quality seedlings were produced in 50% light or full sun. The seedlings should be produced on substrates containing cattle manure and conditions of full sun.

Plants of the genus Pinus are known worldwide by biological invasion potential. In the 1960s there were massive plantations of Pinus elliottii in the Campus of Juiz de Fora University, and nowadays the species is widespread. This study analyzed the species population structure in two distinct forest regeneration environments: open area (abandoned pasture) and closed-canopy (secondary forest) on the campus of UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. The hypothesis were that the open environment would present a better structured population, due to the preference of species for open areas. Random plots were allocated (15 plots of 5 m x 5 m in each environment), and all individuals of the species (trees: dbh . 5 cm, saplings, dbh <5 cm and H . 1 m and seedlings: H <1 m) were measured. We sampled 93 individuals (2,480 ind. ha-1) in the open environment and 122 (3253 ind. ha-1) in the closed-canopy environment. Unlike expected, the environments did not differ in the structural parameters, both presenting stable and self-regenerating populations. The absence of significant correlations (rs, P > 0.05) with environmental variables showed that competition for resources within the local vegetation is not an apparent problem for the permanence of species.

Most pathogens that cause diseases in crops can be transported and transmitted by seeds, with great economic significance. The objective of this work was to assess the incidence of pathogens and their effect in the germination and vigor of Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. seeds. The seed sanity experiment was completely randomized with five treatments, and ten repetitions. The seeds were immersed in extracts of Allamanda cathartica, Momordica charantia and Foenicullum. vulgare for five minutes, and the control was immersed in sterile water. For the germination test, 200 seeds were used, distributed in four replicates of 50 seeds per treatment. The vigor tests consisted of the first count and germination speed index. The evaluation of fungi transmission were performed during the germination test, by counting the symptoms in the primary root, hypocotyl and epicotyl. The treatments reduced the incidence of Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus sp. Rhizopus sp., Penicillium sp. Nigrospora sp and Pestalotia sp..It was also found the fungus Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. associated with the lesions in the seed integument. The treatments provided a higher percentage of germination of seedlings. Higher percentages of germination were observed when oil extracts of Allamanda cathartica, Momordica charantia and Foenicullum vulgare were used.

Due to the difficulty in obtaining seeds with good physiological quality and ideal techniques for seminiferous reproduction, the study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of scarification on overcoming the dormancy of seeds of jatobá (Hymenaea oblongifolia and Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa). The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds. The following treatments were used: intact seeds (control), mechanical scarification with sandpaper number 100 in the opposite side to the embryo, and treatment of scarification with concentrate sulfuric acid (H2SO4) during 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The mechanical and chemical scarification for 30 and 60 minutes were effective pre-germination treatments on overcoming seeds dormancy of Hymenaea oblongifolia and Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa.