RCAAP Repository

Os estudos da dinâmica de crescimento e o manejo florestal sustentável se encontram entre os temas de maior relevância para as florestas tropicais e subtropicais e sua grande diversidade de espécies arbóreas. Contudo há carência de informações que subsidiem plenamente os planos de manejo para uso e conservação dessas florestas.Nesse número especial da Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira, são apresentados 11 estudos, nove artigos técnico-científicos e duas notas técnicas, focando temas como inventário e manejo florestal, levantamentos florísticos, prognose da estrutura da floresta, estudos de dinâmica de clareiras, estimativas de crescimento e de volume e avaliação do potencial madeireiro. Esses trabalhos registram resultados do Bioma Amazônia, nos estados do Pará e Amazonas, do Bioma Mata Atlântica, relativo aos três estados da região Sul, além de abranger a região de Missiones, na Argentina.Essa publicação representa mais uma conquista de técnicos e pesquisadores envolvidos nos trabalhos de conservação e uso dos recursos das florestas naturais.

Desde o início de suas atividades, a Embrapa Florestas se preocupou em divulgar seus principais resultados de pesquisa por meio do Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal (BPF), lançado em 1980. Com o passar do tempo, percebeu-se a necessidade de modernizar o Boletim, ajustando seu formato aos novos tempos. O Engenherio Agrônomo, Pesquisador e Doutor em Economia, Luiz Roberto Graça foi chamado para liderar este processo de reformulação do BPF. Meticuloso, persistente e paciente, Dr. Graça deu novo formato ao antigo Boletim, transformando-o no periódico Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira (PFB). Novos processos foram inseridos na revista, a revisão dos artigos submetidos ganhou mais agilidade, a ampliação do número de revisores ad hoc impôs maior rigor na seleção dos trabalhos e diminui-se a endogamia antes existente no Boletim.Em 2008, o Dr. Graça aposentou-se da Embrapa, indo para um merecido descanso após tantos anos de dedicação à Empresa. Infelizmente, nos deixou precocemente em outubro de 2010. Sua ausência será muito sentida, tanto nos resultados de pesquisa quanto em sua calma para organizar o trabalho. Por isso, a PFB, em reconhecimento aos esforços e contribuições do Dr. Graça, aqui o homenageia, com a certeza que sua marca estará sempre estampada na pesquisa florestal no Brasil.

A biomassa florestal vem sendo apontada como alternativa com grande potencial para complementar a matriz energética mundial. O vasto campo ainda por explorar pela pesquisa resulta em trabalhos que muito contribuem para a otimização do uso desses recursos.Nesse número especial da Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira, são apresentados 11 estudos, oito artigos técnico-científicos, dois artigos de revisão e uma nota técnica, focando temas como biocombustíveis sólidos, briquetagem, carvão vegetal, avaliação da matriz energética e diferentes temas relacionados a produção de eucaliptos e espécies nativas.A PFB consolida, em sua 68a edição e 31o volume, sua contínua busca por excelência do conteúdo de temas florestais e a abrangência na divulgação, destacando-se a contribuição de autores de diferentes estados e países. Espera-se que esse processo contínuo de aprimoramento seja conquistado a cada nova edição.Comissão Editorial

This work aimed to quantify and compare chemical and energetic properties of Australian red cedar Toona ciliata MJ Roem var. australis (FV Muell.) C. DC wood from thinning and primary sawing for reconstituted panel and energy production; and also to verify the efficiency of extractive removal by water treatments, in order to improve wood quality for particleboard production. Lignin, holocellulose, extractives, ash, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur contents and higher heating value were determined. Two water treatments for extractive removal were performed: immersion in cold water for 24 hours and immersion in boiling water for 2 hours. Lower values of ash, holocellulose, hydrogen and nitrogen contents and higher contents of lignin, total extractives, hydrogen and nitrogen contents were found for wood from primary sawing residues. For other properties, the values were significantly equal. Australian red cedar wood presents high extractive content, being water pre-treatment necessary for the production of some particleboards. Higher heating values of materials indicate potential for energy production.doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.13

The search for information about the species of cerambycids associated to Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees (Lauraceae) on twigs cut off by Oncideres cervina Thomson, 1868 (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera), motivated the present research. It was determined in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State the emergence of cerambycids with biweekly evaluations in 49 twigs cut off. In addition to O. cervina, the twig-girdler, it was observed three other species of cerambycids, Trestonia capreola (Germar, 1824), Dihammaphora signaticollis Chevrolat, 1859 and Tropidozineus rotundicollis (Bates, 1863) (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera). It was the first record of host plant in this family botany for T capreola and D. signaticollis. The emergence period of cerambycids from twigs of O. puberula goes from September to December, with population peaking in November.

The present study aimed at estimating genetic parameters and variability among and within provenances for silvicultural traits of Handroanthus vellosoi (Toledo) Mattos, in provenances and progenies test stands, located at the Luiz Antônio Experimental Station (São Paulo State, Brazil). The test was established in the compact family block design, with two provenances (allocated in the plots), six replicates and sub-linear plots of five plants, totalizing 35 progenies. Diameter at breast height (DBH), plant height, cylindrical volume, stem form and survival at 24 years of age were evaluated. Significant differences among the provenances were observed only to the trait stem form. The analysis of deviance showed significant differences among progenies for the joint analysis of the provenances (experimental population), suggesting that the population has high genetic variation and indicating the possibility of genetic improvement by selection of the best progenies. Heritability estimates in individual and family level ranged from low to moderate (26% for DBH, 32% for plant height, 24% for cylindrical volume, 27% for form and 36% for survival), confirming the possibility of genetic improvement by selection and that the provenances have potential to respond to the pressure of natural selection.

This research aimed to analyze the quality and yields of the charcoal of a Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid clone commercially named GG100 for use in iron industry at different ages, plantation sites and spacing. The wood was carbonized in a laboratorial electric furnace (muffle furnace) at a heating rate of 1.67 ºC min-1 until the final temperature of 450 ºC, remaining stabilized for 30 min. The gravimetric yield in charcoal, pyroligneous extract, non condensable gases and insoluble tar, proximate and elemental chemical composition, relative apparent density and higher heating value of the charcoal were determined. In general, the charcoal evaluated may be considered homogeneous based on chemical and physical aspects and can be used in the steel sector. The apparent relative density allowed the charcoal samples differentiation produced by the same pyrolysis condition. The results obtained suggest that the density of the charcoal is highly influenced by the wood origin. It was observed that higher values of higher heating values are positively related with carbon content and negatively related with oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen contents and with gravimetric yield in charcoal.

The present study aimed to establish protocols for disinfestation, germination of seeds, as well as the induction of in vitro multi sprouting of farinha-seca (Albizia niopoides) using seeds and nodal segments from seedlings germinated in vitro. To evaluate the disinfestations and germination intervals of 0,10, 20 and 30 minutes of soaking seeds in sodium hypochlorite 8% were tested. The evaluations of contamination by fungi and/or bacteria, as well as the germination of seeds were performed 20 days after the test started. The induction of multi sprouting was performed in WPM culture medium supplemented with BAP at concentration of 0.0, 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 μM and ANA at a concentration of 0.5 μM. Number of sprouts and callus formation were evaluated. The F test did not revealed significant difference, in the percentages of disinfection and germination, considering the intervals of soaking in sodium hypochlorite. The percentage of disinfestation ranged from 93% to 97% and germination of 67% to 73%. The highest rate of regeneration of axillary sprout (2.6) was obtained with the combination of 5.0 μM of BAP + ANA 0.5 μM, 30 days after inoculation. It was also noted that without the addition of growth regulators in WPM medium, seedlings of Albizia niopoides achieved good rates of sprouts (2.3 sprouts).

In 1979 the technique of modeling diameter distributions by probabilistic functions was first applied for Hyink & Moser in forecasting growth and production of uneven aged and heterogeneous forests. However, today few studies use this method for planning the production in these forests for not knowing the operational feasibility of the technique. Therefore this paper presents a review of the characteristics that allow the modeling of growth and yield by diameter class, highlighting the importance of the dynamics of recruitment, mortality, survival, and population of attributes related to the modeling of Weibull distribution, with the specific statistics used in the modeling of yield by this method.doi: 10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.93

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of planting sites on the elemental chemical composition of Eucalyptus urophylla wood and the quality of its charcoal and to verify the statistical relations among the properties measured in wood and charcoal. It was used twelve 7-years old trees from E. urophylla clone from Curvelo, Itacambira and Turmalina counties located in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The elemental chemical composition (C, H, N, S and O) of the wood and C/H and C/N relations were determined. The wood was carbonized in a laboratorial muffle furnace. It was determinate the gravimetric yields in charcoal, in pyroligneous extract and, by difference, the non-condensable gases. The apparent relative density, the higher heating value, the proximate chemical composition and the yield in fixed carbon of the charcoals were also determined. The caloric value of charcoal was influenced by its proximate chemical composition. In the wood, it was observed significant effect from site on hydrogen content and C/H relation. The location also influenced the ash content and gravimetric yields in charcoal and fixed carbon, so it is considered important to consider the effect of planting site for charcoal production from the Eucalyptus urophylla clone studied.

The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial correlations of soil chemical attributes with the development of teak (Tectona grandis) in the city of Nossa Senhora do Livramento, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. It was allocated 46 permanent plots of 15 m x 30 m. From the stand it was obtained the mean annual values of diameter at 1.3 m above the ground and total height of second to ninth years of age. Soil samples from 0 to 0.20 m depth were also obtained at the second year, to determine pH, calcium, magnesium and aluminum, phosphorus and potassium for subsequent modeling of spatial patterns by geostatistics. The diameter at 1.3 m and the total height of teak present higher spatial correlation with the chemical soil attributes pH and calcium, low spatial similarity with potassium and magnesium, absence for phosphorus and inverse relationship with aluminum.

Rural producer development or integration programs in Brazil are partnerships between industries and farmers that have been practiced since the 70's in Brazil. These models emerged from the need for dependable supply of raw materials produced on family farms, principally tobacco growing and pig farming. In the forestry sector, most of these programs emerged in the 80's. To date, these partnerships have attracted a growing number of producers given the advantages offered, especially a guaranteed income. Thus, the object of this research was to investigate the principal programs of rural producer development and integration in Brazil and compare their benefits. The main programs are from industries of tobacco cultivation, pig farming, poultry raising and forestry. It was observed that these programs have benefited farmers, mainly improving the quality of their production because of technical specifications and requirements. It is concluded that beyond the technical expertise, these programs provide benefits to society, given that contracts increasingly require the achievement of legal requirements and other matters related to environmental and social concerns.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural regeneration, to characterize the syndromes of seed dispersal and successional classes, and the parameters of relative humidity, temperature and luminosity of a restored forest through planting, with 40 years old, in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. It was registered 33 families, 102 species plus one morphotype (vines) and 1,938 individuals, with high diversity (H '= 3.56) and low ecological dominance (J' = 0.77), higher percentage of early secondary successional category, at the species level (33.3%), and late secondary, level of individuals (37%) and predominance of the zoochorous dispersion. The layer of forest regeneration restored reached similar parameters to those found in natural semideciduous forests in intermediate to advanced stages of succession, and was higher in the regeneration areas restored with planting.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mini-stumps survival and the mini-cuttings production of Eucalyptus benthamii regarding to Zn and B concentrations during successive collection of shoots. Shoots were collected from mini-stumps (BP101, BP118 and BP120 clones) fertigated with nutrient solutions containing different concentrations of Zn and B (S1 – free of Zn and B, S2 – 0.5 mg L-1 Zn, S3 – 0.5 mg L-1 B, S4 – 0.5 mg L-1 Zn and B, S5 – 1.0 mg L-1 Zn and B, S6 – 2.0 mg L-1 Zn and B). Eight shoot collections of the clonal mini-garden were performed. The mini-stumps survival, mini-cuttings production, leaves number, nodes number, shoots length, internodes interval and visual appearance of mini-stumps to identify symptoms of nutritional deficiency or toxicity were evaluated. The mini-stumps survival, mini-cuttings production, leaves number, nodes number, shoots length and internodes interval varied significantly among to treatments, and the nutritive solutions S5 and S6 presented the best responses.

This work had the objective of investigate the impacts of climate changes with different climate settings on the spatial distribution of Dicksonia sellowiana (Pres.) Hook. The survey was carried out by using spatial distribution modeling and methods in order to reduce the uncertainty of these predictions. The software Openmodeller was used to run the modeling with five spatial distribution algorithms. The modeling included the climate model HadCM3 of green house gases emission for the year 2050 for two CO2 emission scenarios: optimistic (B2) and pessimistic (A2). The area under the curve (AUC statistics) and the Kappa statistics resulted high values for all algorithms tested meaning high values of accuracy. Regarding only the species habitats available all algorithms have shown efficient distribution models and the projections were significantly different between the predictions for the future climate and for the current climate. Both models have shown reduction of 50% of the species potential area . Even with the high values of accuracy the variability of predictions for the future spatial distribution models confirm the need of consensus methods to reduce the uncertainty associated with this type of modeling.

This study aimed to enlarge the records of forest species attacked by leaf cutting ants in Viçosa, in the state of Minas Gerais. The rising was accomplished in the Campus of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, being considered only nest active that were cutting and carrying fragments of forest essences. For the study it was evaluated temperature measures and distances of the nest to the attacked tree. As results are observed the occurrence of three quenquém species (Acromyrmex niger Smith, F., 1858, Acromyrmex subterraneus molestans Santschi, 1925 and Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus Forel, 1893) and two saúva species (Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 and A. laevigata F. Smith, 1858) attacking 14 forest species.

The objective of this study was to characterize the damage caused by Oncideres saga in plantations of Acacia mearnsii. The percentage of trees attacked was evaluated and  the diameter and length of the branches were measured. It was observed that 34.3 % of the trees of A. mearnsii presented branches cut by O. saga. The average diameter and length of the cut branches were 5.75 cm and 4.95 m, respectively. The lower third of the girdled branches showed 64.23% of the posture incisions.

The wood of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) O. Kuntze) had great economic importance in Brazil, mainly between 1930 to 1970. The deforestation caused a drastic reduction in population size of Brazilian pine and currently it integrates the list of Brazilian threatened species. The aim of thisreview was to present the potential of generating income from Brazilian pine plantation for pine nuts production and the consequent species conservation. According to the literature, pine nuts can generate more income than Brazilian pine wood, when used appropriate management techniques. The plantation with economic interest in pine nuts is an effective tool to increase planting and reduce exploitation of the Brazilian pine remaining. It is necessary to propose strategies in partnership among producer and collectors organizations, researchers and Brazilians government agencies to develop and improve management techniques, processing and marketing of the pine nuts.

The dry forests, widely distributed in Brazil, are formations subject to different sampling method. Consequently, the data generated may affect the comparison among other vegetation formations. Therefore, this study presents and discusses changes caused by sampling vegetation using circumference at soil height (CSH) ≥ 10 cm and circumference at breast height (CBH) ≥ 15 cm. Different criteria provide an ambiguous vision of a same forest fragment, resulting in different structure and species richness.

The aim of this study wasto determine the presence and influence of Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a stand of Schizolobium amazonicum trees on Tocantina region, Pará State, Brazil. One year old trees, were evaluated in the field by a team that chose the 10 most developed and the 10 less developed individuals. Height, greater circumference of the stem and leaf number were measured for each tree. At the same time, rhizosphere soil samples were collected at the canopy projection. Samples were analyzed for organic matter content, CaCl2 pH and presence of hyphae, vesicles, arbuscules and spores in the fine roots. We carried out further soil AMF spores extraction by centrifugation in a sucrose solution which was used for inoculation of S. amazonicum seedlings in a greenhouse. Positive correlations between fungal structures inside the roots and plant measured parameters were verified. Spores inoculation increased significantly height grown of seedlings in greenhouse.