RCAAP Repository

Studies with homeopathie on seed germination of native forest species are scarce, regardless of its potential as low impact technology. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of homeopathic medications in different dynamizations in the seed germination of yellow ipe. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replications, in a factorial scheme with the three medicines in five dynamizations, totaling 16 treatments with the control consisting of distilled water. The medications used were Calcarea carbonica, Carbo vegetabilis and Silicea. The mediations were applied in of 6, 12, 30, 100 and 200 centesimals hahnemanianas (CH) dynamizations. Regarding germination percentage and speed of germination index the medicament Silicea in 12CH dynamization was less efficient when compared to others medications and dynamizations. The use of homeopathic preparations does not benefit the pattern of yellow ipe seeds germination.

The use of plant extracts with antimicrobial properties is a promising and environmentally friendly alternative to substitute the protection promoted by fungicide application and can be used with other practices of integrated disease management. This study evaluated the interference of Allamanda blanchetti L. and Momordica charantia L. extracts application on the mycoflora and germination of Clitoria fairchildiana seeds. The treatments consisted of control (untreated seeds); dicarboximide fungicide (240 g 100 kg-1) and ethanol extracts of Momordica charantia and Allamanda blanchetti at concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm. The germination test was evaluated by the percentage of germination, first count and germination speed index. The extract of Momordica charantia at concentration of 1000 ppm, significantly reduces the mycoflora associated with of Clitoria fairchildiana seeds, favoring their germination performance. The extract of Allamanda blanchetti at concentration of 1000 ppm efficiently reduces the growth of Rhizopus stolonifer.

This work aimed to carry out a first diagnosis of local birds, concentrating in six fragments of Ombrophyllous Mixed Forest, using methods adequate to be repeated in subsequent periods. The assessment of birds on long-term may be used as local bio-indicator, especially because these areas will be managed in the future. In the sampledarea it was registered 124 species from 41 families. Four species listed in the Red Book of Threatened Fauna in the State of Paraná were recorded: Polioptila lactea (Creamy-bellied Gnatcatcher), Mesembrinibis cayennensis (Green Ibis), Accipiter superciliosus (Tiny Hawk) and Leptasthenura striolata (Striolated Tit-Spinetail). When the six forest fragments were assessed using the irregular transects method, it was registered 102 species. The trees survey, carried out by sample plots, resulting in 92 species. The Relative Frequency of wild bird community matrix and its sub-group of forest specialist birds presented significant correlation with the Coverage Value of the tree community (DBH ≥ 10cm).

Wood can be damaged by biological agents due to its organic origin and environmental conditions. To protect the wood and increase its useful life it is necessary to submit it to preservative treatment. So, the present study aimed to evaluate the biological resistance of the treated wood of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus cloeziana under the action of biological organisms in field trials. We used trees of E. grandis and E. cloeziana, with 16 years old, which were split into planks and submitted to drying outdoors to later make up the preservative treatment in an autoclave with chromated copper arsenate (CCA). The samples were prepared to conduct the test field. It was observed that the preservative treatment was effective in reducing the biological degradation of wood from both species. Comparing the results obtained for the two species, it was observed that E. cloeziana presents greater ability to be used in adverse conditions or in contact with the ground.

This study aimed to analyze the growth in diameter and height of individuals Handroanthus chrysotrichus through models based on age, in a stand in the municipality of São Pedro do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data are from three representative trees of the population and were obtained from stem analysis. The diameter growth of Handroanthus chrysotrichus trees in a function of age was best explained by the allometric model. For height the negative exponential model showed better statistical parameters. Selected models explain more than 92% of the variation and configure as adequate tools for the management of this species.

Bactris gasipaes produces heart-of-palm. Peach palm is a perennial crop that has a tillering capacity, being an alternative to illegal extraction. There is a lack of studies about vegetative propagation technics for this species. The present study aimed to analyze different tillering induction methods in Bactris gasipaes var. gasipaes seedlings in four different seasons. The treatments were: 1) stem bending; 2) stem bending and application of 150 mg kg-1 of benzylaminopurine; 3) stem bending and application of 150 mg kg-1 of gibberellic acid and; 4) stem girdling. The experimental design was random with 4 replicates of 20 plants per treatment. Anatomical analyses were conducted at the stem, and the tillering and mortality of the treated plants were evaluated. It was possible to identify the stem tissues and the meristematic apex site by anatomical analysis. The stem bending treatments were inefficient; but girdling presented potential as tillers inducer.

Forest production regulation is complex due to the large number of variables in the process. Economic variables consistently influence the results of regulation models. Therefore this study aims to analyze the influence of interest rate and wood price in some forest regulation models. Linear programming model was used in a studying case using data from 10 forest stands and the software Regulation of Forest Production, which was also used to simulate management and planning scenarios. All stands were regulated independently of the method used. It was observed that as the wood price raises, the annual cutting area becomes bigger and the average logging age decreases. The average annual production presented no change regardless of interest rate, wood price or the method used.

The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of substrate, color and size on the germination and vigor of Melanoxylon brauna seeds. It was performed two essays. In the first, the seeds were classified by color (light and dark) and size (small and large). In the second essay, it was investigated the influence of substrates on sand, between sand, above paper, between paper and in paper rolls, type germitest. In both essays, the seeds were maintained in controlled conditions (light and temperature) during 10 days. The percentage of germination and germination speed index (GSI) were calculated. Furthermore, it was determined the weight of 1,000 seeds and the germination of the species was characterized by observation until the seedling formation. The weight of 1,000 seeds of M. brauna was 133.43 g, in average. The root protrusion occurred around 72 hours after the beginning of imbibition, and the germination was as epigel phanerocotyledonar. Small and light color seeds presented percentage of germination and GSI lower than others. The large seeds, independent of color, and small dark seeds presented the higher GSI and percentage of germination. Paper roll is the substrate indicated to conduct germination tests of Melanoxylon brauna.

This study aimed to evaluate the content of organic carbon in plant parts (leaves, wood, twigs and bark) of forest species Acacia mearnsii De Wild, Eucalyptus grandis Hill and Mimosa scabrella Benth, under different spacing between trees (2.0 m x 1.0 m, 2.0 m x 1.5 m, 3.0x1.0 m and 3.0 m x 1.5 m), one year after planting. It was also aimed to verify if the conversion factor of 50% can be applied. To determine the organic carbon it was used a carbon analyzer(C-144). The carbon content varied depending on the species, spacing and the part of the plant component used. It was observed that the factors: species, spacing, and parts of the plant are not independent. So, the carbon content measurements should be determined for each species and for each biomass component. The 50% conversion factor is not appropriate due to under or overestimate the carbon content.

Establishing Comperj (petrochemical complex Petrobras and partner companies at Itaboraí city, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) involves a great impact on natural environment, while it is an opportunity for actions of environmental compensation. The objectives of this study were to characterize soil chemistry and mineralogy of Comperjarea, based on landscape, particle size distribution and soil morphology, also considering different parent materials, landscape positions (shoulder, backslope and footslope at the hillslope and toeslope at floodplain) and vegetation cover groups. Different landscape positions, comparing toeslope and average hillslope, have differential behavior on several chemical attributes, besides those associated with landscape position itself (topography and water regime). Along the hillslope, differences on surface soil samples also occurred, considering studied attributes, among different parent materials and vegetation covergroups. Sites of both vegetation cover groups (forest and pasture) along the hillslope showed differences on many chemical attributes, except for organic C average valuesthat were not differentiated among them. Soil mineralogy on all samples was extremely kaolinitic and there were small differences among parent material groups. Soilconsistencies observed were very to extremely hard on both soil parent material groups, Proterozoic and Tertiary.

The flamboyant tree (Delonix regia) is known for its exuberant flowering. It shows great variation in seeds viability, depending on the cutaneous water proofing, requiring processes to break dormancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate methods of breaking the physical barrier of seeds. In the greenhouse, seeds were subjected to different treatments to overcome the cutaneous restriction: mechanical scarification on the ventral part; thermal shock with soaking seeds in water at 80 °C for 10 min; soaking the seeds in sulfuric acid, and control, without intervention. It was observed that the mechanical scarification provided the best results for dormancy breaking of the seeds.

The objective of this work was to evaluate eucalypt commercial clones in Ponta Porã region, located in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Two clonal tests were established in 2009. Each field trial consisted of five clones (AEC 144, AEC 224, GG 100, 58 and 1277) and three commercial seed checks (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla and the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis). The experiments were designed as randomized blocks, with four replicates and square plots containing 25 (trial 1) and 16 plants (trial 2), at the spacing of 3 m x 3 m. At the age of 51 months, the circumference at breast height and the total height were assessed. From the collected data, we estimated the volume of wood per tree. We also carried out some phenotypic analysis based on silvicultural traits. The clones AEC 144 and AEC 224 exhibited the best performance for volume of wood. The use of these clones in commercial stands will make possible good productive, if adequate silvicultural techniques are applied.

Aiming to study the growth of seedlings of three eucalypt species produced in two sizes of containers and to verify their performance after two months of planting, two experiments were established at a forest nursery, both in a completely randomized design, factorial 3 x 2 (three species and two containers sizes), with 4 replicates. The first experiment was to evaluate the production of seedlings in the nursery and the second consisted of the field simulation. The characteristics evaluated were: height, diameter, leaf area, leaf number, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and percentage of deformed roots. The seedlings of all species produced in containers of 180 cm³ showed higher growth for all variables. In containers of larger volume (180 cm³) the seedlings are ready to be planted after 60 days, while those from containers at smaller volume (55 cm³) reach the minimum standard required for planting in the field only after 120 days. In simulation experiment in the field it was observed that seedlings grown in containers of 55 cm³ showed less growth in height and diameter, lower dry mass of shoots and roots and more deformed roots, independent of the species.

Allometric equations were developed for estimating individual plant biomass for ten species in an area of dry forest in northern of Bahia State, Brazil in the medium-lower São Francisco Basin, in Casa Nova and Remanso Counties. Fifteen individuals were sampled for each species  , except for Chamaecrista belemii, that had 30 sampled individuals . The assessed models were those proposed in the literature and constructed by the forward and backward methods, adjusted on the soil level diameter (SLD) and total height (H) for each plant. It was obtained equations for estimating the aerial biomass for individual trees of Byrsonima gardneriana, Cenostigma macrophyllum, Chamaecrista belemii, Copaifera coriacea, Maytenus rigida, Ruprechtia glauca, Strychno srubiginosa and Xymenia americana. It was also built general equations, considering all species, for estimating the total aerial biomass by individual tree and diameter classes. The results reinforce the necessity to improve indirect methods of biomass estimation and the development of equations segmented by diameter classes. 

Savanna is the vegetation of semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil, which is largely determined by climate and topography. The municipality of Teixeira in the state of Paraiba presents hyperxerophilous shrub-arboreal caatinga land cover, which differs in size and density from those found in Sertaneja Depression, due to higher humidity. The objective of this work was to quantify forest remnant in the municipality of Teixeira, using geographic information system and forest inventory techniques. Native vegetation was mapped using satellite images, from November, 2008. Forest inventory was carried out in 40 sample plots (20 m × 20 m) that were selected systematically. Height and diameter at 1.30 m from soil level (DBH) were measured in every tree with DBH ≥ 10 cm. Each tree was identified by common and scientific names. A total of 4,911 trees were sampled, representing 46 species and 24 families that corresponds to 3,069 trees ha-1. The species with highest importance value (IV) were: Croton sonderianus, Mimosa tenuiflora and Piptadenia stipulacea and the more important families were Euphorbiaceae, Mimosaceae and Caesalpinaceae. The municipality of Teixeira has its best preserved areas in mountainous regions with difficult access.

This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of a population of Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. in natural regeneration, in a fragment of Deciduous Forest in the county of Silveira Martins, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. For such analyzes, individuals of the species with height ≥ 30 cm were measured, in seventyseven sample units allocated contiguously in the area. To analyze the dispersion pattern of the specie it was used the indexes of Morisita, Payandeh and Fracker and Brischle. The structure was analyzed by frequency and absolute density and distribution histogram in height classes. According to the dispersion indexes, the species is aggregate. The high values of density and frequency confirm the importance of the species in forest structure.

The objective of this work was to adjust models to estimate biomass and total carbon of individuals of Caixeta (Tabebuia cassinoides (Lam.) DC.), located in Guaratuba, coast of Parana State, Brazil. Thirteen models were tested, and the choice of the best was based on the statistical indicators R2aj, Syx (%) and graphical analysis of residuals. It was also an additional choice criteria , the evaluation of residual from the constrained regression for the best models. No adjustments were made for biomass and carbon by compartments due to the low correlation between the dependent variables (biomass and carbon) and independent, diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height (h). For total biomass, the model Y = β0 + β1*dbh presented better results, with R2aj = 0.96 and Syx(%) = 7.94. For carbon, the best adjustment was given by model Y = β0 + β1*dbh + β2*dbh2 + β3*dbh3 + β4*dbh4, with R2aj= 0.97 and Syx (%) = 8.09. It was noticed the low variation of residues for both models. The variable total height, used isolated has proved to be inadequate to explain the variables total biomass and total carbon.

Yerba mate is largely used to produce drinks to human consume. In Spring the plants develop tender young leaves that could represent a new market niche in the yerba-mate industry; this period is called as ”pressafrinha” in this study. This study aimed to analyze the total and hydro soluble nutritional values of young leaves collected in the Spring season and its nutritional potential for human consumption. To represent the ”pressafrinha” young leaves, the collected vegetal material was limited to the third terminal bud. The total and hydro soluble chemical analysis of leaves in the provenances Cascavel (progeny 174), Ivaí (progeny 6), Barão de Cotegipe (progenies 68 and 69) included the following elements: P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. The content of elements in the beverage obtained from the infusion of young leaves of yerba mate in the recommended daily intake ranges from 0.5% to 11.5% and was in the following order: Cu > Mn > K > P > Mg > Fe > Zn > Ca > Na. Progenies and morphotypes of yerba mate showed little variation in the total nutrient content and did not differ in the content of soluble nutrients evaluated in young leaves. The extract obtained from young leaves of yerba mate presents potential to be used for human consumption.

The present study aimed to show the results of Acacia mangium volumetric estimates obtained through the Schumacher and Hall model compared to the methods of artificial neural networks and support vector machines. To enable this comparative analysis, we used data from 31 trees of Acacia mangium aged 14–17, from a stand located in the northern region of the state of Amapá. Diameter and bark thickness of the trees were measured into relative heights along the stem into 14 sections (0.05%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 95%), with measurement. Total volume with bark was obtained by applying the Smalian formula. In general, the methods that differ from traditional methods showed statistically superior results.

Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv.) is a herbicide-resistant weed that brings negative impacts to rice crops and threatens floodplains biodiversity worldwide. This study aimed to investigate allelopathic influences of extracts from Pittosporum undulatum Vent. (cheesewood) leaves on barnyard grass. Leachates in concentrations of 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% and 2.5% (w/v), aqueous extracts from powdered leached and non-leached leaves (10%, 7,5%, 5%, 2.5% and 1.25% for both), coumarin solution at 0.6 mM and original Roundup ® in concentration according to the label information were prepared. Petri-dishes germination bioassays, with counting at each 12 hours, allowed to determinate both germinability and germination rate; polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) solutions were prepared to evaluate osmotic effects. In growth tests, seedlings were exposed for seven days, when root and shoot lengths were measured. Germination was sensitive to extracts from powdered leaves. In regard to growth, roots showed dose-dependent length reduction and necrosis. Inhibitory effects from different aqueous extracts suggest action of both internal and external leaf allelochemicals, raising the possibility of Pittosporum undulatum use for barnyard grass control.