RCAAP Repository

The aim of this work was to adjust diameter distribution, hypsometric relation, taper and volume models to characterize the dendrometric relations on remaining fragments of Pinus sp. from stands of the 1970s, in the region where the Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Veredas do Acari is located, north of the state of Minas Gerais. The identification of the Pinus sp. fragments and its mapping was made. Biometric data were gathered from trees for modeling the diameter distribution, hypsometric relationship, taper and tree volume. The selection criteria for the models consisted on evaluation of the adjusted determination coefficient, standard error of estimate in percentage, F-test, regression coefficients significance and residuals graphical analysis. The Beta function, Naslünd, Max-Burkhart and Schumacher-Hall models were adequate to describe, respectively, diameter distribution, hypsometric relationship, taper and tree volume for Pinus sp., on fragments of the 1970s, in the state of Minas Gerais.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the function log-Pearson type V to describe the diametric structure of even-aged stands of eucalyptus and propose a model using this function. The modeling performed by the function log-Pearson type V was compared with the modeling performed with the Weibull function and hyperbolic. It was used data from permanent plots of eucalyptus stands located in the Midwest region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The function of Pearson type V was tested in three different configurations, with three and two parameters, and with the parameter replaced by the minimum diameter location of the plot. Adherence functions of the data were confirmed by applying the Kolmogorov-Sminorv (KS). All adjustments to the data presented adherence by KS test. The Weibull and hyperbolic functions presented better function performance than that observed applying Pearson type V.

The use of slow release fertilizer (SRF) can contribute to obtain better seedlings before an industry accustomed to the use of commercial fertilizers. This work aimed to evaluate doses of SRF on the growth of paricá tree seedlings and to compare the cost of conventional fertilizer use in relation to the cost involved in producing with SRF. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments and 4 replications of 40 plants, with one control and the other treatments with the addition of different doses of SRF per m³ of substrate used for seedlings production . After 81 days of sowing, it was analyzed total height, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weights, root dry weight, total biomass and maximum level of technical efficiency. Paricá tree seedlings responded positively to the use of SRF, presenting best results in parameters at doses ranging from 8.65 to 12.07 kg m-3 compared to control without SRF. Acquisition costs were higher when compared to conventional fertilization, requiring an economical and forestry analysis to infer on the feasibility of its use in the production and establishment of stands.

Forests contribute substantially to maintaining the global greenhouse gas balance, primarily because among the five economic sectors identified by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, only the forestry sector has the potential to remove greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere. In this context, development of national forest carbon accounting systems, particularly in countries with tropical forests, has emerged as an international priority. Because these systems are often developed as components of or in parallel with national forest inventories, a brief review of statistical issues related to the development of forest ground sampling designs is provided. This overview addresses not only the primary issues of plot configurations and sampling designs, but also to a lesser extent the emerging roles of remote sensing and uncertainty assessment. Basic inventory principles are illustrated for two case studies, the national forest inventory of Brazil with special emphasis on the state of Santa Catarina, and an inventory for Tanzania.

This study investigated the seed bank of pastures in disturbed areas in Amazonia Central. In four pastures, 20 samples of 15 x 15 cm at 0 to 5 cm depth and six samples in a depths of 5 to 10 and 10 to 30 cm. For counting and seed identification, the seedling emergence method in a green house was used. Significant differences in seed densities were observed among the four pastures, varying from 304 to 6153 seeds per m², at 0 to 5 cm depth, showing high variation among the areas. The number of species varied from 17 to 27 at the superficial layer. The seed banks contained mainly invasive herbs and pioneer species characteristic of disturbed areas. The succession plant which will develop require a longer time interval to present strata shrubs / trees with utmost importance and the forest will probably be much less heterogeneous than the original.

The objective of this study was to assess the quality of particleboard of Acacia mangium Willd pruning wood, in comparison with Pinus oocarpa and Eucalyptus grandis panels. The wood of A. mangium . was obtained in the southern region of . Piauí State, and the wood samples of P. oocarpa and E. grandis were obtained in  Lavras, State of Minas Gerais. To produce the panels, it was used 8% of urea-formaldehyde adhesive and 1% of paraffin. The panels were pressed at 160 °C, pressure of 3.92 Mpa for 8 min. Considering the physical properties, the panels of wood pruning from A. mangium and from P. oocarpa showed the best results, especially from A. mangium that presented values of thickness swelling below those required by the standard CS 236-66. According to the same standard, only E. grandis panels showed results above requirements to the modulus of elasticity and all materials presented performance above the reference normalized for the modulus of rupture. To traction strain the panels produced with pruning wood of A. mangium and E. grandis, with higher values for this mechanical property.

In last decades, the increase of Eucalyptus plantations was relevant in Brazil, especially in the global scenario. Several studies showed that these cultures, especially those guaranteed by certification mechanisms, can bring social and environmental benefits. This paper presents data collected in the period 2002-2011, where we show richness data of plants, birds and mammals in eucalyptus plantation farms in Brazil. It is discussed the importance of these areas to biodiversity conservation, where have been recorded 1,320, 620 and 55 species of woody plants, birds and medium and large mammals, respectively. It was registered the occurrence of endangered plant species in the plantations understory: Araucaria angustifolia, Couratari asterotricha, Buchenavia hoehneana, Dalbergia nigra, Ocotea catharinensis and Ocotea porosa. It was also registered the presence of threatened species:crowned eagle (Urubitinga coronata), red-browed parrot (Amazona rhodochorytha), maned-wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Plantations and forest fragments occupied by secondary vegetation will be among the main elements of future forest landscape. Thus, we cannot neglect the contribution of eucalyptus plantations on biodiversity conservation.

The aim of this work was to select progenies with high adaptability and stability from the dry rubber yield (PBS), of genotypes from a three-year-old rubber tree population, installed in three different locations (Selvíria, MS, Votuporanga, SP and Colina, SP), by the MHPRVG (harmonic average performance relative breeding values) method predicted by BLUP. The progenies were installed in a randomized block design with 30 treatments (progenies), three replications and 10 plants per plot, with spacingof 3.00 x 3.00 m (Selvíria, MS) and 1.50 x 1.50 m (Colina, SP and Votuporanga, SP). The PBS presented considerable genetic coefficient variability, ranging from 23.03 to 27.82% and average heritability ranging from 0.47 to 0.99, indicating the high value of the progeny tests in rubber tree breeding programs. The MHPRVG method provided a genetic gain ranging from 11 to 38% in 10 progenies to the PBS and allowed the selection of progenies with high predicted yield potential. 

With the objective to evaluate the soil seed bank of four distinct areas undergoing restoration activities of different intensities 30 samples of topsoil from 30 x 25 x 7.0 cm in deep were collected in each area and transported to greenhouse at 25 °C and relative humidity around 70%. The emerging seedlings were counted every two weeks for one year. Shannon diversity and Pielou evenness were calculate. The species were classified according to dispersal syndrome, life form and successional class. Considering the four areas, 323 individuals m-², emerged on average, belonging to 26 families and 69 species. Approximately 31% of the sampled individuals were Setaria vulpiseta, and it was present in all four areas. Areas 1 and 2 have low diversity and low ecological dominance. Areas 3 and 4 present mean diversity and low ecological dominance. Herbaceous form and anemochoric syndrome were the most outstanding. The seed bank of areas 1 and 2 have a low potential for auxiliary the forest restoration. In areas, 3 and 4 the seed bank showed a good potential for forest resilience.

Organogenesis is a technique rarely studied in the micro propagation of Ilex paraguariensis. This study evaluated different culture media on callus induction and in vitro organogenesis of this species. Leaves were collected from greenhouse grown plants. Leaves segments were placed on culture media ¼ MS, WPM or JADS, containing zeatin and 2,4-D. The MS medium was more efficient in callus inducing. Rooting was observed in the WPM medium. No buds were formed in any of the media evaluated.

Essentially there are three methods for commercial volume estimation of single trees namely: the use of a form quotient, volume equations and taper functions,which produce different results in variable precision and must be used adequately for different objectives. The aim of this study was to compare these methods. So, trees of Eucalyptus grandis from a first thinning were measured. The use of volume equations of two independent variables was the most effective method for commercial volume estimation. The use of form quotient has shown to be restricted and, taper functions have proven to be efficient to determinate the multiple uses of a tree.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the steel and energetic potential of charcoal of clones of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla at 42 months of age. Wood from seven clones were used. The carbonizations were performed in an electric furnace (muffle) with final temperature of 450 °C. The carbonization yields, immediate and elemental chemical composition, higher and low heating value, apparent relative and energetic density and fixed carbon stock were determined. For data analysis, the principal components analysis was used. The clones G129 and U059 stood out for steel and energetic use, fixed carbon stock, yields in charcoal, fixed carbon and in pyroligneous liquid, and for the lower values in non-condensable gases. These clones were considered as one group by the multivariate statistical analysis. In general, low influence of clone effect in the immediate chemical composition and higher and low heating value of the charcoal was noted. This result was attributed to the use of the same temperature of carbonization for all clones and the age of assessment.

Presenting great resistance to drought, Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl (faveleira) is a species that can be used as fodder, medicinal, human food, biodiesel and to restore degraded areas. However, there are difficulties regarding the technique of rooting cuttings and, therefore, it was used in this work asalternative layering technique. The treatments consisted of substrates and concentrations of IAA (indole acetic acid).There was a percentage of 46% rooting in vermiculite tailings. Vermiculite tailings yielded a significant gain of dry root matter. Regarding the doses of AIA, no significant differences were found for any variable.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of total organic carbon (TOC) of the soil, light organic matter (LOM) in water and oxidizable fractions of organic carbon in a cultivated area of maize in the alleys Flemingia macrophylla under different managements of their shoot. The study area is located in “Agroecological Fazendinha in Seropédica city, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three treatments and eight replications, consisting of the following treatments: control (corn cultivation with no alleys); cultivation of maize in alley cropping with pruning to 0,6 m high and growing maize in alley cropping system without pruning. In each area composite samples were collected at 0-5 cm. The presence of alleys and, in the pruning Flemingia macrophylla found that this area is connected with the growing season does not change the contents of the TOC soil. However, the use of stems and leaves as green manure originating from the treatment was carried out where pruning of alleys Flemingia macrophylla, provided the soil increasing concentrations of LOM, C content of LOM and fraction F1.

This study aimed at to characterize morphologically the fruits, seeds and seedling development of Casearia decandra and examine the best substrate and temperature for seed germination. The fruits were collected from 13 mothers in the municipality of Irati, Parana State, Brazil. Tests were conducted to determine the weight of 1,000 seeds, number of seeds per kilogram and the seeds moisture content. To test the influence of different substrate and temperature on germination it was tested four temperatures: 20 ºC, 25 ºC, 30 ºC and 35 ºC on four substrates: sand, paper towels, roll paper and vermiculite. The fruit is spherical, with dry pericarp, thin, with glabrous , smooth, and light yellow surface. The seed presents ellipsoid shape, chartaceous, creamy and lightly striated tegument. It has fleshy and orange arils, and fleshy endosperm. The embryo is spatulate, light green, with short axis and heart-shaped paracotyledons. The seedling is epigeous and phanerocotyledonal. The paracotyledons are opposite, heart-shaped and with entire margin. Eophylls are alternate, elliptical, with serrate margins. In the epicotyl occurs small axial stipules. The best germination results were obtained with temperatures of 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C with the substrate paper roll.

Phenological studies can support actions of seed collection and recovery of degraded areas, contributing to the conservation of forest species. This study aimed to understand the timing of flowering and fruiting of 21 native tree species in fragmented area of Atlantic Forest in Itaboraí, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Ninety one trees were monitored monthly, from January to December of 2011. Most species flowered in the late dry season and early rainy season, and presented a moderate negative correlation between flowering and photoperiod. There were two peaks of fruiting: March-April to zoochoric species and September-October for not zoochoric species, with positive correlation between rainfall and fruiting of zoochoric species. There was a high incidence of pathogens in fruits, affecting the seed production by Machaerium hirtum, Melanoxylon brauna, Machaerium brasiliense and Psidium guineense. Other species showed low fruit production, as Andira sp., Swartzia oblata, Guarea guidonea, and Enterolobium glaziovii. The timing of flowering and fruiting among individuals was low for most species. The lack of phenology research of most species studied (52%) reinforced the need of such studies in this region.

Aggregation can suffer permanent or temporary changes to cyclical variations induced by management practices for soil and plant growth. The study evaluated the temporal and spatial variation of the stability of water stable aggregates and its relationship with the organic matter content in an Hapludalf in Santa Maria municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The treatments were four tillage systems for deployment of Eucalyptus grandis: no-tillage, chisel, chisel tillage plus harrowing and rotary tiller. Soil samples were collected in the layer of 0.00 to 0.05 m for determination of the density, and stability in water of stable organic matter aggregates contents of the soil. Chisel, chisel tillage plus harrowing and rotary tiller resulted in lower structural stability of water stable aggregates. The negative effects of tillage on Hapludalf with sandy loam texture are reduced after 12 months, demonstrating its ability to restore the structure and aggregation. The soil tillage evaluated did not increase the carbon content and that was not influenced by the state of aggregation. The early growth of Eucalyptus was favored by the intensification of soil tillage.

The objective of this study is to characterize two lots of Luehea divaricate seeds, as its physiological and sanitary quality. Seeds were collected in the municipalities of Santa Maria (SM) and Restinga Seca (RES), located inthe central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Germination tests and fungi transmission were conducted in commercial substrate Carolina Soil®. The variables determined were germination indices (GI), emergency (%), symptomatic seedlings (%) and dead seeds (%).The fungi were detected using PDA test and substrate filter paper (PF). For each test it was used four replicates of 25 seeds. It has been also determined the sanity of the fruits using blotter test. The GI and percentage of emergence varied between 6.7 and 8.7 and 51 and 63%, for RES and SM lots, respectively. The fungi associated with the seeds, independent of the method were: Fusarium sp. Alternaria sp., Rhizoctonia sp. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phoma sp. and Cladosporium sp. Fusarium and Alternaria, can be associated with symptoms in seedlings of the transmission test. The fungi presents in fruits were: Fusarium sp., Aspergilus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp. and Alternaria sp.

The objective of this work was to select volumetric models and evaluate the efficiency of three methods to estimate the wood volume of Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis in an even-aged stand in Vitória da Conquista, State of Bahia, Brazil. After the trees were selected, they were cut down and  their volume were rigorously measured to calculate total and commercial individual volume, with and without bark. Eight volumetric models were adjusted. Higher performance models were selected based on the weighted value of the statistical parameters scores. The volumes obtained by measurement were compared to those obtained by form factor, form quotient and adjusted models. The Stoate model was the most efficient in estimating total and commercial volumes with bark. The Stoate model and the modified Naslund model had better performance in estimating the total and commercial volumes, respectively, without bark. The form factor and the volumetric models are recommended for accurately predicting wood volume for this species.

This work aimed to better understand the ecology of Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. and the mechanisms for initial establishment of this species in riparian microenvironments. The study was conducted at Peti Environmental Station - PETI (19o53'34.1"; 43o21'52.6"), São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The ecological parameters studied were: moisture at dispersion (fruit, seed and diaspore) and after dispersion (imbibition; initial growth and development). Diaspores and seeds present different behaviors. The faster water absorption process was in seeds without endocarp. The total growth length from embryo until seedling was 21 days. Seedlings establishes preferentially in flooded environments.