RCAAP Repository

<p>The Centro Interuniversitário de História da Espiritualidade da Universidade do Porto (CIUHE) (Interuniversity Centre for the History of Spirituality at the University of Porto) is a research and development (R&amp;D) unit created officially in 1993 within the Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica (National Institute for Scientific Research). Currently this centre is inscribed in the Portuguese national programmes of scientific support of the FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology - Portugal, www.fct.mces.pt).</p>

<p>O presente estudo aborda, através do caso de Elvas – uma das principais praças militares raianas – o modo como a administração municipal reagiu e se adaptou à Guerra da Restauração. Trata as relações dos dirigentes locais com o exército e o poder central e também o modo como enfrentaram os problemas acrescidos de natureza defensiva, logística, económica, social, financeira e administrativa, gerados por uma situação excepcionalmente difícil, que se arrastou ao longo de 28 anos.</p>

<p>Este artigo resume as principais conclusões da tese de doutoramento do autor. Nela é abordado o comportamento da nobreza e das Ordens Militares face ao poder instituído, e o relacionamento deste sector da sociedade com estas instituições monástico militares, desde finais do século XIV até ao primeiro quartel do século XVI. Partindo de uma análise prosopográfica de um universo alargado de indivíduos identificados como cavaleiros e comendadores das Ordens Militares, este trabalho analisa também a presença da nobreza nas Ordens Militares, bem como o interesse crescente de certas linhagens em terem elementos seus, nestas instituições, não só pelo prestígio social, mas também pelas vantagens económicas e patrimoniais que daí podiam advir. Ao longo desta abordagem dá-se uma especial atenção às relações familiares estabelecidas entre linhagens ligadas a estas instituições, quer por parte do elemento masculino, quer por parte do elemento feminino.</p>

<p>The second volume of the collection published by Círculo de Leitores has as an inevitable reference the pioneering 1986 French edition. However, since it was written at a different historiographic moment and is about the more strictly delineated context of Portugal in the modern era, the book, organized by Nuno Monteiro under the direction of José Mattoso, avoids using the paradigms of the justice system and a financially expert state, as well as that of the modern family, to explain the emergence of a private sphere in Portugal as opposed to the public one.</p>

<p>The commemorations of the French invasions in Portugal continued until the end of September 2010, this being the date that marked two hundred years since the Battle of Buçaco. These commemorations did not yet mark the date of the definitive withdrawal of the invading forces from Portuguese territory, which was only to happen in early April 1811, when, under the command of Massena, the French troops, already having been defeated and confronted with the defensive complex formed by the lines of Torres Vedras that barred their advance upon Lisbon, crossed over the border from Portugal to Spain, bringing an end to what was to become known as the 3rd French Invasion.</p>

<p>Completed in 1583, the Tuhfat al-Mujāhidīn fī ba’d a wāl al-Burtuġāliyyīn (“gift to the warriors of faith about some of the deeds of the Portuguese”) by Shaykh Zayn al-Dīn is a text of enormous propaganda value dedicated to the sultan Alī Ādil-Shāh of Bijāpūr (r. 1557-1580) and intended to denounce the war waged by the State of India (Estado da Índia) against the Muslim community of the Indian sub-continent, in particular the inhabitants of Malabar.</p>

<p>The survival of Portuguese Creole languages in Asia is among the most fascinating subjects of Luso-Asian history. Much of the scholarly work associated with it is linguistic or socio-linguistic in scope, though the history of Luso-Asian interactions is also often included. This is a relatively small field of study where scholars have been able to follow each other’s work rather easily. It comes as a surprise, then, that issues should arise regarding the originality of individual scholars’ research.</p>

<p>O presente estudo toma por objecto o dispositivo de governo financeiro que se constituiu no Estado da Índia, numa perspectiva estrutural mas também dinâmica, ao longo do período compreendido entre 1517 e 1640. Procura-se caracterizar, nos seus traços gerais, as suas extensões periféricas – materializada numa rede de feitorias e recebedorias – bem como as sucessivas configurações orgânicas que conheceram as instituições centrais sedeadas em Goa. Sendo certo que era por este dispositivo que circulavam os fluxos materiais e financeiros que sustentavam os projectos políticos e comerciais da monarquia portuguesa na Ásia, trata-se aqui de avaliar os constrangimentos que impendiam sobre a articulação entre o centro e a periferia e avaliar os desafios levantados às instituições centrais para controlar as receitas fiscais do Estado da Índia.</p>

<p>The accounts of shipwrecks that are now known to us as the “Tragic History of the Sea” (História Trágico-Marítima), to use the term first coined by Bernardo Gomes de Brito, the author of the famous 18th-century compilation, have led to the production of an abundant critical bibliography, as is recognized by the author of the two volumes of the work reviewed here. It is worth noting that many of these works have been produced by foreign specialists, including such crucial names for research in this area as Charles R. Boxer and Giulia Lanciani. They gave high praise regarding the originality of these reports in the context of European literature and were also responsible for offering distinct critical approaches to the subject that have usefully revealed the great wealth of this textual corpus.</p>

<p>The appearance of a new História de Portugal (Esfera dos Livros, 2009) always arouses some expectations, and even curiosity, particularly amongst the community of historians, and above all when one can still consider the last two similar initiatives produced in this area to be quite recent affairs. I am talking, in this latter instance, about the two collective works, one edited by Joel Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, which is not yet completed,2 and the other by José Mattoso,3 for the histories written by individuals already date from some time ago.</p>

<p>After its clamorous reception by the media and the praise heaped upon it from many different quarters, the História de Portugal edited by Rui Ramos (and particularly the chapters for which he himself was responsible) met with a chorus of criticisms made by some of his peers in statements that were gathered together and published by a daily newspaper.3 The most negative reactions related, above all, to the author’s approach to the period of the Portuguese Republic and the New State. More than seeing it simply as a revisionist exercise, some historians suggested that what we were witnessing was a kind of whitewashing of the iniquities of Salazar’s dictatorship. It would be hard to think of a more unfortunate way of beginning the debate that this work undeniably merits, and my personal wish in this matter is that initiatives of the sort now being promoted by the e-Journal of Portuguese History will be able to pave the way for a more rational and calmer tone in this debate.</p>

<p>My first encounter with this book – published now a good five years ago - took place at a time when a number of scholars were still sceptical of the new cultural history as informed by the linguistic turn, taking it to be a potpourri of self-indulgent and personalised readings of agreeable and often easily accessible texts. Travellers like Pietro della Valle, moreover, as Rubiés himself intimates (p. 365), were often themselves runaways from their own societies, footloose voyeurs prone to pompous self-introductions and exaggerated self-worth, as the Queen of Olaza deduced from their encounter in 1623. One of the virtues of a field such as economic history, by contrast, is that things can be precisely measured: our grails, concepts such as value, actually mean something tangible thanks to a metric scheme of measurement. During the period in which economic history was dominant, mathematics was an entire discipline at our disposal and which provided a battery of refined tools of investigation.</p>

<p>The death of Sir Peter Russell, who died on June 22 of this year aged 92, is a great loss to the world of Iberian letters and late medieval history in the United Kingdom. As King Alfonso XIII Professor of Spanish and Director of Portuguese Studies at Oxford University for nearly three decades, his name stood alongside the most illustrious in his chosen fields of research. The author of several monographs, Russell was perhaps best known as an essayist, where he unleashed extremely incisive and controversial opinions on questions he had studied from close quarters. It was only at the end of his life that arguably his greatest work, a 448 page biography of Prince Henry the Navigator, came to be published.</p>

<p>Este artigo propõe um olhar cruzado sobre o associativismo regionalista nas ex-colónias de Angola e Moçambique, relacionando-o com as problemáticas do capital social e das identidades plurais e articulando-o com o contexto diaspórico.</p> <p>Analisa o contributo das associações que assumiram um vínculo regional num espaço imperial de sobrecarga nacionalista e o modo como esse mesmo contributo permitiu não só o reforço do capital social nas suas comunidades como a afirmação de identidades menos fechadas e mais plurais, apesar do colonialismo actuante.</p> <p>Além disso, o labor destas organizações populares tornou possível o alargamento dos contextos geográficos e sociais do regionalismo, um fenómeno do mundo ocidental que teve, nas últimas décadas, uma redobrada atenção por parte da academia.</p>

<p>In 1992, I was at the National Archives in Lisbon preparing my doctoral thesis on late medieval Portuguese military history, feeling more and more curious about the idea of clearing up a longstanding doubt: was Peter Russell, the author of the study As fontes de Fernão Lopes, published in Coimbra in 1941, still alive and was he still active academically? This was a book that I had used a great deal years before, in preparing myself for the examination I had to take in 1987 to prove my academic and teaching capabilities, at the Faculty of Letters at the University of Coimbra. The question made sense, not only because of the quality and profoundly innovative spirit of that study, but also because of the fairly prosaic fact that more than 50 years had elapsed since its publication.</p>

<p>Different chronological periods and subjects in Portuguese history have caught the attention of various foreign historians, who, either in the pursuit of their own research interests or for some other reason.1 have ended up bringing a fresh approach to some important themes in our historical knowledge. In the case of Sir Peter Russell, who was born in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1913 and died in Oxford in June 2006, an immediate relationship must be established between his major academic interests and medieval Portuguese History. His interest in Portuguese History emerged from his desire to study Iberian political history between the late 14th century and the 15th century in greater depth, where he had begun his academic career.</p>

<p>A Universidade de Coimbra participou na vocação comum às universidades de formar as elites dirigentes mas fê-lo à sua própria maneira. Tomando como referência o período que vai de 1537 a 1820, este artigo apresenta alguns indicadores das funções sociais e culturais que desempenhou, tais como a evolução da frequência estudantil, as origens geográficas dos estudantes (com um significativo contributo do Brasil) e o tipo de conhecimento que procuravam. Um segundo conjunto de considerações centra-se na relação da Universidade com os poderes político e eclesiástico, quer no que toca à representação da função instrumental que ela devia desempenhar, quer mediante a análise dos comportamentos que tal concepção acarretava consigo - num misto de protecção e controlo - tais como a afectação de recursos, a nomeação de professores e autoridades académicas e a criação de filtros condicionadores das futuras carreiras dos graduados.</p>

<p>Peter Russell is not an unknown name in the e-Journal of Portuguese History since, at the time of his death, this journal published a small dossier devoted to his work, with studies by João Gouveia Monteiro, Maria Cristina Pimenta, and Stefan Halikowski Smith.2 Nonetheless, it seemed interesting to include a paper on a book by this author in the program for this symposium. In fact, what has been written about this historian discusses his biography and work in general terms and, as far as I know, in addition to the traditional book reviews, there is no text specifically dedicated to his most important work, The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward II and Richard II, published in 1955.</p>

<p>Portugal viveu um dos períodos mais complexos da sua história quando às Invasões Francesas sucede a ocupação britânica. Este contexto constitui um caso interessante para o estudo da evolução das três principais instituições e conceitos políticos presentes no final do Antigo Regime: a Coroa, o Império e a Nação e a sua cronologia diferenciada. O eixo central deste artigo reside na análise da mudança na articulação entre estes três conceitos ao longo deste período, em que a coexistência de antigas e novas instituições é visível e a sua geografia mutável surge como factor e como consequência deste processo.</p>

<p>Discussing what has or has not been said in the historiography written in English about themes from Portuguese history runs the risk of being transformed into a string of constantly repeated lamentations. As a general rule, there is almost always a tendency to fall back on a comment made by Laura de Mello e Souza in the first published review (1995) of Maxwell’s book about Pombal: “peripheral, both in the past and in the present, Portugal has ended up being miniaturized by European historians, who have placed it well below its real dimensions or have simply ignored it.” Nonetheless, the eighteenth century has a number of quite distinctive marks, which are best not forgotten.</p>