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This dissertation has as its theme the study of the socioenvironmental constitutional function of land in judicial decisions that appraise preliminary injunctions in possession injunctions arising from agrarian conflicts filed from 2015 to 2017 against the Landless Rural Workers Movement in the State of Paraíba. This work is contained in the research line "Theories of Decision and Socioenvironmental Sustainability", of the Concentration Area in Economic Law, of the Graduate Program in Legal Sciences in Federal University of Paraíba. The research problem touches on the interpretation to be given to Chapter III of Title III and, especially, to Article 561 of the New Civil Procedure Code, which, like the old Civil Procedure Code, still lodges the possession of land in litigation collective agrarians without conditioning said lair to the fulfillment of the socio-environmental function of the land, raising doubts as to whether this would be in accordance with the constitutional legal order, here seen under the hermeneutic-concretizing method and under the so-called Open Society Theory of Interpreters of the Constitution, of the work of the German jurist Peter Häberle, the theoretical framework on which this work is based. The main objective is to illustrate how and if the Judiciary of Paraíba requires the fulfillment of the socioenvironmental function of the land for the granting of a preliminary injunction in possessory actions in agrarian conflicts and what is the judicial position adopted before the constitutional provisions related to the subject. The research was done by literature review and case studies based on the possessory actions filed in the last three years against MST in Paraíba, referring to the cases described in the third chapter. The evidenced results mostly show negative responses to the problem, that is, the legal protection of the rural property in Paraiba was not conditioned to the fulfillment of the socio-environmental constitutional function of the land in the preliminary decisions proclaimed in almost all the surveyed processes. Therefore, it is concluded that the Judiciary's action in Paraíba does not contribute to the implementation of the Federal Constitution, since it does not protect the claims of the population in a situation of vulnerability without access to land, contributing to the outbreak of agrarian conflicts, which ends up going against the open, plural and democratic society advocated by Peter Häberle.

The thesis examines the academic production in the field of human rights, specifically the master's degree dissertations defended in the ambit of the graduate program in Legal Sciences of the Paraíba Federal University from 2007 to 2015. It starts from the assumption that this production, in the field of legal sciences, constitutes a mechanism for the reproduction of the values of the ruling class, because it is permeated by class conflicts, constituting itself as an instrument of social control and maintenance of the occupants in the spaces of power. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of class disputes on academic production in law based on the relational dynamics between State, law and education, based on the categories of the legal field and symbolic power / legal-symbolic capital. It emphasizes the relational dynamics of the scientific and legal fields and its symbolic violence whose purpose is to cloak a society based on alienated relationships, which is strengthened by the actions of state agents. In this context, the official view of human rights, based on protecting the interests of vulnerable social agents and groups, is challenged by the ineffectiveness of this list of rights, constituting itself as a mechanism for strengthening alienation and symbolic violence. Notwithstanding this affirmation, a human rights perspective towards political emancipation is possible through the displacement of social agents from the margin to the decision-making center, through education and, above all, human rights education as an instrument of education and as a counter-consciousness of the existence of class disputes in the social space. For the purposes of analyzing the documentary corpus, the technique of content analysis is used as a technique for analyzing communications, using systematic procedures that allow the production of necessary inferences to identify what is revealed about a specific phenomenon.

The 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid is a compound obtained through synthetic processes, low cost and used in several studies as a precursor in the production of bioactive molecules. The present dissertation involved the preparation, purification and structural characterization of eleven esters derived from 3-methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid in order to evaluate them for their antifungal capacity against yeast species of the genus Candida: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. guilliermondii, opportunistic pathogens of clinical importance that, with the increase of the use of the antifungal agents, have been developing mechanisms of resistance to the currently available drugs; which represents an extreme difficulty for the treatment of infections caused by these microorganisms. Four different methodologies were used for the esterifications: Fischer esterification, esterification with alkyl and aryl halides, Mitsunobu reaction and Steglich reaction; the yields of the esters obtained ranged from 12% to 83%. In the antifungal tests, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined with the 96-well plate microdilution technique and subsequent determination of the minimum fungicidal concentration (CFM) in solid culture medium. With the evaluation of the antifungal capacity of the prepared esters, it was possible to observe that all were bioactive against at least one of the tested strains and presented fungicidal activity. The best results were related to the strain of C. guilliermondi 207, in which, AR1 presented inhibitory activity at the concentration of 0.039 μmol/mL and AR6 at 0.031 μmol/mL. Regarding the structural characteristics of the esters that influence the antifungal bioactivity, the importance of the side alkyl chains was found. It was also observed that the insertion of a terpenic substructure or aromatic groups, in most cases, were not relevant for the optimization of the bioactivity or contributed to the ester inactivity.

In the last decade a considerable increase in the prevalence of resistance to antimicrobial agents was observed, which motivated the study of the present work, whose purpose was the preparation of a collection of amides derived from vanillic acid through coupling reactions using PyBOP (benzotriazol-1-yloxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) and DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) as coupling agents, as well as to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of amides prepared against species of the genus Candida, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. In this context, there are the phenolic compounds, which can be extracted from natural sources or obtained by means of synthesis, for example, vanillic acid that has several biological activities, such as antimicrobial. In the characterization of the amides were used Infrared Spectroscopic Methods, 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. All the amides were submitted to antimicrobial tests by the broth microdilution method, with antimicrobial control as nystatin and caspofugin. The ten amides were obtained with yields varying between 28,81 - 86,44%, and three are unpublished. All the amides presented antifungal activity in at least one strain tested. In the antibacterial evaluation, all the amides presented bioactivity in the highest concentration tested against Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 25925. The amide with the best antifungal profile was AN05 which had a minimum inhibitory MIC concentration of 0,46 μmol / mL , suggesting that the presence of a methyl group bound to the aromatic ring potentiates the activity of the molecule. The presence of hydroxyl groups in the ortho and para positions, and the presence of methoxyl in the meta position are also important for antimicrobial activity.

Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allemão belonging to the family Anacardiaceae popularly known in Brazil by Aroeira-do-sertão with natural occurrence in the states of Ceará and São Paulo with occurrence in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe, São Paulo, Tocantins and Distrito Federal. Some phytochemical studies show the great presence of phenolic compounds, such as dimeric chalcones and tannins and volatile components such as monoterpenes. It is considered one of the main plants used as medicinal in the Northeast region, being known for its pharmacological properties anti-inflammatory, healing, antiulcerogenic and against vaginal diseases. Thus, this work aimed to contribute through the phytochemical study to the chemical knowledge of the species, as well as to evaluate its antioxidant potential and quantification of total phenols. For this, the vegetal material, was dried and submitted to the extraction for later procedure of characterization of the chemical constituents. The chemical characterization was performed by High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry. The characterization resulted in the identification of 42 compounds with structure and proposed fragmentation putatively suggested by comparisons with literature data. The antioxidant potential of the crude ethanolic extract (CEE) were analyzed by the free radical sequestration method DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and the total phenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the results obtained were compared with the ascorbic acid and gallic acid standards, respectively. Analysis of the antioxidant potential resulted in an CEE activity (CI50 = 18,764 μg / mL) when corroborated with that of the standard (CI50 = 16,343 μg / mL) and a high total phenol content of 387.49 ± 15.09 mg EAG / g of CEE. Phenolic compounds can be an important indicator for antioxidant activity. The results reported here corroborate with the data described in the literature for this species.

Erectile dysfunction is defined as the inability to achieve and/or maintain a penile erection sufficient for sexual satisfaction, with obesity, a chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by adipose tissue accumulation as a risk factor. Currently, many patients do not respond appropriately to ED pharmacotherapy. Therefore, the possible effects of a food supplementation with Spirulina platensis, algae with potential vasodilator and antioxidant, were evaluated in a model of ED induced by the hypercaloric diet consumption. The experimental procedures were approved by the UFPB Ethics Committee on Animal Use (certificate 0201/14). Wistar rats were divided into groups fed with a standard diet that receive saline solution (CSG), that were supplemented with the algae at doses of 25 (CG + SP25), 50 (CG + SP50) or 100 mg/kg/day (CG + SP100) and treated with sildenafil at dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day (CG + Sild) or in groups fed with a hypercaloric diet that receive saline solution (OSG), that were supplemented with the algae at doses of 25 (OG + SP25), 50 (OG + SP50) or 100 mg/kg/day (OG + SP100) and treated with sildenafil at dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day (OG + Sild). The nutritional and morphometric parameters, erectile function, in vivo, functional mechanisms involved in the alterations of the corpus cavernosum contractile and relaxing reactivity, in vitro, and the systemic and tissue oxidative stress were analyzed. Spirulina platensis at the dose of 50 mg/kg reduced food intake and final body mass of rats fed with a standard diet, while at the dose of 100 mg/kg promoted a reduction in the mass and diameter of adipocytes from the inguinal adipose tissue and, consequently, in the adiposity index. In addition, no change was observed in the basal erectile function of these rats. However, the hypercaloric diet consumption resulted in a decrease in food intake, but, there was an increase in the final body mass, as a result of the increase in dietary efficacy and weight gain due to caloric intake coefficients, besides the increase in epididymal, retroperitoneal and inguinal reserves, and adiposity index. Additionally, a reduction in number and an increase in latency for penile erection were correlated with hypercaloric diet consumption. Interestingly, these deleterious effects of hypercaloric diet consumption on body adiposity and erectile function, in vivo, were prevented by food supplementation with S. platensis. Regarding cavernous reactivity, rats (CG + SP100) showed reduction of the contraction of KCl (electromechanical coupling). However, the contractile efficacy of phenylephrine (Phe) (pharmacomechanical coupling) was potentialized (CG + SP50), which was associated to a positive modulation of the Rho kinase pathway (ROCK) and contractile prostanoids. Besides that, positive regulation of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and potentiation of the relaxing effect promoted by acetylcholine (ACh) were observed. Integration of pathways that promote contraction and relaxation of rat corpus cavernous may underlie the non-change in the erectile function of these rats, in vivo. On the other hand, the hypercaloric diet consumption resulted in an increase in the contractile efficacy of KCl and Phe, and attenuation of the relaxing response induced by ACh, indicating the compromise of the electro- and pharmacomechanical couplings of cavernous contraction. The deleterious effects on cavernosal reactivity are due to ROCK pathway activation, ROS increase, negative modulation of NO pathway and the imbalance of the relaxing/contractile prostanoids. In this context, food supplementation with S. platensis in rats fed with a hypercaloric diet prevented damages to contractile and relaxation cavernous reactivity. In the analysis of oxidative stress, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was increased in tissue by the supplementation with the algae at a dose of 50 mg/kg in rats fed with a standard diet. In rats fed with a hypercaloric diet, there was an increase in the levels of systemic and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as a reduction in systemic TCA, resulting in oxidative damage to rats. This alteration in the oxidative stress was prevented by the algae supplementation. Therefore, food supplementation with S. platensis prevents damages associated to a hypercaloric diet consumption and emerges as an adjuvant for the ED treatment.

Leishmaniasis treatment is based on the use of pentavalent antimonial compounds, as first choice drugs; even though they are highly toxic presenting several side effects. This diseases complex is a public health problem, with challenges in the new therapies identification that allow a greater adhesion and better quality in the treatment of the patients. Due to high toxicity and drug resistance, the search of new alternatives for the treatment of leishmaniasis is justified. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-Leishmania activity of Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts in vitro and ex vivo experimental models. Activity of the compounds on the promastigote and axenic amastigote forms of the Leishmania parasite, in addition to the human peripheral blood monuclear cells, were evaluated by the MTT colorimetric test (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium). The rate of infection in human monocytes and the cell death profile of promastigote forms were assessed by flow cytometry. In addition, hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes and indirect evaluation of nitric oxide levels by Griess's reagent were measured. Screening of 36 molecules from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction on L. donovani's promastigote forms had MBH-A12 and MBH-A13 as one of the lowest IC50 values (4.71 and 0.37 μg/mL), besides they present the same chemical synthesis process, being thus selected for the continuation of the biological evaluation. These two substances also showed significant inhibition of growth (IC50) on the promastigote forms of L. infantum (5.6 and 5.3 μg/mL), L. amazonensis (13.2 and 13.4 μg/mL) and L. braziliensis (16.32 and 19.09 μg/mL). In addition, they showed activity on the axenic amastigote forms of L. infantum (EC50 of 9.08 and 10.76 μg/mL) and L. amazonensis (EC50 of 13.4 and 10.4 μg/mL), demonstrating effect on the diversity of Leishmania species that cause different clinical manifestations. Among the tested concentrations, these drugs did not present toxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human erythrocytes, thus demonstrating selectivity indices to parasite tropism. In the infection model evaluation of human monocytes, we did not observe statistical difference with the substances treatment, nor in modulation via nitric oxide synthesis. Cell death profile in Leishmania spp. suggests a pattern involving apoptosis death mechanism for MBH-A12 and MBH-A13 adducts, different from amphotericin B which also leads to the necrosis process. Thus, we concluded that the Morita-BaylisHillman adducts are compounds with expressive anti-Leishmania activity in an in vitro model, being molecules that need to be better investigated, regarding to the action mechanism, in the search for new treatments for leishmaniasis.

Since the 7-methoxyflavone flavonoid (7-MF), one of the major components isolated from Zornia brasiliensis Vogel, showed in vitro tocolytic effect in rats, it was decided to characterize this mechanism. The rat uterus was placed in baths for isolated organ where isotonic and isometric contractions were monitored (n = 5). It was observed that 7-MF relaxed the pre-contracted rat uterus by both oxytocin (OCI) (EC50 = 3.5 ± 0.3 x 10-5 M) and KCl (EC50 = 2.2 ± 0.2 x 10-5 M) being about 2 times more potent compared to this contractile agent, suggesting a participation of voltage-dependent calcium channels (CaV) in tocolytic effect of 7-MF. To confirm this hypothesis, cumulative curves to CaCl2 were performed in the absence and presence of 7-MF and a shift of the control curve to the right was observed, with a reduction of maximum effect only at the concentration of 3 x 10-5 M (30%), indicating that probably blocking Ca2+ influx through CaV is not the main tocolytic mechanism of flavonoid. It was decided to evaluate a possible participation of the potassium channels in tocolytic effect of 7-MF using cesium chloride, a non-selective K+ channel blocker, and in this presence control curve of 7-MF relaxation was not deviated (EC50 = 3.3 ± 0.6 × 10-5 M ), discarding positive modulation of the K+ channels in tocolytic effect of 7-MF. Once prostaglandins are involved in physiopathological uterine processes and the inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COXs) are one of the main classes used for the treatment of dysmenorrhea so, it was decided to evaluate the possible involvement of the COXs pathway in the tocolytic mechanism of 7-MF and it was observed that in the presence of indomethacin, a nonselective COXs inhibitor, the control curve was not displaced (EC50 = 4.8 ± 0.6 x 10-5 M), indicating that the inhibition of these enzymes are not involved in the tocolytic effect of 7-MF. Another pathway of smooth muscle relaxation is adrenergic-β receptors. In order to evaluate a possible activation of these in the action of 7-MF, used (S)-(-)-propranolol, a adrenergic-β receptor antagonist, was used and it was observed that there was no change in the relaxing potency in the presence of the blocker (EC50 = 2.2 ± 0.5 x 10-5 M), indicating that 7-MF does not act by positive modulation of these receptors to induce the tocolytic effect. As a major route of relaxation of the smooth muscle is the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, it was decided to evaluate the participation of this pathway in the tocolytic effect of 7-MF and it was observed that in the presence of L-NAME, a non-selective inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), there was no change in the relaxing potency (EC50 = 4.4 ± 1.2 x 10-5 M), also discarding this pathway in tocolytic effect of 7-MF. A common downstream step of the Gs and NO pathways is the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE). In the presence of aminophylline, a non-selective PDE, it was observed that there was no change in the relaxing potency of 7-MF (EC50 = 2.8 ± 0.5 x 10-5 M) indicating that it is probably not by its activation that the flavonoid exerts its tocolytic effect. Inhibition of contractile pathways can also lead to smooth muscle relaxation, thus the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway (ROCK) participation in the tocolytic effect of 7-MF was evaluated. In the presence of Y-27632, a non-selective ROCK blocker, the curve was shifted to the left, with an increase in the relaxation potency around 22 times (EC50 = 1.6 ± 0.7 x 10-6 M) suggesting that 7-MF negatively modulates the RhoA/ROCK pathway to exert its tocolytic effect. Still in the contractile mechanism, calmodulin is one of the main mediators for Ca2+ signaling. In order to evaluate its participation in the tocolytic effect of 7-MF used calmidazolium, a calmodulin blocker, and was observed a potentiation of the relaxing effect of 7-MF (EC50 = 6.5 ± 1.6 x 10-7 M), around 54 times, confirming negative modulation of calmodulina in tocolytic effect. Thus, the mechanism of tocolytic action proposed for 7-MF in rats is the inhibition of the ROCK pathway and calmodulin.

The Social Interest Housing (HIS) project does not take into account the family profile or the needs of the proposed residents, and thus the users are forced to make spatial modifications such as insertions, frame changes, and room extensions; or employ comfort strategies such as ventilator(s), and living room or outdoor area sleeping. However, such housing changes do not always result in adequate solutions, for not providing greater environmental comfort. The present study aimed to characterize occupation use patterns in social housing; focusing on user comfort adaptations and health. The objects of study were two Social Interest housing complexes; Gadanho and Timbó; located in João Pessoa/PB. A 99 unit sample was investigated (for each unit a user was interviewed). The analysis methodology used three categories: spatial adaptation (home improvement), behavioral adaptation (comfort strategies of individuals), and thermal conditions (interior of housing). A comparison was made between the original and remodeled unit characteristics, with a study of the adaptations, as well as comparing the perception of the users concerning their level of satisfaction regarding the thermal comfort of the dwelling, and the elements motivating the remodeling performed. The results revealed a tendency towards total occupation of the lot in which, practically, the whole sample chose to alter the characteristics of the dwelling, through various extensions, few houses remaining as originally constructed. Most of the interventions in the units contributed to a loss of habitability, especially residences on the ground floors, upper floor residences are more difficult to enlarge, so the habitants resorted to the installation roof complements (open air amplifications). The interventions impacted habitability due to the large number of expansions, removal of framing, and confinement of environments; leaving them moldy, with excessive humidity, no ventilation, and dark; and thus causing respiratory problems. Finally, the poor thermal performance for the residents due to the heat was verified. Consequently, as main strategy to soften the adverse conditions inside the environments, the use of fans was employed. This research alerts to the need for greater HIS investment towards quality, especially in relation to health and energy savings. The housing remodeling continues and cannot be disregarded.

Comfort in a given environment acts directly on the way users use, perceive, and interact with the space, which itself reflects on their own health, productivity and well-being. And so, the during the last few decades indices have been proposed to quantify and qualify conditions that concern desirable thermal comfort for human beings; highlighting two types: those that are based on heat balance, and those that associate comfort with the adaptive strategies. The two models present contrasting theoretical and practical bases, are objects of various comparative studies, and present inconsistencies in their application in the many situations from which such indices have been calculated. Association of such inconsistencies in thermal environments (whether naturally or artificially conditioned), where the respondents had become accustomed was frequent. In this context, this work analyzes the sensations, perceptions and preferences of people with differing thermal histories (being from different regions of the country), yet who were present during the summer and winter of 2017 in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, specifically in the city of Campina Grande. Questionnaires (583) were applied; being grouped as to the naturally ventilated and artificially conditioned environments, while the environmental variables were measured: air temperature, global temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity. Study of physiological adaptation using the Cluster technique supported grouping of cities in accordance with their thermal histories. To achieve thermal comfort, a preference for colder environments was observed in the interviewees, opposing the idea that thermal neutrality is necessary, and corroborating the theory that people move towards cooler environments in hot cities. It was also observed that perception, thermal preference, and cooling method preferences are influenced by the participant’s frequencies of exposure to artificially conditioned environments, and to external spaces. For comfort prediction, the index that obtained the best result was the Predicted Mean Vote, and its extension to hot climates calculated solely to the expectation factor, both in naturally ventilated and artificially conditioned situations, this without regard to the respondent’s contemporary residence. A linear trend line was detected for air temperature and operative temperature of perceived thermal sensations and preferences, however, no trend was observed using SET. People were found in comfort, without environmental control, at operating temperatures higher than 25.5°C, and with air velocity higher than 1m/s, suggesting greater acceptability in leisure environments of higher air speeds.

This thesis addresses two conceptions of characterization in the play “Oedipus Tyrannus” of Sophocles. The first conception of characterization was extracted from the poetics of Aristotle. From the Poetic, we collected facts on the concept of character (ἦθος), along with all the implications that it is associated with. The same concept, by the inadequacy of the Poetic text, was compared with other statements from the Rhetoric and from The Nicomachean Ethics so that we could clarify certain main passages in the definition of the concept. The first conception of characterization we call dynamic characterization. Regarding the second conception of characterization, we started from Aristotle, going through other modern authors including: Tomachevsky, Robert Scholes, De Termemann, among others, so we could not only demonstrate the limits of Aristotelian characterization, but also seize another phenomenon of characterization in the epic and tragic works of authors, such as Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. The second conception of characterization we term as static characterization. In the third part of the thesis, we undertook an analysis of the characters of Oedipus, on the Sophocles play, based on the theory proposed in the two theoretical chapters. Finally, based on the analysis, we demonstrate the insufficiency of the Aristotelian theory of characterization in relation to the potentialities of the tragic genre, addressing the complex structure in which Sophocles built the piece and the characterization of his character.

Sénèque a été l'un des représentants de la philosophie stoïcienne de l'Empire romain, dont les idéaux visaient à servir de guide pour l'individu, guidant leurs actions, car il comprenait que la philosophie devrait être une pratique vécue quotidiennement, toujours à la recherche de la vertu et de la sagesse. Notre étude se propose de discuter certains principes stoïciens concernant la vertu (uirtus), les passions (affectus), vivant selon la nature (uiuere naturae), la mort (mors) et le sage (sapiens) comme essentiels pour guider l'individu dans le cheminement vers l'imperturbabilité de l'âme, donc, à la plein bonheur. De la compréhension de ces principes, nous analysons la tragédie Hercule sur l’Œta dans le but non seulement de comprendre comment Seneca a utilisé ces principes pour répandre les idéaux stoïciens, mais également pour montrer dans quelle mesure les exempla, ou les contra-exempla, mis en évidence par le comportement des personnages dans cette œuvre, en particulier par le héros Hercule, pourraient contribuer à la formation morale de l'homme romain.

The corpus of this thesis is the Epistle of Paul to Philemon, known and classified as a Personal Letter and also as Epistle of recommendation or mediation, and as a deliberative discourse. The purpose is to demonstrate that the apostle Paul strategically structured his epistle to Philemon according to the Aristotelian typology of the deliberative rhetorical genre, with the intention of convincing him to receive back his fugitive slave, Onesimus. This paper is an application of New Testament rhetorical criticism in the analysis of Paul's Epistle to Philemon. To reach the established goal, we have made an approach to the ancient epistolary genre and the New Testament epistles, highlighting its structure and how it weighs on rhetorical discourse. Then, we briefly analyzed the Rhetoric of Aristotle, highlighting his definition of rhetoric and its usefulness, with special emphasis on the parts of rhetoric: the Invention; Disposition (dispositio, τᾰ́ξῐς- táxis); the Elocution (elocutio) or λέξις - léxis; Memory or memorization, and Pronunciation. The structure of the rhetorical discourse was also analyzed: the Exordium; the Narration; the Proposition; the Rhetoric Proofs; the Refutation and the Epilogue or Peroration. To conclude the analysis of Aristotle's Rhetoric, rhetoric genres - the judicial or forensic, the deliberative and the demonstrative or the epistemic. Finally, we present the rhetorical aspects in Philemon from a translational approach and morphosyntactic notes, and the analysis of these aspects used by Paul to structure the epistle according to the typology of deliberative discourse and the effects it provoked in its recipients, Philemon and the church that was in his house.

Staphylococcus aureus are microorganisms of great clinical importance, as they are the main agents responsible for bacterial infection, both hospital and community, and are highly resistant to antibiotics. What is resistant to resistance to a challenge for the protection process are the antimicrobial characteristics that are effective in combating these microorganisms. In search of new therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of infections, vegetable products of plant origin can be important sources of new substances that can be used for these flippers, such as essences and their phytochemicals, such as Isoeugenol, a phenylpropanoid. Therefore, the antibacterial activity of isoeugenol against clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated through in vitro assays: Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bacterial Concentration (MBC), determining the efficacy of the concentration on growth kinetics microbial. (time-kill) and association studies of isoeugenol with standard antibiotic (gentamicin). In the evaluation of the antibacterial activity, isoeugenol presented MIC of 512 μg / mL and in the CBM there was growth of the microorganism in all the concentrations. In the assay of death microbial (time-kill), isoeugenol showed bacterial activity that did not depend on the concentration, since the increase of the same did not provoke a significant increase of the activity. The association of phenylpropanoide with gentamicin was promoted for a clinical treatment of S. aureus S.A-116. With this, the results are studied with the use of isoeugenol presents antibacterial activity against S. aureus, either alone or in association with the antimicrobial standard.

The genus Erythrina presents about 110 species, of which 70 are native to the Americas with dissemination mainly in the tropical and subtropical regions. This genus belongs to the Fabaceae family. The species studied Erythrina velutina popularly known as swine, mulungu, pocket knife, corticeira, eritrinamulungu and parrot beak. It is distributed in Brazil from the Northeast to Minas Gerais. In folk medicine it is used as a tranquilizer and for other disorders in the central nervous system such as insomnia and depression. Species of the genus are very important in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of anxiolytic herbal medicines. The chemical markers of the genus Erythrina are the erythrin alkaloids, which are attributed to anxiolytic activity. In view of this, this work aims to contribute to the expansion of chemical knowledge of the genus, through the characterization of alkaloids from the stem bark of E. velutina Willd. by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. For the study, the dry and crushed plant material was subjected to extraction by exhaustive maceration and concentrated in a rotary evaporator, posteriorly by means of acid-base extraction the fraction of total alkaloids was obtained and then the same was analyzed by mass spectrometry with electron ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. With the results it was possible to observe the presence of erythrin alkaloids in the fraction of total alkaloids of the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of the species in study, being them: erysodyne or erysovine, erythrascine, erythraline, erytraditine or its epimer, erymelanthine, erysotina or erysosalvine, Hidroxerisosalvina/ hidroxierisotina, erythratine, erysothrine, erythrinine, eritroculin and erythratine N- oxide. With the exception of erytraline, erysothrine, erysodine, erysovine e erythratine the other substances are first reported for E. velutina.

This research had as general objective the analysis of which factors present in Public Basic Education interfere in student academic formation in the Higher Education Paraíba Institute - IESP Nursing Bachelor Course. In order to reach the goals proposed by this study, with regard to the objectives, exploratory and descriptive researches were carried out, with a quantitative and qualitative approach. With regard to technical procedures, bibliographical and documentary researches were applied. The data collection was carried out with the aid of a questionnaire applied between April and May 2018. Quantitative data were presented as graphs, while qualitative data were grouped in categories, using Bardin’s proposed content analysis technique. Initially, a reflection on Basic Education and Higher Education was carried out, followed by a brief history of Higher Education in Brazil, in which the relationship between public and private education was also discussed. Subsequently, Basic Education experiences that may interfere with private higher education were presented. Finally, final considerations and post-textual elements are presented. The data analysis indicated that, during the first semester, among both day and night-time students, students aged 18 to 25 were the majority, as well as students receiving between one and two minimum wages, while for night-time students, statistics were the same for those with incomes of up to one minimum wage and between one and two minimum wages. In the tenth semester, the predominant age group among morning students was between 36 and 40 years old, and among night-time students, between 31 and 35 years old. Regarding family income, daytime research participants presented the same results as those receiving between one and two minimum wages and above three minimum wages, while among night-time students, those receiving between one and two minimum wages were the majority. When analyzing the data regarding factors that can reflect in Private Higher Education, some information was independent of study period and semester, since most participants cited that main difficulties arise from financial issues, lack of study dedication time and related to the lack of basic knowledge about basic subjects, such as Portuguese, mathematics, chemistry and physics.

This research work comprises a qualitative study about the process of elaboration of the Municipal Education Plan (MEP), focusing on the perspective of democratic participation in the context of a small municipality in Alto-Sertão, Paraíba. In this sense, we sought to analyze the process of construction of the MEP, identifying the limits and possibility of the effective participation of democracy in the face of the particularities of the political scenario of small municipalities. As research field, the municipality of Joca Claudino -PB, small municipality of Alto Sertão Paraibano was adopted, considering the criterias: geographical, feasibility of access to data and the peculiar characteristic of being the first municipality of the micro-region of Cajazeiras - PB, in Alto-Sertão da Paraíba, to approve the MEP in 2015. In the development of the analyzes, it was based on the approach of the continuous cycle of policies, elaborated by Ball and collaborators, highlighting the context of influence and production of policy text. The paper proposes a reflection on the macro context of Education Policy in the bias of the paradigm of Neoliberalism, the repercussions of this scenario in the formulation of the politics of education plans in Brazil, delimiting the discussion for the field of municipalities with regard to the elaboration process of SMEs and the participation of local people. As methodological procedures for data collection, the technique of semi-structured interview and analysis of documents related to PME was adopted. Among the research findings, the predominance of subaltern participation by social subjects in the MEP elaboration process, coupled with patronizing and authoritarian practices that still permeate the political context of small municipalities, as well as the overlap of national policies in a process of construction of the SME that effectively meets the needs of the education of the municipality. Thus, there was progress in adopting actions that signaled a perspective of democratization of the formulation of the MEP, with the holding of a public hearing, constitution of the commission coordinating the preparation of MEP (2015 – 2024), with representation of various social and political segments. It is argued that the construction of democratic participation in the process of formulating local educational policies, in which the MEP, is inserted is a slow process that must be associated with continuous processes of forming a participatory culture. The analyzes were based on authors such as: Ball (1992, 1994, 2011, 2014); Bordenave (1994); Demo (1993); Bobbio (2010); Saviani (1999, 2008, 2014); Apple (2003); Vieira (2007); Golden (2016); Avritzer (2011); Gohn (2011); Mainardes (2006; 2009), among other authors who study the field of Educational Policy.

Currently the microbial resistance of fungi and bacteria is considered a major public health problem. The term candidiasis is used for superficial or systemic opportunistic infections caused by different species of the genus Candida. Individuals with HIV, chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and transplanted patients, because they are immunocompromised patients, as well as the elderly and newborns are the groups with the greatest predisposition to these infections. Some of the species of this genus have shown resistance to a wide range of antifungal drugs, increasing the severity of these infections and the complexity of their treatment. Esters derived from cinnamic acid have a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial activity. It is reported that chlorinated cinnamic esters are potentially bioactive against microorganisms. Thus, the objective of this work was to prepare a collection of structurally related 4-chlorocinnamic acid esters, to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the same, and to establish a relationship between the structure and biological activity of these compounds. For ester preparation, Fischer esterification reactions, esterification using alkyl and aryl halides, Mitsunobu reaction and Steglich reaction were used. Spectroscopic infrared (IR) and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance methods, including high resolution mass spectrometry for the unpublished ester, were used in the characterization of the products. All the esters were submitted to antimicrobial tests against strains of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, using the microdilution method in broth, having as antimicrobial control chloramphenicol and nystatin. There were obtained twelve esters derived from 4-chlorocinnamic acid, whose yields ranged from 26.3% - 97.6%, three of which were unpublished. An ester presented antibacterial activity in the highest concentration tested, however, in the antifungal activity all the compounds were bioactive. In the antifungal activity esters that stood out RH-06 and RH-11 presented MIC 0.13 and 0.024 μmol/mL, respectively. These results show that the substituents of short alkyl chains, with presence of heteroatom like oxygen or with terpenic substructure of the perilic type, present better antifungal profile.

Natural products represent a rich source of bioactive compounds for the treatment of various diseases. Among the natural products with antitumor potential are diterpenes, secondary metabolites of the terpenoid class which have 20 carbon atoms in their structure. Tonantzitlolone B (TNZ-B) is a rare diterpene of the class of flexibilenes that presents reports of antitumor activity in vitro in different cell lines. However, there is no evidence in the literature regarding its toxicity and antitumor activity in vivo. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the toxicity and antitumor potential in vivo of TNZ-B in the Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma (CAE) model, as well as to investigate possible mechanisms of action involved in this effect. Initially, the acute pre-clinical toxicity of TNZ-B in mice was evaluated intraperitoneally (i.p.). LD50 (50% lethal dose) was estimated at 25 mg / kg, considering Guide n. 423 from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which indicates high toxicity. Also, in behavioral pharmacological screening, few TNZ-B-induced effects were observed, such as abdominal writhing and loss of corneal and atrial reflex, which disappeared shortly after treatment. The micronucleus test was used to evaluate the genotoxicity of TNZ-B. It was observed that this diterpene (3.0 or 6.0 mg / kg, i.p.) did not induce an increase in the number of micronucleated erythrocytes, suggesting low genotoxicity. In the CAE model, TNZ-B (1.5 or 3.0 mg / kg, ip, seven consecutive days of treatment) was found to reduce tumor volume, tumor mass and total tumor cell parameters (p < 0.05). To study the mechanism of antitumor action of TNZ-B, the antiangiogenic and antioxidant effects were evaluated. TNZ-B (3 mg / kg) reduced the microdensity of the vessels in the peritoneum of the animals (p <0.05), which suggests antiagiogenic action. Then, considering the vast role of oxidative stress in tumor propagation, the effect of TNZ-B was assessed by means of the fluorometric test with the 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). A reduction in oxidative stress level (p <0.05) was observed after treatment with TNZ-B (3.0 mg / kg), suggesting antioxidant effects. In addition, TNZ-B (3.0 mg / kg) was shown to reduce nitric oxide (NO) production (p <0.05), a key mediator involved in growth, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. In the evaluation of toxicity in CAE transplanted animals submitted to seven days of treatment with TNZ-B (3.0 mg / kg, i.p.), only a reduction of red blood cell count was observed, indicating that TNZ-B has low biochemical and hematological toxicity. On the other hand, TNZ-B induced an increase in the indexes of the liver, spleen, kidneys and heart, which should be better evaluated through histopathological analysis. The data presented, together, suggest that TNZ-B has antitumor activity by exerting antiangiogenic action through modulation of oxidative stress and reduction of nitric oxide levels.

Once the ethanolic extract from the Z. brasiliensis aerial parts (ZB-EtOHAP) showed a spasmolytic effect in several smooth muscles, including ileum and trachea of guinea pig, rat aorta and cavernous body, and rat uterus, it was decided to characterize the mechanism of in vitro tocolytic action of ZB-EtOHAP in rats, in addition to evaluating and comparing a possible tocolytic effect of flavonoids isolated from this species. After euthanasia, the uterus was placed in baths for isolated organ where isotonic and isometric contractions were monitored (n = 5). Based on the fact that ZB-EtOHAP previously had a tocolytic effect in rat uterus on phasic contractions, it was decided to investigate its effect on oxytocin-induced tonic contractions (OXY) (EC50 = 5.5 ± 1.3 μg/mL). As the main smooth muscle relaxation pathways is the nitric oxide (NO), we decided to evaluate the participation of this pathway in tocolytic effect of ZB-EtOHAP. L-NAME, a non-selective NO synthase inhibitor (NOS), was used, and it was observed that the relaxing potency was decreased six-fold (EC50 = 35.6 ± 6.2 μg/mL) and partially reversed in the concomitant presence of L-NAME and L-arginine (10-3 e 3 x 10-3 M), substrate to NOS (EC50 = 24.8 ± 3.1 μg/mL; 45,4 ± 7,0 μg/mL, respectively), confirming the involvement NO pathway in the tocolytic effect of ZB-EtOHAP. Following the downstream pathway of intracellular NO signaling, the next step to be investigated was the participation of soluble guanylil cyclase (sCG) and protein kinase G (PKG). Therefore, it was observed that tocolytic potency of extract was reduced about 5 and 3 times in the presence of ODQ, an inhibitor of sCG (EC50 = 36.9 ± 7.3 μg/mL) and Rp-8-Br- PET-cGMPS, a PKG inhibitor (EC50 = 15.4 ± 2.7 μg/mL), respectively, confirming positive modulation of NO/sCG/PKG pathway in tocolytic effect of ZB-EtOHAP. As one of the targets of PKG are voltage-dependent calcium channels (CaV), it was proposed that the extract would be inhibiting these channels. It was observed that extract relaxed the pre-contracted uterus with KCl (EC50 = 22.0 ± 1.3 μg/mL), suggesting a participation of these channels. To confirm this hypothesis, cumulative curves to CaCl2 were performed in the absence and presence of ZB-EtOHAP, and a shift of control curves to the right was observed in the presence of extract with reduction of maximum effect. In addition, ZB-EtOHAP relaxed the pre-contracted uterus with S-(-)-Bay K8644, a CaV1 agonist, with about 4-fold lower potency (EC50 = 84.3 ± 10.6 μg/mL) in comparison to the effect observed with KCl, demonstrating that the extract indirectly inhibits the influx of Ca2+ through CaV1. As PKG can also modulate the K+ channels, we decided to investigate the effect of the extract in the presence of cesium chloride, a non-selective K+ channel blocker and a right shift of the extract control curve was observed (EC50 = 27.1 ± 3.0 μg/mL), confirming the participation of K+ channels in tocolytic effect of ZB-EtOHAP. To check which K+ channel subtype would be involved in this extract effect. selective blockers were used and it was observed that tocolytic potency was reduced in the presence of tetraethylammonium (EC50 = 16.8 ± 2.8 μg/mL), apamine (EC50 = 22.0 ± 3.3 μg/mL), glibenclamide (EC50 = 28.2 ± 5.3 μg/mL) and 4-aminopyridine (EC50 = 73.2 ± 13.4 μg/mL), potassium channel blockers: calciumactivated of large (BKCa) and small conductance (SKCa), ATP-sensitive (KATP) and voltagedependent (KV), respectively. No synergistic effect was observed when all of the abovementioned blockers were incubated simultaneously. It was also evaluated the tocolytic effect of two flavonoids isolated from ZB-EtOHPA, 7- methoxyflavone (7-MF) and 5,7dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF), and it was observed that both had a tocolytic effect, being 7-MF equipotent against OCY (IC50 = 3.2 ± 0.9 x 10-5 M) and CCh (IC50 = 4.3 ± 0.4 x 10-5 M) and 5,7DMF with potency about 2 times greater than CCh (IC50 = 1.7 ± 0.3 x 10-5 M) in relation to OCY (IC50 = 4.2 ± 1.0 x 10-5 M). Thus, action mechanism proposed for ZB-EtOHAP in rats may have positive modulation involvement in NO/sGC/PKG pathway and K+ channels, and Cav1 blockade and, consequently, Ca2+ influx decrease, promoting relaxation of smooth muscle uterine. In addition, the flavonoids, 7-MF and 5,7-DMF are probably responsible for tocolytic effect of extract.