RCAAP Repository

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of buffel grass silage in replacement of corn silage in diets for lambs by determining the quality of the meat and the cost of production. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used, with four treatments and eight replicates. The diets were formulated by replacing the corn silage with buffel grass silage at increasing levels: 1) 100% CS and 0% BGS; 2) 66.6% CS and 33.3% BGS; 3) 33.3% CS and 66.6% BGS; 4) 0% CS and 100% BGS. Thirty-two Santa Inês mestizo sheep, male, uncastrated, approximately six months old and with a mean initial weight of 20.09 ± 2.0 kg were used. The chemical physical characteristics were not influenced (P> 0.05) by the levels of substitution of corn silage by buffel grass silage, except for luminosity variable (L). The weight losses due to cooking presented a quadratic effect, however, for the shear force variable, an increasing linear behavior was observed as the buffel grass silage levels were increased. There was no effect (P <0.05) for the percentages of ash, protein and lipids evaluated in the meat, respectively. For moisture, a linear effect (P <0.05) was observed for corn silage substitution levels by buffel grass silage, ranging from 73.02 to 74.76%, respectively. It was observed when evaluating the sensory parameters that there was no difference (P> 0.05) for the attributes color, aroma, softness, succulence and overall evaluation. The different levels of substitution of corn silage for buffel grass silage influenced (P <0.05) the economic indicators, with the exception of the Net Operating Income. It concludes that the meat produced meets the requirements of the consumers, as well as the use of buffel grass silage in the diets, constituting a relevant alternative in relation to production costs, for lamb terminations in semi-arid regions.

Antimicrobial resistance has been increasingly observed in bacteria isolated from both humans and animals. The production of beta lactamases is very common and is considered the main mechanism of resistance against beta-lactam antimicrobials in Gram-negative bacteria. However, the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing bacteria is of major concern, since they are also resistant against non-lactam drugs, such as fluoroquinolones e aminoglycosides could limit therapeutic options in humans. In this sense, the monitoring of ESBL-producing bacteria in the food chain is important to ultimately decrease infections in humans given the fact that resistant genes can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) in enterobacteria cultured from chicken carcasses marketed in Paraiba State, Brazil. A total of 50 carcasses (fresh, frozen, or cooled) were rinsed using buffered peptone water. After incubation, aliquots (20 μL) were transferred to Brain Heart Infusion broth supplemented with ceftriaxone (1 mg/L). Culture was performed using MacConkey agar plates and isolated bacteria identified by means of phenotypic tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Furthermore, Double Disc Synergy Tests (DDST) was performed to identify ESBL and carbapenemases. A total of 150 isolates were cultured and Escherichia spp. (35.1%) Klebsiella spp. (33.1%) and Pseudomonas spp. (21.2%) were the most prevalent genera. Among confirmed ESBL-producing bacteria, 15 (30%) Klebsiella spp., 7 (13.20%) E. coli, 1 (3,2%) Pseudomonas spp. and 1 Shigella spp. were identified. Although cefoxitin and ceftriaxone were the most sensitive drugs to confirm ESBL by the DDST test, a positive association between those drugs was observed. Pseudomonas isolates showing antimicrobial resistance against carbapenems, mainly ertapenem (17%) and meropenem (3,5%) is of great concern and reinforce the need to further investigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from chicken carcasses marketed in Paraiba State and their real impact in public health.

The intramammary infection is considered a disease that causes great economic losses to dairy industry due to discarded milk, drug costs and technical assistance, reducing the quantity and quality of milk and its derivatives. Moreover, it presents serious problem to public health when conveys resistant microorganisms to human population. Due to lack of information about these microorganisms it is difficult to assess the impact of contaminated food on public health. To that end, this paper aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns in Staphylococcus spp. grown from samples of cow and goat milk and goat cheese, as well as determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the tested antimicrobials. A total of 549 isolates of Staphylococcus spp. were analyzed, among those, 195 were coagulase- positive and 354 were coagulase-negative, which were from different states of the Northeast. Antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by broth microdilution method using a semi- automated system (Autoscan4® Siemens) determining the MIC for the antimicrobial agents in the following dilutions: amoxicillin/clavulanate [Aug] (2.4 μg/ml), gentamicin [Gen] (4 - 8 μg/ml), clindamycin [Cli] (0.5 – 4 μg/ml), Ciprofloxacin [Cip] (1 - 2 μg/ml), erythromycin [Eri] (0.5 - 4 μg/ml), oxacillin [Oxa] (0,25 – 2 μg/ml), penicillin G [Pen] (0,03 - 8 μg/ml), linezolid [Lin] (1 - 4 μg/ml), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole [T/S] (0,5/9,5 - 2/38 μg/ml), tetracycline (4 – 8 mg/mL) and vancomycin [Van] (0,25- 16 μg/ml). To evaluate possible associations between antimicrobial resistance and the independent variables we used chi- square test with 5% significance level. The most frequent species were S. epidermidis 80/354 (22.6%) among the SCN, whereas S. aureus was the most common specie of SCP 122/195 (62.6%) and the most isolated specie among the others. The highest resistance rates were observed for, PEN (38.62%), ERY (22.22%) and TET (18.58%). However the antimicrobial Pen, Tet, Oxa, Cli, Eri, Lin and Van had significant difference (P <0.05) when compared their frequencies between the SCN and SCP groups, obtaining a higher percentage of resistance to SCN. Multidrug resistance was observed in 21/195 SCP and in 71/354 SCN. Among Staphylococcus isolates, 291 showed resistance profile while 258 were pan-susceptible to certain studied antibiotics. The study generated a total of 51 resistance profiles with a greater prevalence for profiles: Pen (12.75%), Pen/Tet (7.83%), Pen/Mac (5.65%), and Pen/Lin/Mac/Oxa/Cli (2.37%). Thus this study provides grants on the resistance profile to X antimicrobials from the minimum inhibitory concentrations, thereby contributing to the treatment

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of L-Glutamine + glutamic acid and / or L-arginine on performance, incidence of diarrhea, serum parameters and intestinal morphology of piglets weaned at 28 days of age. Therefore, an experiment was conducted using 64 pigs, 32 barrows and 32 females of the commercial line Agroceres®. The animals were distributed in four treatments, which are composed of: DC- diet control, mainly composed of corn, soybean meal and milk product without supplemental L-glutamine + glutamic acid and L-arginine; DAM - Diet mainly composed of corn, soybean and milk product supplemented with 1% L-glutamine + glutamic acid; DA - Diet mainly composed of corn, soybean and milk product supplemented with 1% L-arginine; DGA - diet composed mainly of corn, soybean meal and milk product supplemented with 0.5% L-glutamine + glutamic acid and 0.5% L-arginine, with eight replications and two animals per experimental plot, a male and a female. The animals were distributed in blocks to control the initial weight (6.120 ± 0.622 kg). the following periods were analyzed: I-28 to 35 days, II- 28 to 42 days 28 to 49 days III and IV-28-63 days old. The results showed that addition of 1% L-arginine in the diet of pigs improved the weight gain of the animals and presented better feed conversion. The best average daily gain weight was observed in those animals that received the control diet and the addition of 1% L-glutamine + glutamic acid as well as animals that received the addition of 1% L-arginine showed the best feed conversion. Diets that were added two amino acids (DAM, DA and DGA) animals had a lower incidence of diarrhea (11.31;. 15.48 and 16.07% respectively There was a significant difference in villus height (AV), relationship villus / crypt (AV / PC) thick mucosal (iN), thickness of villi (EV) absorptive area (AA), villous density per area (DV) and goblet cell count of the duodenum, where the greatest height villus, as well as the higher ratio villus / crypt were observed when added 1% L-glutamine + glutamic acid and 1% L-arginine in the diets. the use of two amino acids in a joint or separate reduces the incidence of diarrhea in piglets weanling, does not influence the white blood cell count of animals, but improves the morphometric parameters of the small intestine.

Cactaceae are considered the main food alternative for ruminant animals during the prolonged drought periods in the Brazilian semiarid region. The aim of this research was to evaluate the spatial distribution, chemical and bromatological composition, fermentation kinetics and the structural parameters of the community of Pilosocereus gounellei in areas with natural occurrence of this species. The research was carried out in three areas of one hectare, located in the municipalities of Pocinhos (area I), Boa Vista (area II) and São João do Cariri (area III), belonging to state of Paraíba with predominant vegetation of caatinga. Occurrence evaluations of P. gounellei were performed by number counting of individuals and determination of the density, frequency, and absolute dominance, using the Aggregation Index of McGuinnes. In addition, cladodes were sampled for analysis of the chemical composition, carbohydrate total content and their respective fractions (A + B1, B2 and C), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), organic matter degradability (OMD) after 48 hours and gases production. For the occurrence data, Box Plot was performed to analyze the data dispersion and later the variogram was adjusted. Then, the number interpolation of individuals was performed using kriging. The chemical analyzes data, carbohydrate fractionation, IVDMD and OMD were submitted to analysis of variance by the procedure PROC GLM and the averages compared by Tukey test to 0.05 level of significance by SAS statistical program. A joint analysis was performed considering the completely randomized design for the three processes, the three management forms and the three municipalities. There were 498 individuals in area I, 789 in area II and 761 in area III. The population of the area I presented basal area lower (BA = 103.20 m2) than area II (BA = 167.44 m2) and area III (BA = 157.74 m2). The highest DM values were obtained with cactus crusher machine (CCM) processing. For CP values, there was a difference (P<0.05) in the interaction between the areas and manual removal of thorns (MRT), which presented respectively 32.19, 48.56 and 57.84 g/kg DM for areas I, II and III. For the fibrous fraction constituents (NDF, NDFcp, ADF, CEL, LIG, DAL), the lowest contents were obtained with MRT, except for HEM that differed (P<0.05), presenting lowest values with fire processing. In the in vitro gases production, MRT processing provided a higher total volume of gases for the three areas, presenting values of 262.70, 240.82 and 180.04 mL/g DM for areas I, II and III. In both caatinga areas the species was classified in grouping, according to the Aggregation Index of McGuinnes. The in vitro digestibility of the dry matter of P. gounellei increased in the material processed from the young cladodes collected on the higher side of its insertion in the main stem.

The aim was to estimate the requirements and biological availability of calcium of limestones extracted from Brazilian Northeast deposits. A total of 975 male broilers (Cobb-500® strain) weighed at eight days of age, 193 ± 0.44 g, and distributed in completely randomized design in 4 x 3 + 1 factorial arrangement (4 limestone sources x 3 calcium levels + 1 basal calcium level), resulting in 13 treatments with five replications of 15 birds. Commercial samples of the following limestones were studied: A. Calcium carbonate (metamorphic origin) with 38.9% Ca+2, theoretically the standard source with 100% of calcium available; B. Calcitic limestone of sedimentary origin (IMAP®) with 41.82% Ca+2; C. Calcitic limestone of metamorphic origin (sample 1) with 34.00% de Ca+2, and, D. Calcitic limestone of metamorphic origin (sample 2) with 35.90% de Ca+2 that replaced kaolin from basal diet for provide increased calcium levels (0.40, 0.62, 0.84 and 1.06%). The in vitro solubilities were determined in 0.2 N HCl. The performance and bone resistance of tibia were evaluated. Calcium requirements were estimated by polynomial regression and availability by slope ratio tecnique. The source means were evaluated by tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). The WG and bone resistance of tibia were highest (P ≤ 0.05) in broilers receiving diet with limestone B, however, the FCR was not changed (P ˃ 0.05) The B limestone improved the FC in compare with the A and D limestones (P ≤ 0.05). The limestone average solubilities were 90.02, 56.31, 48.38 e 48.11%, while the calcium average requirements were 0.88, 0.75, 0.82 e 0.97%, and average availabilities were 100, 121, 83 e 74%, respectively for A, B, C and D limestones sources. The calcium bioavailability and requirement for broilers of 8 to 21 days of age are affected by the limestone origin. The B limestone calcium, of sedimentary origin, is more available and their inclusion in the initial diet requires less limestone and calcium to attend the broilers requirements than the inclusions of limestone A, C and D of metamorphic origins.

The aim of this study was made to evaluate the influence of the substitution of soybean by urea in diets based on cactus pear cladodes. The variables studied were food intake, digestibility, milk production and parameters about rumen and blood. The experiment was carried out at the experimental station of small ruminant of the UFPB, located at São João do Cariri municipality, Paraiba state. Twelve crossbreed goats with 30 days of lactation and average body weight of 50 ± 2 kg were used. Animals were distributed in a Latin square with 4 periods, 4 diets and 3 animals per diet (4x4x3). Diets were composed by Tifton grass, cactus pear cladodes and concentrate. Treatments were considered as levels of urea substitution (0.0, 0.65, 1.3 and 1.95%). Nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids concentration, milk yield and composition were not influenced by the use of urea. The total water intake was reduced as the levels of urea were creased. The microbial protein production, measured 4 hours after feeding, was reduced linearly with the replacement of soybean in its meal. The blood metabolites were evaluated, but only phosphorous, albumin and glucose were influenced by the substitution. It could be used up to 1.95% of urea replacing soybean meal in the diet of lactating goats without altering milk yield and composition.

Two experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating the elephant grass silages added with corn bran and inoculation of autochthonous microbiota , being held at the Center for Agricultural Sciences , Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB) in Areia - PB. The first experiment aimed to evaluate the fermentation characteristics, the recovery of dry matter and chemical composition of elephant grass silage added with corn bran and inoculation of autochthonous microbiota. To evaluate the fermentation characteristics as well as other features we used a scheme 4 x 2 (four levels of corn bran x with and without inoculation) in a completely randomized design with five replications. The peak development of populations of lactic acid bacteria was observed when it was not employed any additive (9.61 log CFU/g). For values of lactic acid was observed significant effect (P <0.05) for both inoculant as corn bran, presenting a quadratic relation, decreasing the concentration of lactic acid from the use of 10 dag/kg corn bran. The addition of the inoculant increased the silages dry matter recovery in the absence of corn bran. However there was no significant difference (P<0.05) in the addition of inoculum in the presence of corn bran. The values of effluent losses declined linearly with increasing levels of corn bran. Gas losses were higher when it was added corn bran. The contents of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates and non-fiber carbohydrates, linear reduction (P<0.05), depending on the levels of corn bran. The neutral detergent fiber obtained a linear decrease (P <0.05). Significant effects (P <0.05) only for the inoculant organic matter and carbohydrates, with increased levels using the same. The inoculation of autochthonous microbiota enhances the fermentation characteristics of elephant grass silage only in the absence of corn bran, and the corn bran provides improvement in fermentation characteristics and composition of silage independent of the inoculant, being indicated for inclusion of 20 dag / kg of corn bran. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the degradation potential of silages with corn bran and inoculation of autochthonous microbiota in fistulated cattle. For degradability evaluation we used up a block design with split plot in which three animals represented the blocks; silages were the xvi main plots, and seven hours of food ruminal incubation, the subplots. With the addition of corn bran there was an increase in the fraction of the silages, and so treatments with 20 dag/kg of corn bran fraction resulted in higher values of the dry matter, 31.49 and 29.02%, for treatments with and without inoculant, respectively. The insoluble potentially degradable fraction (B) of dry matter was higher in silages with 20 dag/kg of corn bran. In neutral detergent fiber, higher values of Bp were observed in the silage without corn bran, 56.52 and 57.19%, respectively, in the silages with and without inoculation of autochthonous microbiota. The addition of corn bran of elephant silage improves dry matter degradability of silages and decreases of neutral detergent fiber.

The objective was to determine the nutritional requirements of different relation with threonine: lysine for laying hens in the third production cycle. The experiment was conducted at the Center for Agricultural Sciences of Paraiba Federal University, Brazil. Were used 240 laying hens of brown-egg lineage Dekalb Brown, a period from 74 to 90 weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design with five increasing levels of threonine ( 0.447, 0.466, 0.486, 0.505, 0.523 % ), with six replicates and eight hens/replicate. The treatments consisted of level 0.648 % of digestible lysine. After to estimate the lysine, the diets were formulated keeping relations amino acids: lysine, except for threonine, which had growing relations in 69 72, 75, 78 and 81 %. It was evaluated: feed intake ( g / bird / day ), production (% ), weight ( g ), egg mass ( g / bird / day ), egg mass conversions( kg / kg ), egg dozen conversions( kg / dz ), weight (g) and percentage (%) of yolk, albumen and shell , shell thickness (mm ), specific gravity, nitrogen intake (g), nitrogen excretion (g), nitrogen balance (g), coefficient of metabolizable nitrogen (%) and serum uric acid (mg / dL). It was observed a quadratic effect of threonine levels the egg production and linear effect on egg mass conversions, egg dozen conversions and percentage of shell. Recommended level off 0.495% digestible threonine, which corresponds to threonine: digestible lysine and 76.5% which provided optimum results.

The Northeast region of Brazil has a predominance of semiarid climate. In this region there is a variety of endemic species, highlighting the jureminha (Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung), legume forage that shows desirable characteristics to animal production. The aim of this study was characterize anatomic and histochemically three genotypes (7G, 50J and 13AU) to identify structures that explain the superior performance of 7G genotype. The material was collected in experimental field of the Academic Unit of Serra Talhada (UAST/UFRPE) in dry season. Biomass production of genotypes were the basis for selection, in which were collected the leaves of the maximum (7G), intermediate (50J) and minimum (13AU) production. The leaves were collected on the 1º and 3º branch node (apex-base direction), considering the ages in young and mature. These leaves were fractionated in 5 parts (petiole, extrafloral nectary, rachis, petiolule and leaflet), fixed in FAA 50%, dehydrated in increasing alcoholic series and embedding of samples in LEICA® historesin. The slides were stained with toluidine blue for anatomical description. It were made histochemical tests to identify starch, protein granules, lipids, phenolic compounds, lignin, condensed tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids. Petiole morphology was variable within genotypes and leaves studied, with higher total area in both leaves of 7G genotype. Extrafloral nectary and petiolule showed similar morphology in studied genotypes. The rachis was similar in 7G and 50J, in both leaves, whereas 13AU was different. The leaflet showed a single layer of epidermal cells and dorsiventral mesophyll, except in young leaflets of 7G and 50J genotypes, which was characterized as homogeneous. In all fractions measured the area occupied by vascular bundles was higher in 7G genotype when compared to others. Histochemical tests to alkaloids, condensed tannins and terpenoids were negative. It was observed the presence of starch, protein granules, lipids, phenolic compounds and lignin in several tissues studied. Amyliferous sheath was observed around vascular bundle of petiole in all genotypes, characterizing the endoderm as well as in cortical and/or pith parenchyma of other fractions. Protein granules were observed in all genotypes, except in leaflets of 7G, in petiole and extrafloral nectary of mature leaflet of 50J and 13AU. It was verified the presence of lipids constituting the in all fractions evaluated. Phenolic compounds occurred, mostly, in epidermis and/or cortical parenchyma of petiole, extrafloral nectary, rachis and petiolule. It was observed lignin in all the genotypes, except in leaflet of young leave from 7G. This compound was located in sieve elements of xylem and sclerenchyma fibers. There is anatomical characteristics that justify the higher productivity of 7G genotype in comparison to others. The histochemical results shows the acclimation of native plants from Caatinga, considering the many sources of stress in this environment.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the replacement of Buffel hay by the Mexican elephant ear cactus, as forage, without causing nutritional and metabolic disturbances in sheep and goats, and to make a comparison, from the point of view nutritional value, of the efficiency of palm utilization by these species. The experiment was developed at the Small Ruminants Research Unit, belonging to the UFPB / CCA / Areia - PB. Ten animals were used, five goats with no defined racial pattern (SPRD) and five Santa Inês sheep, adults, castrated and cannulated in the rumen. The experimental design used was the double Latin square (5x5), each square being constituted by one species and the treatments were represented by the Buffel hay substitution levels by the Mexican elephant ear cactus in the proportions of 0; 20; 40; 60 and 80%. There was an interaction effect between diet and species for water consumption, where for the 0 and 20% levels of hay replacement by the palm, there was greater consumption by the goat species (2129.20 and 1243.86 mL) in relation to ovine (1518.60 and 822.02 mL). The dry matter intake (DMI) was not influenced by the treatments, for both goats and sheep. The consumption of ash (IA) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) by sheep increased linearly with the increase in the Buffel hay substitution level by Mexican elephant ear. NDF intake, both by goats and sheep, linearly reduced with hay replacement. The digestibility coefficients of the nutrients were not influenced by the experimental diets. There was a diet x species interaction effect for the total content (% BW), DM renewal time (h), DM disappearance rate (% / h) and for the digesta composition. The concentration of the AGV increased linearly with the increase of the cactus in the diets, for both species, since the pH was not influenced by the diets nor by the species, presenting values ranging from 6.24 to 6.39. The Mexican elephant ear cactus can replace the dietary hay, as bulky, up to the 80% level, without causing nutritional problems, for goats and sheep, however, they had divergence in response to experimental diets.

This research presents an analysis of the democratic management practices in public schools, through a comparative study between a militarised public school and a non-militarised public school of a capital from Brazil's northeast. In order to carry out the research, it was used a qualitative approach. The data were collected through interviews, known as informal conversations, with a semi-structured script, the shadowing technique, a kind of nonparticipant observation, and also a document analysis. For the purpose of analyzing the work, it was used the Studies Based on Practice (SBP). As a result, it can be affirmed that, despite the fact that in both educational institutions surveyed, although democratic practices was not seen, there are just signs of democracy in some situations, that is why them could not be characterized as having a completely democratic management. Moreover, it also showed that the greatest obstacle in defining them as practitioners of democratic management in its fullness was the lack of participation of those whose constitute the school community, which led us to conclude that having a School Council is not enough to have, in fact, a participation which generates democratization and decentralization of power. In addition, the lack of participation constitutes a problem which comes from a culture rooted in a society in need of awareness, whom result is a cultural transformation. To sum up, through these results it could be understood that it is not the military or non-military nomenclature that can set up a democratic management, but the practices of that management in their reality.

It regards to the struggled trajectory of Liga Canábica da Paraíba, a non-profit association founded by a group of parents and relatives of children with hard to contain epilepsy, which militates daily to achieve a national policy for medical cannabis and thus provide a better quality of life for their families through out the therapeutic benefits found in the plant’s components. The trajectory was built considering what Bourdieu (1996) advocates, that the subject or even institution is fractal and travels several places in the social enviroment. Thus, one does not assume aspects of biography in which the history is brought in a linear way. In this way, we have as main source for data gathering the League’s documents files, until now unexplored and considered by us a source of limitless memories and information - capable of revealing aspects of the progress of this association in space and time. The concept of guiding memory for the construction of the trajectory is the one adopted by Thiesen (2013), that brings the so called institutional memory, capable of covering the past testimony of the institution's emergency period (2014) when it was not yet a formal association until the present estructure as the Liga Canábica da Paraíba. As a methodological mechanism, we used qualitative research associated with conducting interviews with the leaders of the League - Júlio Américo and Sheila Geriz – intending to validate information in the documents selected for the research. The documents were analyzed considering the actions that caused them and taking their memorialist aspects and sociocultural value, using the documentary analysis technique of Aróstegui (2006). In this way, the information that is presented in its archives, associated to the memory mechanism, with the help of the oral narratives of its leaders, we managed to reveal the existence of a social institution in constant action, that runs through several spheres of power, among them: social, political, educational and medicinal; seeking to disseminate reliable information about the beneficial medicinal effects of the use of cannabis sativa components such as CBD and THC. Thus, their dynamics routinely involves struggle, love, acceptance, companionship and resistance regarding the search for a public policy focused on medical cannabis and subversion of prejudice associated with the plant and extended to those who make use of it.

Economic growth based on Keynes's view emphasizes that the macroeconomic dynamics, which involves the optics of investment, employment and production, is supported by the expectations of the agents involved (the firms), and the results of this are due to the product of the movements of the agents concomitantly (Keynes, 1936). In this way, it is reasonable to infer that decisions taken at the company level, based on accounting information, may be relevant in the analysis of macroeconomic measures. Therefore, this study has as general objective to analyze the relationship between the accounting information represented by the accounting indicators of the firms and the economic growth of Brazil in the different phases of the business cycles - expansion, recession, contraction and recovery. The sample consisted of 218 non-financial companies listed in B3 S/A Brasil Bolsa Balcão in the period from 1999 to 2017. Seven models were estimated with the indices of profitability, liquidity and indebtedness and economic growth was represented by the Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Two hypotheses were defined: the first states that accounting information influences macroeconomic dynamics (H1) and the second predicts that the economic environment impacts the relationship between accounting information and economic growth (H2). Through the autoregressive vector (VAR) modeling analysis tools: impulse response function and forecast-error variance decompositions, the initial findings generally pointed to the influence of accounting variables on the relationship with Δ%Real GPD, that is, these measures were able to produce timely information about real economic activity, so the first hypothesis of research presented in this study can not be rejected. In terms of business cycles, the results generally showed a similar effect for the seven models analyzed. In the expansion and recovery phases, the movement of Δ%Real GDP is explained by increasing accounting shocks, while in the periods of recession and contraction the relation was decreasing for most models. In this way, the second hypothesis of research was also not rejected, when verifying that the business cycles have influence on the relationship between the accounting information and the macroeconomic dynamics. The evidence suggests that the analysis of accounting indicators is a relevant tool in providing timely information on macroeconomic dynamics, especially regarding real GDP growth and that this relationship is influenced by business cycles. These findings corroborate the Keynesian perspective of economic growth, and also with the recent research that deals with the analysis of the financial statements as to the usefulness and relevance regarding the real economic activity.

This work aims to make an analysis of human sexuality applied to the teachings of Tantric Buddhism. Tantrism seeks in the transmutation of desires and passions a valuable soteriological support capable of emancipating the human consciousness from all psychological conditioning, freeing it from sensory attachments and mental instability. The Tantric method includes in its bulge a great variety of exercises: meditation, visualization and rites. However, one particular technique draws attention to its secret and initiatory character: sex-yoga. Its origins are linked to Siddharta Gautama itself, perpetuating itself in Buddhist communities through the Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna traditions. In order to deepen the teachings of these two lineages, we use some essential texts of the Tantric Buddhist orthodoxy, namely: Guhyasamāja-tantra, Cakraśaṁvaratantra, Hevajra-tantra and Kālacakra-tantra. Besides these, we also rely on the works of important masters of the Vajrayana tradition, such as: Tilopa, Tsongkhapa and Yeshe Tsogyal. In addition, our work is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter we conducted an introductory study on tantra; from the second chapter we enter into a historical investigation into the moment when sexual practices began to be used as tools for spiritual attainment. In the third chapter we delve into the mysteries related to sexyoga and its spiritual effects on the practitioner's body. Subsequently, in the fourth and last chapter, we highlight the centrality of female energy throughout this tantric scenario related to inner transformation. Therefore, we try to demonstrate, throughout the text, that sexual practice is one of the great pillars of Buddhist spirituality, and when performed according to the Tantric teachings it is able to confer the main goal of Buddhism: spiritual enlightenment, ultimate liberation from suffering and of the material judgment.

This work aims at analizing the notions of physiology and interpretation in Nietzsche’s philosophy. To this purpose, since Nietzsche did not propose a systematic study concerning such notions, our task consists in exercising the activity of interpretation. As we investigate about what interpretation really is, interpretation itself is thus made present, showing itself in the course of our text. All interpretation is located in a “place” from which its effectuation is possible, and every place expresses a difference, a singularity. This difference is related to the physiological constituition of the world as will to power. Given that the world realizes itself from and while a plurality of wills, each will is regarded as a specific and complex configuration that aims to domain, which has to do with optical point, this is, perspectivism, interpretation from which who interprets does it through his own perception. However, who interprets? Should we presuppose a “that” or a “who” as if there was an interpreting agent? Since the world is a plurality of wills, the logical-metaphysical perspective is shown as value assignment, as a means by which wills intensify their power interpretively. It is from the development of such assumptions that all our research will have its unfoldings.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior, performance and requirements macromineral for weight gain Caninde goats in confinement. Therefore, was developed two experimental trials in a randomized design. In the first, we used 24 goats Caninde with initial age of five months, initial body weight of 15.84 ± 0.39 kg and 2.17 ± 0.17 ECC, submitted to three feeding levels: ad libitum, 20% and 40% restriction, to assess the variables of feeding behavior and performance. In the second, we used 33 goats Canindé initial body weight of 15.65 ± 0.41 kg, five of which were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to determine initial body composition and 28 goats were submitted to four feeding levels: ad libitum, 20%, 40% and 60% restriction in seven groups of four animals. The Behavioral observations were performed at five-minute intervals by 24 hours. For the determination of digestibility, the animals were kept in cages of metabolism trial, and the net requirements for gain (g / kg BW gain) were estimated by comparative slaughter. Goats Caninde submitted to food restriction spend daily, less time rumination and feeding, and increased idleness. The feed restriction did not affect rumination efficiency (kg DM / h), however, 40% restriction improve feed efficiency (NDF kg / h). Digestibility was not influenced by the levels of food restriction, except for ether extract. The levels of dietary restriction influenced the average daily weight gain. The body composition of goats Caninde weighing 15 to 25 kg, ranged from 10.49 to 12.59 g Ca, 8.08 to 7.16 g P, 0.18 to 0.44 g Mg, 1, 37 to 1.63 g of K and 1.59 to 4.09 g of Na g / kg EBW. The net requirements to gain varied from 10.91 to 13.83 g Ca, 5.00 to 4.67 g of P, from 0.36 to 0.93 g of Mg 1.4 to 1.75 g of K and from 3.34 to 9.06 g of Na g / kg of body weight gain.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage mass of spontaneous species in a pasture of Panicum maximum cv. Aruana in the establishment phase, characterizing the species with cytogenetics and botanical identification. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Paraíba State Agricultural Company (EMEPA) located in Tacima-PB in an area of 0.24 hectares of pasture cultivated with aruana grass. The spontaneous plants were collected between April and August of 2015. The design was in randomized blocks, four blocks that were defined according to the heterogeneity of the area with four experimental treatments that were the four seasons of collection: rainy season, rainy season / Dry, dry and dry / rainy, where the collections occurred from April 2015 to February 2016. 47 spontaneous species were identified in 36 genera and 21 families. The families with the highest number of species were: Fabaceae with nine, Poaceae with five, Malvaceae with four species. The forage mass of the aruana grass was lower in the rainy period of 2015 with 199.61 kg ha-1, the rainy / dry (1299,73 kg ha-1), dry (1519,49 kg ha-1) and Dry / rainy (1183.12 kg ha-1) did not differ from each other. The forage mass of the spontaneous species presented the highest value in the rainy / dry transition period (2512.66 kg ha-1), followed by rainy (1505.47 kg ha-1) and dry / rainy (1051,32 kg Ha-1), while in the dry period there was a decrease (235.62 kg ha-1). The species Panicum maximum cv. Aruana and Herissantia crispa presented the highest frequency in the area with 17.99%, and Centrosema pubescens with the third highest frequency (8.43%). Chromosome counts were made of eleven species, of which four are unpublished. It is concluded that the Fabaceae family obtained a high representativeness of individuals in the area together with the families Poaceae and Malvaceae. The aruana grass presents characteristics of a promising grass for the semiarid regions. It has good reestablishment of its leaf area, seed production for resemeadura and good resistance to drought. The species that presented more than 15% in the area were H. crispa and P. maximum cv. Aruana, which demonstrates their dominance in the area.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of neutral detergent fiber arising forage (NDF) in diets with forage cactus (Opuntia ficus indica mill) for dairy goats. 15 goats were distributed in a Latin square design 5 × 5, using five levels of NDF (D1: 11.98%; D2: 18.31%; D3: 23.68%; D4: 28.76% and D5 : 32.12% NDF arising from Tifton hay) as an independent variable. The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) linearly decreased with increasing levels of NDF. Changes in diets fiber concentrations improved in a way with the increase of NDF levels of digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, EE and NFC. The variation in the levels of NDF, influence the consumption of supplied water. There was a linear increase in the consumption of water supplied in relation to increased dietary NDF level ranging 1.87 kg / day. Water consumption in the diet even with negative linear effect on average daily nutrient intake there was no linear effect in relation to NDF levels. The yield was not influenced by addition of fiber. However, feed conversion improved with increased NDF in the diet. The concentrations of milk components (fat, protein, lactose, total dry layer and ash) did not change with the fiber levels of diets. The pH and acidity in Dornic degrees, remained within the requirement by Instruction. For frequency of physiological parameters was observed that there was no difference (P> 0.05). In the conditions were conducted the experiment, the values of consumption and digestibility of nutrients promote linearly with the increase of NDF content, not observed, therefore, minimum and maximum capacity fiber intake. Fiber content used in this work does not cause effect on milk yield and composition, and studies should be conducted with greater variations of NDF.

This research have objective to evaluate the rumen development and performance of crossbred dairy calves in the transition phase from a liquid diet to a solid diet fed spineless cactus replacing of Tifton . 16 crossbred calves (Holstein x Zebu) were used in the phase of transition from liquid diet to a solid diet, with average initial weight of 50.04 + 6.3 kg. Calves were housed in individual hutches and mobile breastfed artificially with 4 liters of milk / day until 30 days. By completing 31 days began the trial period where the calves started to receive treatment. Treatments consisted of the replacement of Tifton 85 hay and also part of the concentrate by spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica , MILL), as follows: T1 (DPA): 70 % concentrate + 30 % hay Tifton , T2 (SPV) : 70 % concentrate + 15 % of Tifton hay + 15 % palm , T3 (STV) : 70 % concentrate + 30 % palm, T4 (SCV): 50 % concentrate + 17 % hay Tifton + 33 % palm. Diet consumption, body measurements, body and fecal scores, were performed weekly until 67 days of age, when these animals were slaughtered to evaluate the development of the upper digestive tract, rumen papillae, carcass and meat. Diet consumption, body weight and body measurements don’t showed significant difference (P>0,05) between treatments. The dry matter intake was not influenced by treatments and average 0,48 kg / d. The average observed in fecal scores during the experimental period shows that there was no incidence of diarrhea in animals. No differences between treatments (P>0,05) for the weight of the upper digestive tract and weight of each compartment when divided into the rumen - reticulum , omasum and abomasum were observed. The rumen papillae height (mm) of dairy crossbred calves fed diets with forage cactus replacing Tifton hay was influenced by diet. Treatment with total replacement of Tifton hay for forage cactus showed better development of rumen pupils, with an average of 4.48 mm. The use of cactus in calves fed influenced (P < 0.05) the thickness of the muscle layer rumen, the largest development observed with treatments containing palm. The ruminal epithelium and keratinized portion of the rumen were influenced (P< 0.05) among treatments, and further development was observed for the standard diet containing Tifton hay as forage source. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in the carcass characteristics. Treatments did not affect the pH of the meat and shear force (FC), since the weight loss by cooking (PPC) was influenced (P< 0,05) among treatments . Parameters related to meat color showed no significant differences between treatments (P>0.05). The use of cactus pear replacing Tifton hay as roughage in the diet of crossbred calves in the transition phase from a liquid diet to a solid diet is indicated, assisting in early weaning without affecting growth, rumen development and carcass characteristics and meat from these animals.