RCAAP Repository

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutritional densification on the diet of pullets and laying hens in the growth and laying phases. Two experiments were carried out. In the experiment I was used 455 pullets from 1 to 17 weeks of life in order to determine the effect of nutritional density on performance. In Experiment II in the laying phase, from 25 to 45 weeks of age, 280 birds were used to determine the effect of nutritional density on egg quality and performance. The treatments consisted of five diets of 90%, 95%, 100%, 105% and 110% recommendations of the Manual of the lineage, for crude protein, metabolizable energy, digestible methionine + cystine, digestible threonine, digestible lysine, digestible valine , Digestible hill, calcium and phosphorus available. The variables evaluated in experiment I with birds from 1 to 17 weeks of life were: weight gain (g / bird), feed intake (g / bird) and feed conversion (g / g). In the experiment II in the laying phase, egg production (PR), egg weight (PO), conversion by egg mass (CMO), conversion per dozen eggs (CDO), Haugh unit (UH), Peel (EC), yolk color, specific gravity (GE), percentage of albumen, percentage of bark and yolk, bark resistance. In both experiments, tibia strength tests were performed at break (kgf), weight (mg / g), length (cm), circumference (cm) and volume (cm³) of the tibias. For the transaminases alanine activity Aminotransferase (U / L), aspartate aminotransferase (U / L), gamma-glutamyltransferase (U / L), creatinine (mg / dL), albumin (g / dL), total serum proteins Serum uric acid (mg / dL). In the rearing and rearing phase (1 to 17 weeks), a 10% increase in nutritional content of the diet decreased feed intake, improved feed conversion, provided higher tibiotarian resistance and alanine aminotransferase was increased. W-36 rations are recommended for stages 1 to 3, 4 to 6, 1 to 6, 7 to 12, 13 to 15, 15 to 17 and 1 to 17 weeks of age, the increase in nutritional density of 10 % Above that recommended by the Hy line manual (2015). In the laying phase, the nutritional density of 5% is sufficient to promote the maximum performance and egg quality of the Hy line birds from 25 to 45 weeks of age, corresponding to a consumption of 17.87% crude protein, 3045 kcal / Kg of metabolizable energy, 0.75% of digestible methionine + cystine, 0.90% of digestible lysine, 0.63% of digestible threonine, 4.63% of calcium and 0.54% of available phosphorus.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein levels on the concentrate supplementation on the ruminal parameters of cows kept in Tanzania grass pasture, which allowed to make inferences with the ruminal metabolism of lactating cows. In the first study, 4 crossbred Holstein x Gir crossbred cows with mean body weight of 653 ± 47 kg were used, distributed in a 4x4 Latin square experimental design. The treatments consisted of four levels of crude protein (CP) in the concentrate (12,57; 14,63; 16,87 and 18,60% CP in the dry matter). The average amount of 5 kg cow supplement day-1 was established according to the average daily supply determined for the group of lactating cows. This proportional supply of concentrate to the fistulated animals allowed to simulate the same rumen environment of lactating cows. There was no significant difference (P>0,05) for the pH and volatile fatty acids variables among the animals receiving the diets with CP levels in the concentrate. There was an increasing linear effect (P<0,05) of CP levels in the concentrate on the concentration of ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen. The diet with 12,57% CP in the concentrate compared to the others provided the maximum degradability of the dry matter and protein of Tanzania grass. The ruminal parameters of cows maintained in tropical pasture were not affected by diets with protein levels in the concentrate, except for the ruminal N-NH3 concentration, which showed an increasing effect due to the increase of nitrogen compounds in the diet. In the second study, twelve crossbred Holstein x Gir cows were used in the initial third of lactation, with a mean body weight of 533 ± 51 kg, distributed in a triple 4x4 triple Latin experimental design, which were submitted to the same PB levels in the first concentrate study. There was no significant difference (P>0,05) between supplements and milk production and composition. There was an increasing linear effect (P<0,05) of CP levels in the concentrate on milk urea nitrogen (MUN). The metabolizable protein requirements of cows in the initial third of lactation kept in tropical pastures producing around 25 kg of day-1 are attended by the pasture and concentrating with 12,57% CP.

This study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of plant species, as well as the availability and chemical composition of the forage in an succession vaatinga area in the Hinterland of Alagoas. The study was conducted in the towns of - Piranhas, Alagoas region of high backcountry. Two collections of material, one for litter and one for herbs and subshrubs was performed. It was undertook a floristc and also an floristic and phytosociological survey of the area. To determine the spatial distribution of the average mass of the weights of each point of data collection and analysis were performed. Samples of litter and herbaceous obtained from the samples were placed in paper bags for storage and later analysis. Analysis of dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), the ethereal layer (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin were performed. Altogether 4,766 plants were divided into eight genera, 8 families and 12 species. The variability of the species in the study area is extremely low, reflecting the high degree of degradation. The distribution of species in the area showed characteristics of aggregation, where the species with the highest number of individuals appeared in certain regions. The species with the largest representation were Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb) P.Beuav . and Commelina diffusa Burm . F. With values above 1000 individuals. The species Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz (Catingueira) showed greater dominance among the trees, a fact linked to their high resistance. The spatial distribution of the chemical attributes of garbage showed similarities. For herbaceous species and sub - shrub stratum Melochia tomentosa L. influences DM and NDF was attributes, while for the CP influenced more species Crotalaria stipularia Desv.

The rapid rate of growth in animals at the beginning of life can be accompanied by several problems of metabolic, skeletal, and may even compromise the life of the animal. And in view of the scarcity of these studies in rabbit breeding, the aim of this article is to evaluate the growth curves of White New Zealand rabbits. For this, we used weekly weighing data of 274 White New Zealand rabbits, with an initial average weight of 0,052 ± 0,009 kilograms, originating from 40 matrices, reared in a cage confined in metal, receiving water and food ad libitum, with mixed diet formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals in the growth and reproduction phases. The collected data were submitted to the mathematical models of Gompertz, Logistic, Quadratic polynomial exponential and Logarithmic quadratic to estimate asymptotic weight and maturation rate. The parameters of the models were estimated by the Gauss-Newton method using the NLIN procedure of SAS. The criteria used to select the model for the growth curve were mean square of the residual, determination coefficient, mean absolute deviation of the residues, and residual distribution graphics. After choosing the best model, the absolute growth rate was calculated using the Gompertz equation. The results showed that the Gompertz model was the most adequate to describe the growth curves taking into account all parameters evaluated in this study and that the logistic model was the most efficient to estimate the deposition curves in rabbits. The Gompertz model presents a higher adjustment quality to the growth curves, estimating the inflection point at 49 days of age with daily gain of 26 grams.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the substitution of soybean oil (OLS) or isolated soy protein (PIS), as energy sources of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in low energy (E) diets, respectively: protein (P) (108 kcal E: 1% P or 2950 kcal EMAn: 27.3% PB), control (128 kcal E: 1% P or 2950 kcal EMAn: 23% PB) or high E: P (128 kcal E: 1% P or 2950 kcal EMAn: 23.0% CP) in the diet of European quails from 10 to 35 days of age. age in room temperature thermoneutral (26 ° C) or hot (35 ° C). A total of 588 quails were used, half in thermoneutral environment, and half in warm environment, distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (3 x 2 +1) x 2 [(3 energy sources x 2 E: P + 1 ratio diet control) x two temperatures], resulting in fourteen treatments with seven replicates of six birds. The energy of the starch (12.46% in the diet) was replaced by the energy of the OLS (5.00% in the diet) or the energy of the PIS (12.04% in the diet) within each diet of low E: P ratio or high. For the analysis of the histology of the small intestine mucosa, four birds per treatment were used, and samples of approximately 1 cm of the middle portion of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of each bird were collected, the variables analyzed were villi height, depth of crypt, relationship villus: crypt and absorption area. Data were analyzed by Duncan's test (P≤0.05). The addition of starch and OLS in the diet improved (P≤0.05) feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion compared to the addition of PIS, respectively. The low E: P ratio positively influenced weight gain and feed conversion, when compared to the high E: P ratio (P≤0.05). Quails housed at moderate temperature had better feed intake and weight gain, but feed conversion was worse compared to quails housed at elevated temperature (P≤0.05). There were interactions (P≤0.05) between the energy source and the E: P ratio. The high E: P ratio decreased feed intake and weight gain when the diet contained PIS (P≤0.05). The low E: P ratio reduced feed intake, but improved weight gain and feed conversion when OLS replaced starch in the diet (P≤0.05). The replacement of starch by PIS increased feed intake and improved feed conversion (P≤0.05). The replacement of starch by OLS or PIS did not improve the performance of quails housed at hot temperature. Quails fed diets with low E: P ratio (108: 1 - 27.3% CP and 2,950 EMAn) with corn starch or OLS have better weight gain and feed conversion than quails fed with isolated soy protein as a source of energy. The control diet positively influenced the feed conversion when compared to the high E: P diets containing starch, OLS and PIS. Soya protein isolates as a source of energy and temperature of 35 ° C have a negative impact on the performance of quails. The replacement of starch by soybean oil attenuates the negative effect of high temperature on quail weight gain. The ratio of 128/1% or 23% of protein increases the area of absorption of the duodenum region in thermal comfort and the jejunum and ileum segments in thermal stress.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing the initial diet of broiler hatchlings with non- antibiotic additives on Salmonella cecal counts, intestinal morphology and performance after challenge with Salmonella Enteritidis. It was used a fermented compound kind prebiotic (Original XPC, Diamond V) and a phytobiotic based on sanguinarine (Sangrovit, Phytobiotics). A completely randomized experimental design was used according to a 2 x 3 factorial and the following treatments: non-challenged and Salmonella-challenged control x control diet (DCO), diet containing fermented compound type prebiotic (CFP) and diet containing sanguinarine (SAN). The experimental design included 6 treatments, with 22 chicks each. The animals of challenged groups received 0.5 mL of nutrient broth containing Salmonella EnteritidisNal + (SE, 8.3 x 107 CFU/mL) at hatching, while the others received only 0.5 mL of nutrient broth. Supplementation with FCP in the diet reduced (p < 0.05) SE counts in cecal content at 3th day post-inoculation, however, the same effect was not observed at 7th day. Both FCP and SAN reduced the negative effects associated with Salmonella Enteritidis infection on intestinal morphology, especially in birds fed with FCP, demonstrating greater villi height and area, and reduced thickness lamina propria, feature associated with the intestinal inflammation. On the other hand, supplementation with SAN improved animal performance, compared to the other treatments up to 14 days of age. These results demonstrated there is beneficial effects of the investigated products in chicks post-hatching inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis. The observed beneficial effects differed among the products regarding the observed response. Thus, the physiological mechanisms investigation triggered by composed studies can assist in the strategies development (including using both) focused on reduction of pathogens of interest in public health, in parallel with the improvement of performance, making them alternatives to the use of antimicrobial drugs.

Objective was to estimate the latent heat transfer and check the time of sun exposure and a preference in orientation of the body relative to the direction of the sun Holstein x Gir dairy cows in confinement regime to heaven open in the brazilian semiarid region. Data were collected in two groups of cows, each consisting of 13 animals each, the first output level cows between 18 and 26 kg milk day-1 (average of 20 kg/day-1) and the other cows that produce between 10 and 16 kg milk/day-1 (average of 14 kg/day-1). Of this total, eight cows had predominantly white coloring hair coat and 18 black. To characterize the environment, were recorded daily environmental variables air temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature and wind speed, which were used to calculate the Temparatura Index of Black Globe and Humidity (BGT) and the Average Radiant Temperature (MRT). In animals, the variables respiratory rate and temperature of the hair coat were measured. In addition to observing the behaviors of location (shade and sun) and orientation of the animal in relation to the sun's path. According to the results, it is concluded that the prediction models based on respiratory rate and temperature fur can be used to estimate the loss of latent heat in dairy cows Holstein x Gir, kept in open conditions. The heat dissipation through the respiratory tract and skin surface corresponds, on average, to 12.1% (26.31 Wm-2) and 87.9% (190.70 Wm-2), respectively, created dairy cows at coordinates 07° 22 '45.1 "S, 36° 31' 47.2" W, in average air temperature of 27.3°C. Dairy cows Holstein x Gir stay longer in shadow exposed to sunlight. Black cows longer permacem in full sunlight compared white and prefer to position with the body axis forming an azimuthal angle of 0° when the air temperature exceeds 25°C.

Aimed to through this study to evaluate the influence of the inclusion of L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid in the diet of weaned piglets subjected to different thermal environments (comfort and cold), on performance, physiological variables, organ weights and intestinal morphology. Were used 64 piglets (32 castrated males and 32 females) of Agroceres® commercial line, from 28 to 65 days of age. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement with 4 treatments, two diets (with and without inclusion of L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid) and two thermal environments (comfort and cold), being two animals per experimental unit. Were formulated two experimental diets, a control diet and the other with the inclusion of 1% L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid to meet the requirement of the animals from 28 to 49 days and from 28 to 65 days. The animals were housed in two rooms with controlled temperature to provide a situation of comfort and cold stress (5°C below the comfort temperature), according to the stage of growth of the animals. We evaluated the climatic data, performance, physiological variables, organ weights and intestinal morphology. Through the climate data, the rooms were characterized as thermal stress environment and the other as comfort. Feed intake was lower in the cold environment because the animals stay longer in contact with each other seeking warmth, while with the inclusion of L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid, he was reduced, probably the inclusion caused a reduction the acceptability of the diet. There was interaction of the inclusion of L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid with the thermal environment for the weight gain and feed conversion during 28-49 days and during 28-65 days, and these improved with the inclusion of glutamine source in cold stress conditions, since glutamine is an important energy source for the high turnover of cells. Physiological variables were not affected to interaction, and the respiratory rate and the surface temperature (back, leg, shoulder and belly) were lower in cold environment compared to comfort, because of the thermal exchanges due to the temperature gradient between the animal and environment. There was also no interaction on organ weights; the cold environment promoted increased weight of the heart, liver, lung, kidney and spleen, due to the cold, increases your general metabolism afentando the most active organs, while glutamine generated an increase in the weight of kidneys and spleen, the latter is closely xiii associated with the immune system. There was interaction of the inclusion of glutamine and glutamic acid with the thermal environment for villus height, crypt depth and ratio villus/ crypt, supplementation of glutamine and glutamic acid increased in both environments, since glutamine is the energy source principal of enterocyte. Recommended the use of 1% L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid in the diet of weaned piglets when these may be exposed to environments that provide them with cold stress conditions due to promote improved performance and in the development of duodenal mucosa of animals.

To evaluate the supplementation of xylanase enzyme in diets containing different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) for broilers 1-44 days on the performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology, bone characteristics and economic viability. Used 2,000 Coob500 broilers distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2x5 factorial arrangement (whether or not the xylanase enzyme and five levels of EM), divided into ten treatments with eight replicates of twenty-five broilers per each. We conducted analysis of variance and means separated by the Tukey test at 5% probability. To determine the levels of ME used regression analysis. As there was an increase in the levels of ME in all diets feed intake (FI) decreases linearly, weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (FC) were improved, positive behavior was also observed in bone strength, ash content of tibia, height villo, crypt depth and villus:crypt. The xylanase provided improvements in WG and animal FC at all stages, increased animal carcass yield and also increased the villus:crypt. The enzyme provided less deposition of minerals in the tibias in broilers. There was interaction between diet ME levels with the addition of the enzyme on the WG and FC in animal 1 to 35 days, intestinal morphology and bone characteristics being that the action of the enzyme minimized when there was an increase of ME with oil addition soybeans. It is recommended use of xylanase in diets composed by corn and soybeans and levels of 3,075, 3,200 and 3,225 kcal / kg of ME for broilers in the initial phase, growing and finishing, respectively.

The objective was to evaluate the effects of the supplementation with “on top” chelated Fe in pregnant and lactating swine matrices under the reproductive parameters; concentration of the mineral at the colostrum and milk and it’s implication about the performance and concentration of Fe at the blood of the piglets receiving two kinds of Fe supplementation (intramuscular and oral). 50 hybrid females pregnant of the same breeding at the third reproductive cycle were utilized and separated in two different treatments: feeding with no chelated Fe (n=20) and feeding with chelated Fe (n=30). According to the treatment of the matrices after their births, there was realized the distribution of the 672 generated piglets in five different treatments; females without supplementation and piglets treated with intramuscular dextran iron; females without supplementation and piglets treated with oral administrated iron; females with supplementation and piglets treated with intramuscular dextran iron; females with supplementation and piglets treated with oral administrated iron; females with supplementation and piglets without iron supplementation. Influence of the supplementation of chelated iron about the reproductive parameters in swine matrices was not observed. Although any statistic difference between the weight of the piglets and the litters of supplemented or not supplemented matrices was not observed, the supplementation with intramuscular dextran iron resulted in heavier piglets at weaning, independently of the supplementation with organic iron in the matrices feeding when compared to piglets that were not supplemented with any kind of iron. The concentration of iron at the colostrum and milk of the matrices treated or not with chelated iron was not affect by the treatments, but a bigger concentration of iron at the colostrum comparing to the milk concentration was observed. So we can affirm that the supplementation of “on top” iron at it’s chelated form does not upgrade the reproductive parameters of swine matrices and the supplementation of the piglets after the birth is necessary.

This study evaluated the morphometry, morphology, intestinal villus density and the presence of glucose transporters in the small intestine of Japanese quails from hatch to 49 days of age. A hundred and sixty Japanese quails were distributed into 8 cages (20 birds/cage) and were fed corn-soybean meal diet. The birds were weighed at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days of age and 6 birds were randomly chosen for sampling. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum samples were taken and processed for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Villus height, crypt depth, goblet cell counts and density of intestinal villi were assessed. Body weight increased linearly. There was a quadratic effect on villus height and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and ileum according to age. Goblet cell counts increased with age in the ileum. The development of the intestinal mucosa was different between segments and ages, with different intensities. The mucosa developed until 41, 40, and 45 days in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively. This is the first report on the mRNA expression of glucose transporters (SGLT1 and GLUT2) in the jejunum of Japanese quails. SGLT1 and GLUT2 mRNA expression was affected by age.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing corn with sorghum grain with high tannin on the intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters (pH, N-NH3 and VFA) degradability of the dry matter of sorghum grain with high tannin and counting of ciliated protozoa in the rumen cannulated cattle. We used four adult cattle castrated male crossbred Holstein x Zebu with a live weight of 518.8 ± 30.6 kg, distributed in a Latin square design (DQL) following 4x4 model. The treatments consisted in the replacement of corn by sorghum grain with high tannin in increasing levels of 0, 33, 67 and 100% of dry matter (% MS) and as a source of roughage, silage of elephant grass. All analyzes were performed using the statistical package (SAS Institute Inc. 2009, Cary, NC). There was no significant effect on DM intake and nutrient (P> 0.05) on the basis of corn replacement levels for sorghum. There was a decreasing linear effect (P <0.05) on the digestibility of CP and only NDFap the measure that increased the proportion of sorghum in dietas. As measurements of ruminal parameters were performed before, 2, 4 and 6 hours after suplementação.O rumen pH ranged between 6.1 and 6.7 during the collection times, with no significant difference between treatments (P = 0.57) or for treatment x time interaction (P = 0.24) But the collection schedule showed a quadratic effect (P <0.05), reaching the lowest values four hours after delivery of the feed. The N-NH 3 values ranged between 3.18 and 20.97 mg / dL during the collection times, no significant differences between treatments (P = 0.35), or interaction treatment x time (P = 0, 66), however, showed a quadratic effect in relation to collection time (P <0.05), with peak production two hours after delivery of the feed. The concentrations of AGVs (acetic, propionic and butyric) and the acetate / propionate ratio did not differ between treatments (P> 0.05), nor was no interaction between treatment x time (P> 0.05) for these variables, however , acetic and propionic acid showed increasing linear effect (P <0.05) for the collection times to replace corn by sorghum. The ciliate protozoa count decreased linearly (P <0.05) when raising the level of sorghum in the diets. The ground corn can be replaced by grain sorghum with high tannin diets to adult cattle.

Two experiments were carried at the Experimental Station Pendência, in municipality of Soledade-PB; in order to evaluate the effects of cutting intensity and fertilization on the agronomic characteristics of the morphogenetic and buffel grass. Experimental design completely randomized blocks in a split plot was used, and the plots were levels goat manure and sub-plots were two stubble heights, with four replications. Measurements were repeated in time for evaluation of cut time. In the first experiment the objective was to evaluate the green matter production (GMP) and dry matter production (DMP) in kg / ha, and the accumulation of components of leaf, stem and dead material. In the production of green matter of buffel grass, had no effect (P <0.05) at the cut time and fertilization, as well as an interaction effect between cutting intensity and fertilization. There was no effect (P> 0.05) in cutting intensity for this variable. With respect to dry matter production of buffel grass, there was also an effect of cutting intensity, fertilizer and cut time, and there were differences between heights only when the grass to received 10 and 20 ton/ ha doses organic fertilizer. Significant effect (P <0.05) doses of manure and the interaction between these two factors in the accumulation of leaf and stem, no differences (P> 0.05) between the two heights.The total accumulation of leaf and stem were increased only by a quadratic and linear (P <0.05), respectively for fertilization when the grass was harvested at the height of 10 cm, with no adjustment of regression models when it was harvested 20 cm. There was an effect (P <0.05) in the liquid accumulation, fertilization and cut time, and the interaction between these two factors, with no effect (P> 0.05) the cutting intensity. We observed a linear increase (P <0.05) accumulation of liquid to a height of 10 cm as the addition of doses of fertilizer. The dead material accumulation by cycles is observed that in the second cycle was higher compared to other production cycle, differing slightly from the first cycle. The organic fertilization increases the biomass production of buffel grass when the stubble height is 10cm. But cold temperatures influence the productivity of buffel grass, causing stoppage of growth and thinning of the leaf.The second experiment aimed to evaluate the morphogenesis and structural buffel grass in terms of stubble height, organic fertilizer dose and cycle.There was no interaction (P> 0.05) between sources of variation for the leaf elongation rate, leaf senescence rate, leaf appearance rate, leaf life span, phyllochron, final leaf length and number of dead leaves of buffel grass. There was an interaction between level of goat manure and stubble height (P xiv <0.05) for the final height of tiller, number of live leaves and stem elongation rate. Effect of fertilizer only was observed (P <0.05) for leaf elongation rate. Cutting intensity significant effect (P <0.05) for leaf life span and final leaf length. Cycle significant effect (P <0.05) for leaf elongation rate, leaf senescence rate, leaf life span and phyllochron. The highest leaf elongation rate was observed in the second cycle. Goat manure fertilization leaves and stems elongation of buffel grass. Fertilization increases final height of tillers and reduced number of live leaves, when associated with cutting intensity of 10 cm.

The objective of the research was to evaluate the growth, productivity and silage sorghum forage BRS Ponta Negra according to organic or mineral fertilizers. The research was conducted in Fanzenda Mata Limpa, Areia-PB. The 166 days trial period after planting on 06 of Junho, 2013. To evaluate the characteristics mofometricas, morphological and morphogenesis, the desing experimental blocks were randomized, on scheme factorial 3x4, three fertilization sources (two organic and mineral), with four replicates: unfertilized, urea ( 50,100,150 kg N/ha), chiken litter (5,10 and 15 Mg/ha) and cattle manure (5,10 and 15 Mg/ha). For evaluations of silage characteristics, the design was completely randomized, with the above-described treatments and three replicates per treatment. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression to evaluate the effect of levels of organic and mineral fertilizers. The characteristics evaluated were: plant height (AP), stem diameter (DC), number of plants per hectare (NP), number of leaves (NF), average leaf length (CMF), number of lodged plants (NplaAca), production of green matter (PMV) and dry matter production (PMS), and leaf appearance rate (TApF), rate leaf elongation (TAlF) and stem elongation rate (TAlC). According to the results, there was no effect (P> 0.05) the sources of fertilizer for variables mofometricas, NplaAca and NPLA. The effect of nitrogen source for AP and DC was more pronounced with poultry litter, with values of 233.5 and 297.2 cm for the level 0 and 15 Mg ha-1. For TAlC, there was no effect (P> 0.05). The PMV showed response linear increase in effect (P<0,05) in fertilization organic with variations of 39.089,4 t.ha-1 to 55.831,7 t.ha-1. The PMS got higher production from fertilization poultry litter ranging 9.098,5 to 13.700,2 Mg.ha-1. For the levels of MS was no effect significant (P<0,05) in fertilization with increasing linear fit for fertilization with manure ranging from 21,55 to 23,08% in applications from 0 to 15 Mg.ha-1.Was no effect significant (P<0,05) in fertilization for carbohydrates. The organic fertilization, especially with poultry litter, results in higher productivity when compared to mineral fertilizer, without interfering in the fermentation process and chemical composition of forage sorghum, the conditions in which it was conducted at research presents.

The objective of this study was to estimate body composition and nutritional requirements of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn), of Santa Inês sheep and Morada Nova. A total of 48 lambs uncastrated, 24 Santa Inês 24 of Morada Nova, with initial body weight of 21.7 ± 1,2 kg e 20,8 ± 0,8 kg, with 170 and 190 days, respectively, of which 12 were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to determine initial body composition. The 36 animals were divided into six groups of six animals, separated by slaughter weights (25, 28 and 31 kg) and genotypes (Santa Inês and Morada Nova). To determine the requirements, we used the comparative slaughter method. The body composition in minerals Santa Inês sheep ranged from 14.88 to 6.48 g of Ca, from 7.74 to 6.68 g of P, 1.92 to 1.77 g K, 1.74 to 1, 61 g of Na 0.82 to 0.59 g Mg 59.48 to 54.48 mg Fe, 36.10 to 18.84 mg of Zn and from 10.60 to 4.07 mg Cu per kg empty body (EBW) and was statistically different (p <0.05) the other race. Regarding the Morada Nova sheep mineral composition ranged from 12.76 to 9.21 g of Ca, 8.14 to 6.0 g of P, 1.78 to 1.68 g K, 1.47 to 1 , 32 g of In, 0.66 to 0.52 g Mg 73.41 to 42.38 mg Fe, 31.41 to 21.45 mg of Zn and 9.80 to 4.20 mg Cu per kg empty body (EBW). To compare the regression equations of the PCV, macro and micro minerals between the two genotypes, we used the test of parallelism to 5% probability, being significant for the prediction equations of the PCV, as well as, of all minerals. For Santa Inês sheep, the net requirements of gain ranged from 1.75 to 1.03 g Ca, 1.01 to 0.61 g of P, 0.38 to 0.21 g K, 0.38 to Na 0.16; 0.10 to 0.06 Mg 28.50 to 16.00 mg Fe, 6.14 to 3.22 mg Cu and Zn 22.99 to 14.00 mg / kg PCV gain. Regarding Morada Nova requirements ranged from 1.96 to 0.84 g Ca, 1.15 to 0.46 P, 0.39 to 0.19 K, 0.28 to 0.13 Na , 0.10 to 0.05 Mg 26.21 to 12.87 mg of Fe, 5.59 to 2.46 Cu and Zn 23.59 to 10.32 mg / kg gain PCV.

This dissertation examines multilevel decisions in the analysis of the interpretive scenarios about abortion in case of pregnant women with Zika virus in Direct Action ofUnconstitutionality cumulated with Action of Noncompliance with Fundamental Precept - ADI/ADPF nº 5581. These scenarios are object of ADI/ADPF nº 5581, action based on the argument of necessity and urgency derived from Zika virus epidemy and consequent cases of microcephaly. Among the requests addressed by its initial, it is questioned, in case of a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality, the interpretation according to the Constitution of art. 18 of Federal Law no. 13.301 / 2016 and the declaration of nullity with reduction of the text of art. 18, § 2, of mentioned law. In the context of the Arrangement of NonCompliance with Fundamental Precept, right access must be given to health for the early stimulation of children with microcephaly and other sequels in the central nervous system caused by the Zika virus congenital syndrome and the legalization of abortion for pregnant women who have contracted such a virus. This action is pending before the Federal Supreme Court and, in the analysis of its interpretative scenarios, international and domestic jurisprudence on abortion will be used in the light of Peter Häberle's perspective of comparative law as an interpretation method, in an interconstitutional and multilevel way. Combining this analysis with the understanding of Amartya Sen, contextualizing instrumental liberties with the need for female empowerment within the framework of human development. The dissertation faces the issue that penal law referring to abortion in Brazil lacks real modifications, aiming a plurality of interpretive openness applied to the jurisprudence of the country. It emphasizes that criminal law concerning abortion in Brazil lacks real modifications to achieve social efficacy, but the decriminalization of abortion of pregnant women with Zika virus seems unlikely, in the short term, as shown by the Federal Supreme Court - STF and considerations of its Ministers in previous decisions. The STF is currently attentive to judgments related to corruption in our country, and the last move in ADI / ADPF nº 5581 is dated July 19th, 2017, and this action is concluded for the rapporteur until then, a situation that entails costs to society, such as the lack of necessary public health care, the consequences of state inertia and procedural slowness in resolving this emergency conflict.

Due of the high and steady industrial activity, every day thousands of tons of waste are generated, many of these aren’t used, and discarded directly into the environment, without any prior treatment, which may cause serious environmental impacts. Knowing that, this research aimed to evaluate the effects of the components of the culture medium on the biomass and lipids produced using cassava wastewater and the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCT 7668. Was verified the influence of medium components and of the concentration of cassava on the production of biomass and lipids. R. mucilaginosa cells were cultured in YMA medium and inoculated in Erlenmeyer flasks with 20% cassava wastewater supplemented with glucose, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate and yeast extract. In the second culture, was used 50, 75 and 100% of cassava wastewater with fixed concentration 3 g.L-1 yeast extract. The cultivation was carried in a rotary incubator subjected to a temperature of 30 °C, under constant agitation at 200 rpm for 120 hours. During predefined time intervals, aliquots were removed of the medium for biomass and lipids measurement. The cassava wastewater showed 92.38% of humidity, 30.2 g.L-1 of reducing sugars, 51 g L-1 of total sugars, 1.17% of protein and 0.53% of ash, titratable acidity 3.20 ( NaOH.100 meq ml-1), total soluble solids of 7,0 ºBrix and pH equivalent to 5.26. In the cultivation using a medium containing 20 % de cassava wastewater, the maximum biomass was equivalent to 7.49 g.L-1, 96 h after the inoculum, and the same time interval were produced 2,25 g.L-1 de lipids, equivalent 30% of the lipids in dry biomass. Were produced 4,10, 6,95, 5,77 g.L-1 of biomass and 13,33, 7,71 and 8,47% of lipids in the cultivations with 50, 75 and 100% of cassava wastewater, respectively. The culture with syntethic medium produced 9,39 g.L-1 of biomass and 41,92 % of lipids. The experiment with 100% manipueira showed the best yield coefficient conversion of total reducing sugars in biomass (0.5188 gg-1) and the culture with 50%, the best performance in the production of lipids (0.0049 gg-1). Cassava wastewater was observed as a potential substrate for the production of lipids by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and can be used in a fermentation processes, adding value to the waste and minimizing possible environmental impacts by improper discard.

Ready-to-eat foods has been increasingly appreciated by consumers due to the current demand of a population that have less time to prepare food. However, during the processing steps of ready-to-eat foods, grinding, molding, pre-cooking, packaging, storage and reheating before consumption may accelerate the oxidative deterioration of the product. Aiming to minimize the negative effects of lipid and protein oxidation on meat products quality, meat industry has used different strategies such as antioxidants and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). In this sense, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of different cooking methods (boiling, roasting and grilling), packaging types (synthetic air and MAP), natural antioxidant and microwave reheating on the physicochemical deterioration, nutritional value, sensory acceptance, in vitro digestibility and on lipid and protein oxidation of ready-to-eat chicken patties stored at 4ºC during 14 days. Regarding to ready-to-eat chicken patties characterization, chemical composition (moisture, protein, lipid), fatty acids, instrumental color (L*, a* and b*), hardness and cooking loss were performed. The impact of the factors on the development of lipid oxidation in ready-to-eat patties was measured by TBARS assessment. Carbonyl compounds, tryptophan fluorescence, Schiff Bases, free thiols, disuphide bonds and in vitro digestibility were assessed to evaluate protein oxidation. Volatile compounds, Maillard products, in vitro digestibility and sensory acceptance (color and odor) were also determined. The cooking methods influenced chemical composition, odor deterioration and the evolution of lipid oxidation in ready-to-eat chicken patties. Boiled samples presented high protein oxidation compared to other ones. However, during the storage, noticeable changes occurred in roasted and grilled samples. Protein oxidation in ready-to-eat chicken patties seems to be related to changes in texture and in vitro digestibility. The microwave reheating had minor influence on oxidative deterioration of ready-to-eat samples compared to storage time. The addition of oak nut extract was effective on the onset of lipid and protein oxidation, preserving the quality of ready-to-eat chicken patties after microwave reheating. In our experiment, the use of plant extract with antioxidant potential in ready-to-eat chicken patties processing was more efficient than low oxygen packaging to control of lipid and protein oxidation. In conclusion, it was possible observe that the application of different cooking methods, the use of MAP and addition of oak nut extract in ready-to-eat chicken patties have effect on its stability in terms of oxidative deterioration and sensory acceptation.

The use of goat milk in dairy products formulation is being performed instead of cow milk, some features, including the present lower incidence of allergies. The production of fermented milk, yoghurt type, goats with the addition of probiotic cultures and fruit for saborizar the product can potentiate the beneficial health effects, and thus, the demand for this product by the consumer. This study was developed in order to prepare and characterize the technological, physical, physico-chemical, microbiological, rheological and sensory of a fermented goat added jelly Guava and probiotic cultures. The effect of the addition of probiotic lactic acid bacteria cultures on the quality characteristics of fermented milks were evaluated at the times 1, 7, 14 and 21 days, given the following treatments: CI (conventional yoghurt - control), containing the starter culture comprising Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus; ILA containing the probiotic microorganism Lactobacillus acidophilus, co-culture with the starter; ILP, comprising the probiotic Lactobacillus casei subsp. paracasei, in addition to the starter culture; and IBB containing probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis in combination with a starter culture. All fermented milks tested showed good results as to the technological characteristics without undergoing syneresis, with good stability and high capacity of water retention. Samples slightly acidified during shelf life, perceived characteristic and well accepted in the sensory test, with notes whose hedonic terms ranged from "like slightly" and "liked". In general, it was observed that the addition of probiotic strains in the preparation of fermented milks did not influence the physical and physicochemical characteristics of the same (p> 0.05), noting only a reduction (p <0.05) the ash content in the sample IBB during refrigerated storage. The apparent viscosity of the samples remained high during the storage time, with greater influence (p <0.05) of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei subsp. paracasei. Thus, it was found that the preparation of a fermented milk with added guava jelly and probiotics is presented as a product with potential for investment in the dairy industry with functional properties, whose microbiological, technological, rheological, nutritional and sensory qualities were satisfactory.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to analyze the strategies of knowledge, power and subjectivation that constitute the biopolitical device of rejuvenation and that give it form and make it work based on the problematizations made on physical exercise. Allied to this, we try to discuss how the subjects, in their personal experience of taking care of the body, acquire speeches, take practices and reinvent rules of conduct (government) that base corporal rejuvenation as a hermeneutic and transforming way of life. It is a qualitative research that was developed from the analysis of two printed media (the magazine Boa Forma and the magazine Women's Health), analysis of discourses of science through a systematic review carried out at PUBMED, analysis of the main scientific periodical of the area and interview with women practicing physical exercise and consumers of rejuvenation technologies. Different lines were identified that constitute the biopolitical device of rejuvenation. Lines of power, knowledge, resistance, fight, visibility, discourse, and ruptures revealed that bodily rejuvenation refers to the importance of retaking an earlier physical structure or returning to a previous subjective and biological experience. The discourses also indicate that rejuvenation means not a recovery of the chronological age, but of a biological state marked by the absence of the associated aesthetic, biological and social declines, as well as of fattening, appearance of wrinkles, cellulites, sagging, white hair. It was possible to find several evidences that support the idea of physical exercise as a rejuvenation technique. Dusting lines have been identified that refer to the production of rejuvenation as a technique of the self. In this sense, body rejuvenation is associated with behavioral vigilance, happiness and the ability to make healthy choices. Therefore, having a rejuvenated body requires being happy with the body or maintaining a "high spirits" that contributes to the acquisition of a rejuvenated way of being. This means breaking with the hegemony of biological control that characterizes the stainless bodies made possible by the technological domination of life.