RCAAP Repository

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the substitution of Buffel grass hay by Opuntia stricta Haw diet affects the balance of macrominerals, kidney function and blood metabolites in sheep. For this purpose, 5 Santa Inês sheep, adult, castrated and cannulated in the rumen, weighing around 61.5 ± 9.5 kg, were distributed in a 5x5 Latin square design for 60 days, divided into 5 periods 12 days. The animals were fed five diets, being composed of the replacement of Buffel grass hay by Opuntia stricta Haw at levels 0, 121, 245, 371 and 500 g/kg of DM. The consumption of oxalate, Ca, P, Mg, K and Na increased linearly with the increase in the level of palm. There was an increase in urinary excretion of Na and K of 0.363 and 1.102 (g / day), respectively, with the increase of palm levels. Voluntary water intake decreased linearly, whereas dietary and total water intake increased linearly with palm levels. Blood levels of cholesterol, albumin and creatinine were low at all levels. The blood concentration of Ca and K did not present significant difference with mean of 2.13 mmol / l and 3.38mEq / l respectively. The blood profile of sheep was not influenced by the replacement of Buffel hay by Orelha-de-Elefante mexicana palm until the inclusion of 500 g/kg DM in the diet, the macromineral balance and renal function were altered to fit the presence of the palm.

The objective was to study the inclusion of pig blood plasma in the diet of broiler chickens from lots of arrays of different ages (36 and 56 weeks), created in recycled litter and high density housing (12 birds / m 2). 6,000 chicks from Cobb ®500 line with one day of age were used. The treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme (2x4), two ages arrays (36 and 56 weeks) and four plasma supply levels (0%, 1.0%, 0.5% and 0.25%) and were distributed in experimental units according to a completely randomized design. The stages of evaluation were: 1-7; 8-14; 15-21; 22-33 and 34-44 days. Performance reviews were measured, microbiology, histology and economic analysis. Breeder age influenced the final weight, weight gain and feed conversion up to 21 days, influenced height of villi to 44 days, crypt depth at seven, 21 and 44 days, was no effect on the weight of the eviscerated carcass, breast weight and breast yield. Inclusion of plasma in the diet influence the final weight, weight gain and feed intake up to 14 days of age no influence for all histological variables throughout the experimental period except the number of goblet cells was not influenced by the phase 21 day, had no effect on the weight of the eviscerated carcass weight and breast yield. The interaction of the matrix age and the inclusion of blood plasma in the diet, body weight and weight gain until 14 days of age, the feed intake was influenced at all stages of evaluation and have an influence on the mortality rate. The presence of Escherichia coli in cloacal swab and yet cecal and Salmonella spp was found. in the cecal contents to seven days. At 14 days was verified presence of E. coli in poultry manure and Salmonella spp. the bed and cecal contents. At 21 days, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp in swab. and all biological materials. After 44 days there were presence of Escherichia coli in swab and cecal contents and Salmonella spp. in all biological materials. Blood plasma influences the histological parameters and improves performance, should be provided to the seven days of age birds from old arrays and up to 21 days of age birds from young breeders.

The aim of this study was to determine body composition in Caninde kids, energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth. In the trial 33 Caninde male castrates were used, averaging 15.62 ± 0.87 kg of BW. A group consisted of five kids was slaughtered as baseline. The remaining kids (n=28) were allocated randomly to seven groups with four levels of feed intake. The levels were: ad libitum, 80%, 60% or 40% of the ad libitum intake. A slaughter group contained one kid from each level, and kids were slaughtered when the ad libitum level kid reached 25 kg of BW. The comparative slaughter was used to calculate the requirements. The protein body composition ranged from 177.43 to 166.98 g/EBW (empty BW); fat ranged from 127.92 to 193.46 g/EBW and energy ranged from 2.15 to 2.69 Mcal/kg of EBW. The calculated daily maintenance requirement for NE was 52.64 kcal/kg0.75 of EBW and 1,28 g/kg0.75 of EBW to protein. Net energy requirements for growth ranged from 2.96 to 4.84 Mcal/kg of EBW gain, and net protein requirements for growth ranged from 164.76 to 161.59 g/kg of EBW gain for Caninde kids at 15 and 25 kg of BW.

The physical structure of the skin surface of animals are constantly adjusting it in order to provide an optimum combination of skin and fur, which favor the acclimatization in a particular environment. The objective was to evaluate the effects of the change in seasons in low-latitude regions of the hair coat characteristics and morphology of the skin Caninde and Moxotó goats and sheep Morada Nova and Santa Ines. Harvests were made in four periods, the days corresponding to the spring equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox and the winter solstice. To characterize the hair coat were evaluated the thickness of the outer layer of the hair coat, density, length and diameter of the. To characterize morphology of the skin were measured thickness of the epidermis and dermis sampled area, the area of sweat gland and blood capillaries in the dermis. There was an interaction of factors race and time of year for the thickness of the hair coat, and the diameter of the four breeds studied. The times of the year influenced the thickness of the epidermis, not observing the same effect on the thickness of the dermis. Moxotó showed higher gland area compared to Caninde race. The sweat gland area did not differ in body regions analyzed. The area of sweat glands and capillary varied the evaluated times. The region's side showed greater area of capillary. There is seasonal variation in the morphology of the skin and hair coat structure of goats and sheep raised in low-latitude region. The intensity of the adjustments on the skin surface for different times of the year is similar between Canindé and Moxotó races. The Morada Nova breed is more sensitive to the settings of the skin surface to the variations of the seasons of the year compared to Santa Ines.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of sheep using diets containing hay buffel grass with levels of urea replacing true protein sources, from the soybean meal in the feeding of lambs in confinement. The experiment was executed at the Fazenda Experimental Pendência Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária da Paraíba S.A (EMEPA). Thirty sheep without racial pattern set were used with an average of initial live weight of 17 ± 1.5 kg, which were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, the initial body weight used as covariable, the experimental treatments consisting of five diets and six repetitions. The diets were composed by buffel grass hay and concentrated, the treatments represented by replacing the crude protein (CP) from true protein source (soybean meal) of food composed of PB from non-protein nitrogen source (urea). The diets were calculated to be isonitrogened and to supply the requirements of the animals for average daily gain of 200 g, according to the NRC (2007). The consumption of the animals were similar between animals fed with diet with 100% of PB from the soybean meal and other diets that contain urea, except the consumption of ether extract (EEC), which was higher for animals consuming 75% PB derived from urea. The hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), hot carcass yield (HCY), carcass yield (CY), initial and final pH (pHi, pHi), morphometric measurements, weight of the commercial cuts were similar in animals fed with diet 100% of PB from the soybean meal and other diets that contained urea. The non-carcass components were similar in animals fed with 100% of PB from the soybean meal and other diets that contained urea, except the weights of empty carcass, gall bladder and perirenal fat that were influenced by the levels of urea in the diet. The replacement of crude protein from soybean meal for protein of urea provides similar performance in sheep consuming buffel grass hay.

The objective of from this study to evaluate the influence of the inclusion of tannin levels on the ingestive pattern of lactating crossbred cows. We used a 5 x 5 Latin Square design, with 5 tannin levels in the diet (0, 1.3, 2.6, 3.9, and 5.2% on DM basis) and 5 cows crossbred primiparous (Holstein x Zebu) with average weight ±420kg and average production level of ±18 kg / day. The experimental stage was comprised of 100 days, which was divided into five periods of 20 days each, subdivided into three phases to collect behavioral data: 1 and 2 (Phase I); 9 and 10 (phase II); and 17 and 19 (phase III) days. The ingestive behavioral variables were measured a continuous basis during 24 hours, and expressed as states and events of food intake and water; states of rumination and idleness; and events visits to the feeder and drinker and excretion of urine and feces. From the food intake data, the time daily intake of roughage and concentrate has been calculated, the time taken to concentrate the 180 minutes of ingestion after the food distribution and the variation in time daily to the intake of concentrate. Water was provided ad libtium occurring measurement of daily consumption (L / day) during periods of behavioral evaluation. To characterize the environmental microclimate, it was evaluated at ambient temperature, maximum and minimum air, black globe (Tbg) and relative humidity (RH). According to the results, it is concluded that inclusion of 5.2% of tannin on the basis of dry matter in the diet of dairy cows can be employed without the occurrence of variations in daily food intake time, and the effects due concentrated intake with 5.2% tannin are attenuated by small peaks daily feeding times later 180 min after diet distribution, and by increasing the daily ingested amount of water the measure the amount of tannin diet increases from the level of 3.9% based on dry matter.

Anatomical characteristics knowledge, ruminal degradability and forage plants secondary metabolites help to clarify differences in digestibility, especially in species from extreme weather environments, as is the case of Caatinga plants, which may contain structures and different chemicals compounds which limit their digestibility, thus restricting their nutritional value. This study objective was to characterize the anatomical pattern, degradability and determine the secondary compounds in three maniçoba access at different sheet maturation stages (young, mature and senescent). The plant material was collected from three maniçoba access (Manihot spp.), Barra de Santa Rosa city, Boa Vista city and Monteiro city,from the Federal University of Paraiba - Campus II, Active Germplasm Bank (BAG).The data collect was conducted from May 2014 to April 2015, which were selected from each access three plants, which were harvested leaves and petioles for histo-anatomical characterization and degradability by making permanent histological slides. After preparing the same, we proceeded to the evaluation and tissue quantification. Their total area available by the tissue and the epidermis ratio (%) (EPI), sclerenchyma (ESC), xylem more associated fibers (XYL) phloem (FLO), mesophyll (MES) and, when present, chollenchyma. The degradability was given by the difference between the fabric proportion before and after 48 hours ruminal incubation. Through phytochemical screening was identified secondary metabolites present in maniçoba access. It was found that the three access leaf blades had similar proportions to the anatomical features. On petioles occurred proportion variations from access and maturation stages. The stage senescent showed higher proportions for some of their tissues both in leaf blades and petioles. Accesses 02 e 04, because they have higher xylem ratios, decreasing their digestibility. Based on the results, the physiological maturation progress of maniçoba access tissue in the leaves and petioles, provides degradability reduction. Based on the results, the physiological maturation progress of maniçoba access tissue in the leaves and petioles, provides degradability reduction. The 38 th access had a higher digestibility due to a higher mesophyll proportion. The secondary metabolites presence and concentration is variable between accessions and maturation stages.

The effects of thermal manipulation during incubation and dietary threonine levels on Label Rouge birds challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis were assessed in the present study. Two hundred and forty fertile eggs of Naked Neck birds were weighed and distributed in three artificial incubators set to 37.7 ºC and 60% of relative humidity. At the eleventh day of incubation (DE11), the temperature of the incubators were set to one of the following treatments: cold (36.7ºC), standard (37.7ºC) and high incubation temperature (38.7ºC). After hatching the birds were distributed according to a 3x2+1 factorial (three incubation temperatures, two threonine levels and sham control). Two-day old chicks were inoculated with S. Enteritidis (1.9 x 107 UFC/mL), except for the sham control birds. Eight days after inoculation, all birds were weighed and slaughtered for sampling. High incubation temperature and high threonine levels improved the response of birds to Salmonella Enteritidis, a shown by improved performance and intestinal integrity, lower colonization and number of infected birds.

Recent advances in genetic manipulation have made it possible to obtain mosquitoes that are refractory to diseases, so that the transgene that blocks the cycle of the protozoan in the mosquito propagates through its descendants. The study of transgenic mosquitoes is a promising alternative for the reduction of malaria, yet disseminating genes that control a wild mosquito population has been a challenge to this day. Experiments and technological advances with the enzyme CRISPR / Cas9 through the Mutagenic Chain Reaction (MCR) technique have brought changes to this scenario. In this context, the search for mathematical models that describe the dynamics of the interaction between populations of mosquitoes living in the same geographic area has been made possible by generating simulations and experiments, verifying the behavior of populations of wild and transgenic mosquitoes. Thus, the objective of this work is to propose a mathematical model of the θ -logistic type to describe the interaction dynamics of mosquitoes, based on the dierences between classic Mendelian genetics and the MCR technique, and considering human populations in the modeling. Thus, more precise results of the implementation of the mutant gene are sought, aiming at the best methodology to reduce malaria indices with this technique. In this model the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method will be used for the approximate numerical resolution of the dierential equations used in the adopted model. The scenarios obtained from the simulations for dierent values of θ and f illustrate the pertinence of this type of system for the proposed modeling, providing guidelines on the dierences between the Mendelian genetic model and the MCR technique.

The study of physiognomy and floristic caatinga generate diagnostics about the current state of pastures which together with other information potential, allow the drafting of strategies for conservation and sustainable use of remnant vegetation. This study aimed to understand the floristic composition and phytosociological parameters of herbaceous vegetation and undergrowth under different goat grazing pressure in the Caatinga (1) and study the chemical composition of the pool and five species of vegetation are three species of caatinga of herbaceous species and two size subshrubby during the rainy season and dry (2). The study was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Center for Agricultural Science Center - CCA, Federal University of Paraíba - UFPB in St. John Cariri-PB. Geographical coordinates 7 ° 23'30 "south latitude and 36 ° 31'59" west longitude at an altitude of 458m. The survey was conducted from January to December 2011, totaling 50 weeks of observation in three Caatinga areas, and the area I with 3.1 an / ha, the area II with 1.5 an / ha and the area III with 0 an / ha, which were plotted in each area 30 plots of 1 x 1m, totaling 30sqm. Was assessed absolute and relative density, absolute and relative frequency, and similarity, floristic diversity and aggregation of species. In each plot after germination and seedling emergence of three samples of each species were collected and taken to the herbarium Jayme Coelho de Moraes CCA for identification through expert consultations and comparative morphology, using specialized bibliography and analysis of herbarium specimens deposited in the herbarium. The survey density was based on the quantification of the number of individuals of each species. The herbaceous vegetation and undergrowth in the sampled areas was represented by 71 species belonging to 49 genera and 22 families. The herbaceous flora was represented by 43 species and 28 species of flora undergrowth. With respect to the Area III phytosociological parameters as well as areas I and II showed density values relative to higher frequency forAristida adscensionis, then Diodia teres, Cyperus uncinulatus and Evolvulus cressoides in different periods. The analysis of aggregation (IGA) presented the assessment year different behaviors of the spatial distribution of species in the three forest types studied. The Area III had higher floristic diversity than Areas I and II. The most representative families in the areas of caatinga Cariri Paraibano were Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, xv Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae and Poaceae. The vegetation types in greater conservation stage shows greater floristic diversity. For chemical analyzes were collected composite samples of five leaves and herbaceous subshrubs and another pool of species present in the three study areas which were identified and selected. The average levels of MS plants ranged from 295,55 to 504,47 g/kg for Pool and Sida galheirensis respectively. To the ether extract (EE), the mean values ranged from 20,78 g/kg DM to 53,73 g/kg DM for Aristida adscensionis and Stylosanthes scabra, respectively, significant difference between species. For crude protein (CP) significant difference between the species, with a higher value of CP for Stylosanthes scabra (167,06 g/kg DM) and lowest for Aristida adscensionis (55,35 g/kg DM). DIMS values ranged from 354,78 g/kg DM (Sida galheirensis) to 535,78 g/kg DM (Diodia teres). The NDF value observed for the species Aristida adscensionis (772,54 g/kg DM) was higher when compared with the others. The ADF ranged from 247,25 to 493,25 g / kg DM for the species Sida galheirensis and Diodia teres, respectively. Among the different species and locations, they showed chemical composition varied, with significant effect (P <0,05) for the chemical composition of species within each sampled area. The period of the year influenced the chemical composition of the pool and grass Aristida adscensionis verifying reduce the variables CP, IVDDM and increase in the percentage of MS in the dry season for both the pool and for the grass. The chemical composition of the species indicates that herbaceous and subshrub layer can constitute a good food source for small ruminants that grazed caatinga.

This work belongs to the field of educational research known as Learning Analytics and aims to provide a system that presents students in dropout risk of courses in the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) Moodle. The system uses social, cognitive, and behavioral indicators, created on the basis of VLE data and displays them through a data visualization tool. VLEs generate reports and logs on student activities, however they are often difficult to understand for tutors, teachers and educational managers. Thus, they do not allow the identification of dropout problems in a more objective way. Therefore, it is believed that the use of a solution that collects data of indicators related to the accesses, interactions and grades of the students in a VLE and presents them through infographics, can help teachers, tutors and managers to identify students who may be in the process of leaving a distance course. A report plugin for Moodle VLE was designed and implemented, containing filteringfeatures,sendingnotificationsandinteractivegraphicsgeneratedbytheGoogleCharts tool. The focus group method was used to evaluate the plugin with teachers, tutors and managers of one higher education online course, followed by a qualitative analysis of the data collected. Itwasconcludedthatthepluginenhancestheteachers’awarenessofthestudents dropoutrisk,makingiteasierandmoreobjectivewhileallowingthegraphicalvisualization of students’ strategic cognitive, social and behavioral data. It was considered that the development of Learning Analytics tools needs to prioritize strategic data of students, such as access data, interactions and their grades in disciplines, since these can help professionals in the identification of the risk of students dropout.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) different concentrations on the electrical conductivity, growth and fermentation of cellulolytic, glycolytic and amylolytic bacterias, resulting from cattle and goats. Were used cattle and goats rumen liquid, from rumen cannulated animals to obtain the inoculum. Was evaluated six levels of NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 (0 mg/dL, 100 mg/dL, 200 mg/dL, 400 mg/dL, 800 mg/dL and 1600 mg/dL) and three substrates (starch, cellulose and glucose) in a completely randomized delineation in a factorial 6 x 3 to microbial growth parameters determination. In the cattle experiments, was obtained a CaCl2 quadratic effect levels on microbial protein concentration in the starch medium, and an MgCl2 quadratic effect in the cellulose medium. Occurred a quadratic levels effect of NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 on the microbial protein concentration in glucose medium. While acetate concentrations decreased linearly with the increase of NaCl in starch, cellulose and glucose containing medium. Was obtained a quadratic effect to starch and cellulose medium, above the propionate concentrations in NaCl levels. However in goat experiments the microbial protein concentrations increased linearly with NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 increasing levels, in starch medium. Occurred a quadratic effect of CaCl2 concentration on the microbial protein in cellulose medium . However, at CaCl2 levels on N-NH3 concentration existed a linear increasing effect for starch. Regarding MgCl2, happened a linear effect on the NH3 concentration in cellulose medium. Was observed a quadratic effect levels of NaCl in starch containing medium on the acetate concentration. There was a decreasing linear effect of CaCl2 levels in cellulose containing medium on the acetate concentration. Was obtained a NaCl and MgCl2 linear effect levels in starch containing medium on propionate concentration. Was obtained a NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 linear decrease levels in starch containing medium on the butyrate concentration and was MgCl2 declining linear effect on glucose containing medium. Concluding that the bovine bacteria in NaCl presence above of 400 mg/dL reduced the cellulose fermenting bacteria efficiency. While glucose fermenting bacteria are tolerant to NaCl concentrations supporting levels of up to 800 mg/dL and the amylolytic bacteria tolerate levels up to 1600 mg/dL. However, the MgCl2 salt at levels of 1600 mg/dL does not affect the efficiency of starch and glucose fermenting bacteria, on the other hand, the cellulose fermentative bacteria have shown to be less tolerant to levels above 400 mg/dL. xiv However, the CaCl2 at the level of 1600 mg/dL does not affect the efficiency of starch, cellulose and glucose microbial fermenting bacteria. However, the goats bacteria in the constitution of NaCl salt to 1600 mg/dL does not affect the efficiency of starch, cellulose and glucose microbial fermenting bacteria. At the same way MgCl2 did not affected the cellulose and glucose fermenting microbial efficiency at the level up to 1600 mg/dL. However, the microbial efficiency of starch fermenting bacteria is inhibited at levels above 800 mg /dL. The CaCl2 up to 1600 mg /dL does not affect the microbial efficiency of starch, cellulose and glucose fermenting bacteria.

The objective of this work to evaluate the influence of depigmentation of hulls Morada Nova sheep, through the physical and mechanical properties and the chemical composition. 40 animals were evaluated in the growing phase, whole, male, was collected after slaughter hooves for testing physical and mechanical resistance. Was collected every hoof of the animal at the time of the ticket, with the aid of a knife made to disarticulation. Was collected 18 samples, 6 for each group, hoof black, brindle and white, respectively. The samples were prepared from each animal digit side, cuts being made of the sole case of the insertion of the middle phalanx and the distal phalanx with. The preparation of the material for microscopic analysis followed the longitudinal wall of the hull, the kit being harvested corneum. After cutting the material, it remained in the oven for 24 hours to remove all moisture. Then the samples are placed in "stubs", fixed with carbon tape and taking them to bath with gold (colloidal) and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Of the 40 evaluated animals before slaughter, 17 had partial or complete depigmentation of the nasal and ocular mucosa, representing (42.5%). There were significant differences between treatments analyzed, and that the treatment the hulls of black showed higher initial resistance when compared with the hooves color brindle and white, for the variable force (N). Despite the treatment related to black hulls show a greater initial resistance observed displacement (mm) similar among treatments. There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the variables of chemical composition, except for crude protein, which showed a significant difference (P <.05). Noting the willingness of epidermal laminae, had realized that the same micro-structure on its surface keratinized internal and external, which was not evident in disqualification hull structure when these animals is associated with depigmentation. Morada Nova sheep hooves with different amounts of pigment, do not differ in their physico - mechanical and chemical.

Soil quality should not be limited to the productivity of the same, but should also involve environmental quality, human and animal health in association with food quality. The soil fauna has been the subject of studies that seek to understand the effects of human actions on the environment and used as bio-indicators of the current condition that certain environment. The objective of the research was to analyze the temporal dynamics of edaphic macrofauna and mesofauna in Caatinga areas under goat grazing with different stocking rates. The experiment was conducted in a Caatinga area of 9,6 ha divided into three subarea of 3,2 ha there with different stocking rates (A1 = 10 goats, A2 = 5 goats and A3 = no goats), in the Estação Experimental de São João do Cariri- PB, belonging to the Federal University of Paraiba, Agricultural Science Center. Provid traps were used to capture the macrofauna; metal rings for soil + litter collect and extractor Berlese Tullgren for mesofauna extraction. Among the macrofauna, ants were the most abundant individuals in the three environments and the mites for mesofauna. There was no difference in orders wealth between areas. However, the higher Shannon and Pielou index were found in Area 3 and the highest Simpson index, registered in Area 1. Nighttime proposed higher diversity and Equitability while the daytime, higher dominance. Spiders, centipedes and scorpions occurred in greater proportion in the A3 environment then by A2 and A1. The dynamics of mites and springtails was more balanced in Area 3, then Area 2 and Area 1. The heterogeneity of each environment and rainfall reflected in the high variation in the data. In general, the soil fauna tends to emerge after rain events and how mouch best distributed these events, there is a predisposition to a larger in the dynamics balance of soil fauna.

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The Cancer to basocelular is most common enters all the types of cancer; appearing in the layer deepest of the epidermis, generally it is not mortal and rare it provokes metástase. However if treated adequately they cannot cause damages in great portions of fabric adjacent, with consequent disfigurament of the patients. Its cause if of mainly for intense or accumulated solar exposition throughout the life; but also it can occur for contact with chemical products, exposition to the radiation, chronic illnesses of skin, among others factors, being very difficult to point an only cause. Some ways of signalling are related with the CBC development; the way Hedgehog, very active in the embryonic phase, possesss little function in the adult phase and when if it finds super express possesss carcinogênica activity. This abnormal activity has been related with CBCs, with mutations that activate protoncogene SMO. The present study it carried through the genotyping of SNPs RS769334511 (A>C), RS749414966 (T>C) in gene SMO, 100 fabric samples paraffined of patients diagnosised with carcinoma to basocelular. The results had been gotten by means of the method of genotipagem Didesoxi Only Specific Alelo PCR- DSASP. The SNPs rs769334511 and rs749414966 of gene SMO had statistical presented significant association to the susceptibilidade and the risk to develop CBC. SNPs RS769334511 and RS749414966 SMO associates to the susceptibilidade to the development of the CBC in the analyzed samples are potential molecular markers.

The antropic actions related to the intense natural resources exploration and the populational increase has contributed to an environmental crisis, resulting in imbalances and contamination in aquatic and soil ecosystems. This research aimed to analyze the knowledge and practices of farmers regarding water resources and sustainable land use. In addition, to evaluate the possible ecotoxicological effects of Piancó river (Paraiba) water and metals (Ni, Pb) in the germination development of three cultivars: Citrulus lanatus (watermelon), Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bean), Zea mays L. (corn) as well as possible genotoxic effects of the river water on Allium cepa (onion). A questionnaire with 5 open questions and 12 affirmative questions in the Likert scale model, all related to their relation and their activities with the use of river water and soil, were applied in the field survey with farmer’s families (n = 8) in the city of Pombal, Paraiba. Laboratory experiments were carried out in Petri dishes with 25 seeds in each plate. For the experiments with the water of the river, the water was collected in two sampling points close to the contamination sources (effluents) of the river. The samples were characterized according to chemical physical parameters (pH, color, turbidity, total dissolved solids, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total hardness, sodium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate and chlorides). The ecotoxicological effects of the river water were evaluated at different dilutions (100,0; 75,0; 50,0; 25,0 and 0,0%) by volume of water, for each sampling point using the species C. lanatus, P. vulgaris and Z. mays. The effects of metals (Ni, Pb) were evaluated in the following concentrations: 0,0; 1,0; 3,0; 6,0 and 9,0 mM in C. lanatus. The morphophysiological responses observed were: percentage of germination, abnormalities, fresh and dry root and shoot biomass, germination speed index (IVG), mean germination time (TMG), root and shoot growth. The genotoxicity was evaluated by the analysis of meristematic cells of A. cepa exposed to the water of the river. The data reported that the water of the Piancó River is important for the region because farmers derive their subsistence from it. The interviewees understand that urbanization compromises the quality of the river's water (62,5%) and knows which agency is responsible for monitoring the river (50,0%). Only 25,0% use natural pesticides in the crops. The others use agrochemicals. The chemical physical parameters of the Piancó River water are, for the most part, according to the brazilian legislation for this class of use, in the two sampling points did not report toxicity in P. vulgaris in the evaluated variables, but C. lanatus had a reduction of IVG in the two points and Z. mays had a significant reduction of growth and biomass production when exposed to concentrated water from the river at one of the collection points. The heavy metals analyzed were toxic to germination and development of C. lanatus, from 1,0 mM, with Pb being more toxic than Ni. Effluents and leached water from agriculture can accumulate in the water and subsequently in the soil (through irrigation) of toxic heavy metals. Therefore, for the practice of agriculture around the perimeter that borders the Piancó River, conservation actions are necessary to mitigate the effects of anthropic activities and releases of effluents that contribute to the degradation of the river. Environmental Education actions can sensitize farmers to contribute to the preservation of the area, reducing the use of pesticides or being trained in agroecological practices.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the supplementation of L-glutamine + L- glutamic acid in diets containing or not dairy products for weaned piglets on the performance, incidence of diarrhea, organ weight, morphometry and intestinal health, measurement of hepatic glycogen and economic viability. For this purpose, 40 piglets were used, with initial mean weight of 6.6 ± 0.6 kg, being 20 castrated males and 20 females of the same commercial strain. The animals were distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments, consisting of: DSL- Diet with corn and soybean meal; DSLG - Diet with corn, soybean meal, supplemented with 1% L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid; DCL - Diet with corn, soybean meal and dairy product; DCLG - Diet with corn, soybean meal, dairy product and addition of 1% of L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid, with five replicates and two animals per experimental unit. The following periods were analyzed: I- 24 to 35 days, II- 24 to 42 days and III- to 24 to 55 days of age. The supplementation of L-glutamine associated with L-glutamic acid in diets with or without dairy product improved (P <0.05) the variables final weight, daily gain and feed conversion in the three periods analyzed (I, II and III) . There was no influence of the experimental diets on the incidence of diarrhea nor on the relative weight of the liver, spleen and pancreas. The exclusively vegetal diet (DSL) worsened (P <0.05) the height of the villi, depth of the crypts, villi width and goblet cells of the duodenum, and crypt depth, villus width, absorptive area and jejunum goblet cells, possibly due to the influence of the higher apoptosis rate (P <0.05) observed in the duodenum Animals that consumed the diet supplemented with L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid (DSLG) had a higher rate of cellular mitosis (P <0.05) in the duodenum and jejunal epithelium when compared to the animals that consumed the amino acid addition diet the dairy product (DCLG). Regarding the measurement of hepatic glycogen, it was observed that the addition of L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid and dairy product (DCLG) improved (P <0.05) glycogen deposition. The inclusion of L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid in exclusively vegetable diets is economically more viable (P <0.05) than diets containing dairy product or association of the dairy product and L-glutamine + L-acid glutamic acid. It is recommended to supplement 1% and L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid in diets without dairy product, as it improves the productive parameters and related to intestinal integrity, besides being economically viable.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of quince essential oil (QEO) as a substitute for growth and anticoccidial promoter on the performance of broilers of the Cobb 500 strain from 1 to 42 days of age. The essential oil extraction was carried out in the Biological Control Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraíba (municipality of Bananeiras, Brazil), using the hydrodistillation technique in a Clevenger apparatus. A total of 1,260 chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replications (per treatment) of thirty-five chicks. The treatments consisted of the following diets: T1 = positive control (PC) + antimicrobial, T2 = negative control (NC) - antimicrobial, and T3, T4, T5 and T6 resulted from the combination of the NC diet with QEO levels of 0.007; 0.014; 0.028 and 0.056%, respectively. EMA analysis showed there was an increasing linear effect (P<0.05) of the oil levels from 1 to 7, and 22 to 35 days of age. There was no effect from 36 to 42 days. Therefore, it is concluded that the essential oils can be used as antimicrobial agents in diets for broilers, improving their performance. At all stages (1 – 7, 1 – 21, 1 – 42 days of age), birds fed with quince essential oil had a reduction in feed intake and weight gain, from 1 to 7 and 1 to 21 days. From 1 to 42 days of age, the positive control diet had a higher weight gain mean. With regards to the feed conversion analysis, broilers fed with QEO had an improvement in comparison to the treatments tested in all stages. The optimum QEO inclusion level in diets for broilers was 0.030%. Concerning the negative control, there was an improvement in weight yield and percentage of thigh, upper thigh and wing. There was a higher yield in weight, percentage of Pectoralis major, and percentage of the breast with skin and without skin in broilers fed with QEO.

The present work analyses the advances and setbacks in the assurance of human rights of those who are criminally insane, hospitalised in Custody and Psychiatric Treatment Hospitals (CPTH). Theoretical revision was held on the constitution of the asylum institution, emphasising the concept of social dangerouness, which still supports the segregationalist asylum assistance model. Discussions are held about topics on the Brazilian penal system related to the criminally insane, emphasising the creation and consolidation of precautionary action, besides approaching the matter of healthcare at CPTH and the reaffirmation of this segregationalist, excluding model. The contemporaneous concept of human rights was taken as a reference, taking into consideration the condition of subjects of rights of this vulnerable group. There is still a bibliographical revision on the field of Human Rights and Mental Health, having as a parameter the international and national instruments of protection to the human rights, emphasising those specific of the handicapped or mentally insane. Emphasis is given to the Psychiatric Reform Movement, which has supported proposals of reorientation of the hegemonic assistance model in Mental Health, and the national policies on it. The possibilities of changes in the model of attention and Mental Health of those criminally insane in Brazil, following the principal of the psychiatrist reform and the Law nº 10.216/2001. The analysis of the implementation of the assurance of human rights for the criminally insane was analized through a case study at Custody and Treatment Hospital of Bahia. There was data collection related to HCT-BA and the analysis of data orientated by the principles of qualitative research. It was verified that, although some changes had been made at the hospital, the institution has preserved its asylum characteristics, making clear a tradition based on the negation of human rights of those hospitalized. Finally, experiments previously started in Brazil are presented, aiming to reorient the model of attention to the criminally insane. The improvement of the legislation, per se, does not guarantee the materialization of recent strides gained through the Psychiatric Reform, particularly in relation to criminals with mental disorders.