RCAAP Repository

The genus Piper L. is the largest one among the Piperaceae. Containing at least 1000 species, they are located mainly on the neotropical region of Earth and it draws our attention due to its economical, cultural, chemical and medical properties, such as anti-inflamatory, antibacterial and fungicide actions. Species of the genus Piper have been becoming research sources for specific classes of secondary metabolites which play an important role concerning biological activities, including alkaloids, amides, chalcones, chromenes, flavonoids, lignans, cyclopentanediones terpenes, steroids, porphyrin derivatives and benzoic acid derivatives. Piper caldense C. DC., which is commonly known as “Pimenta d’arda”, is used in Paraíba as sedative, snake venom antidote, anti-toothache agent, and as active in located pain treatments through the use of compresses. This research reports the phytochemical study of P. caldense C. DC. fruits and roots. Through usual chromatographic methods and spectroscopic techniques such as IR, MS and one and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR techniques and comparison with literature data it was possible to isolate and identify a triglyceride: trilinolein, a mixture of steroids: β-sitosterol and stigmasterol and three benzoic acid derivatives: 4-hydroxy-3- ((2E, 6E, 10E) -3’, 7’, 11’, 15’-tetramethylhexadeca-2’, 6’, 10’, 14’-tetraen-1-yl) benzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-2-((2Z, 6E, 10E) -3’,7’, 11’, 15’-tetramethylhexadeca-2’, 6’, 10’, 14’-tetraen-1-yl) benzoic acid e 4,5-dihydroxy-3-((2E, 6E, 10E)-11-carboxy-3’, 7’, 15’-trimethylhexadeca-2’, 6’, 10’, 14’-tetraen-1-yl) benzoic acid. The last three compounds were subjected to microbiological tests, showing antibacterial activity against Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria of clinical importance.

Xylopia frutescens Aubl. species, popularly known as “embira”, “semente-de-embira” and “embira-vermelha”, is used in folk medicine as antidiarrhoeal. From leaves of these species was extract the essential oil (XF-OE), that in previous studies, showed spasmolytic activity on phasic contractions induced by CCh or histamine on guinea pig ileum. Considering this premise, the aim of this study was to characterize the mechanism of spasmoliytic action of XF-OE on intestinal smooth muscle. For this, were used functional and cellular methodologies. XF-OE inhibited cumulative concentration-response curves to histamine, and these were shifted to the right, in a non-parallel manner, with Emax reduction, discarding thus a competitive type antagonism and relaxed the guinea pig ileum contracted by KCl (40 mM) or histamine (10-6 M). How the relaxant potency of the essential oil was smaller in organ pre-contracted by KCl, it was hypothesized that XF-OE would be acting as a K+ channels positive modulator. In presence of CsCl (5 mM), a non-selective blocker of these channels, the relaxant potency of XF-OE was not altered, showed a non-participation of K+ channels on the essential oil spasmolytic effect. Thus, we decided to check whether the essential oil would prevent calcium influx through CaV, for this were obtained cumulative concentration-response curves to CaCl2 in depolarizing medium (70 mM KCl) nominally without Ca2+ in absence (control) and presence of different concentrations of XF-OE. The essential oil shifted to the right CaCl2 control curves, with reduction of its Emax, in addition to relaxed the ileum pre-contracted by S-(-)-Bay K8644 (3 x 10-7 M), a CaV1 selective agonist, demonstrating that the essential oil inhibited Ca2+ influx through CaV1. As the Ca2+ mobilization mechanisms into circular and longitudinal muscle layers are differentiated, it was hypothesized that XF-OE would preventing Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores in order to promote its spasmolytic effect. To test this hypothesis, in experiments with ileum circular layer, the essential oil antagonized phasic contractions induced by histamine (10-5 M), negatively modulates the Ca2+ release to exert their spasmolytic effect. In cellular experiments, the viability of longitudinal layer myocytes from guinea pig ileum was not altered in XF-OE (81 μg/mL) presence and the fluorescence intensity in these intestinal myocytes stimulated by histamine was reduced by the essential oil, indicating a [Ca2+]c reduction. Thus, the XF-OE spasmolytic action mechanism on guinea pig ileum involves blocking the Ca2+ influx, by CaV1, in addition to negative modulation of Ca2+ release mechanisms from intracellular stores, that lead to reduction of this ion cytosolic levels and consequently muscle relaxation.

Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic and toxicological profile is essential in the study of new drugs. However, these studies are rare and have been performed, in many cases, after the onset of clinical studies. Trachylobane-360 (T-360), a diterpene ent-7-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid, obtained from Xylopia langsdorffiana, shows antitumor and spasmolytic activities, making it a promising molecule. Moreover, there are no reports on the toxicological and pharmacokinetic studies of this natural product. Considering all these aspects, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of T-360. In the acute toxicity test in mice, the T-360 showed low toxicity at doses of 50 mg/kg (i.v.), and 300 mg/kg (i.p.), showing no significant behavioral and haematological changes. However, the dose of 300 mg/kg (i.v.) caused death in four out of six animals (LD50 of 200 mg/kg). T-360 was not genotoxic in micronucleus assay, because it does not increase the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes of mice treated with 25, 150 and 300 mg/kg (i.p.). Among the appropriate bioanalytical techniques for pharmacokinetic study highlights the high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MSn). A HPLC/MSn method developed consisted of ESI ionization, in negative mode, basifying the medium, with detection of molecular ion 359 m/z. The fragmentation study showed that the ion 359 m/z is fragmented into 299 m/z, which is used to detect T-360. The best chromatographic conditions were established: C18 column under isocratic elution with mobile phase consisting of H2O:MeCN (65:35) and 0.1% of NH4OH in the aqueous phase. In method developing of extracting the T-360 in whole blood was evaluated influences the type of extracting solvent and different times and centrifugation forces. T-360 was better recovered (37.02%) of the blood matrix using CHCl3 and 14,000 xg for 15 min, showing the matrix effect and efficiency of the extraction process of -51.23% and 18.05 %, respectively. After optimization of the method, repeating the procedure and acidifying the sample, there was an increase recovery of T-360 (49.47%), reduction of matrix effect (-37.60%) and increase the efficiency of the process extraction (32.24%). In the validation of analytical method for quantification of T-360 in whole blood, using the Riparina I as internal standard (PI), the method presented himself as selective/specific, linear over the concentration range evaluated, accurate and precise. Moreover, presented limit of detection and quantification of 50 and 100 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by applying the validated method to samples of blood collected from mice subjected to treatment with T-360 at a dose of 25 mg/kg (i.v.), Obtaining the following results: Cmax of 321,34 μg/mL, t1/2 of 3,89 min, Ke of 10,68 h-1 CLs of 830,97 mL/h/kg and Vd 0,08 L/kg, which characterizes tissue distribuition. From the data analysis, it can be suggested that the T-360 continues to be a promising molecule having low toxicity. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic results propel the continued investigation of other parameters, using other routes of administration, and the study of metabolites responsible, at least in part, by anti-tumor activity.

In several scienti c character problems, it is common to come across us with the need to obtain an approximate solution to nd roots of functions. At this point, this paper aims to conduct a study about some methods used to obtain an approximate solution of the functions of roots. The survey was made by means of a literature review, focusing on Numerical Methods Bisection, False Position, Fixed Point, Newton-Raphson and Secant. In order to illustrate the operation and application of these methods, numerical test problems taken from the literature were performed by implementing these. For each test performed were analyzed parameters that in uence each method and the convergence situation for the approximate solution of the analyzed problems. Although these methods do not always make available exact roots, they can be calculated with the precision that the problem needs. At this point, it is evident the importance of studying methods for nding such equations roots. Thus, the work is justi ed on the need to discuss the problems facing the nding roots of polynomial functions in the literature. In addition, this paper describes a comparison between the methods studied by applying mathematical problems. All this research material becomes adept and e ective for students and professionals from all areas that make use of them, or perhaps wish to extract it for enrichment of several sources of study.

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) environmental levels have increased in last years and high values are expected until half of this century. Gametes and embryos of marine organisms, whose embryonic development occurs externally, are particularly sensitive to UVA and UVB radiations. The first line of cellular defense against chemical or physical stress is the activity of ABC transporters. The aim of present work was investigate the involvement of ABC transporters on UVA or UVB effects on gametes or embryos of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter, and investigate the photoactivity and the ABC transporter blocker activity of coumarin and 3-hydroxycoumarin in gametes and embryos of E. lucunter. Gametes or embryos were exposed to UVA (3.6 – 14.4 kJ m-2) or UVB (0.112 – 14.4 kJ m-2), and the embryonic development was monitored by optical microscopy at different developmental stages in the presence or absence of the ABC-transporter blockers reversin205 (ABCB1 blocker) ou MK571 (ABCC1 blocker). E. lucunter eggs, spermatozoa and embryos were resistant to UVA exposure. Resistance to the harmful effects of UVB was strongly associated to ABC transporter activity (embryos > eggs > spermatozoa). ABCB1 or ABCC1 blockage promoted injurious effects on spermatozoa exposed to UVA. ABCC1 transporter blockage increased UVB-dependent damage in eggs while ABCB1 transporter inhibition increased harmful effects of UVB in embryonic cells. ABC transporters blockers also induced abnormalities in larval development derived from spermatozoa or eggs irradiated to UVB. However, ABC transporter activity was not affected by UVB exposure. Additionally, we demonstrate the photoprotective activity of coumarin and 3-hidroxycoumarin against the deleterious effects of UVB on E. lucunter gametes and embryonic cells, and the ABC transporter blocker activity of the 3-hydroxycoumarin. In conclusion, the present study is the first report of the protective role of ABC transporters against UVA and UVB injurious effects in sea urchins gametes and embryonic cells. Furthermore, our results inserts new alternative for the treatment of various diseases related to UVB excessive exposure and also provides alternatives for clinical reversal of multidrug resistance phenotype.

The Genus Pilosocereus belonging to the Cactaceae family stands out for having the highest number of species, being 35 species distributed from Mexico to Paraguay, being Brazil the country with the greatest number of species distributed among different environments, including caatingas, salt marshes and rocky fields. The species Pilosocereus pachycladus F.RITTER, popularly known as "Facheiro" is used in folk medicine against prostate inflammation. The pioneer phytochemical study of this specie led to the isolation and identification of twelve substances which are: an alcohol (decanol), two fatty acids (palmitic acid and Pp-8b), two porphyrinic substances (Phaeophytin a and Phaeophytin a hydroxylated), five steroids (β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, ergosterol, glycosylated β-sitosterol and glycosylated stigmasterol), a phenolic aldehyde (syringaldehyde) and a phenolic acid (p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid); two substances are unprecedented in Cactaceae family and nine new in Pilosocereus genre. An microbiological assessment of specie Pilosocereus pachycladus against strains of bacteria and fungi showed no antimicrobial activity directly but a complementary study for inhibition of efflux pump found that this specie may act as a source of natural products that modulate multidrug resistance in bacteria and substance identified as syringaldehyde (Pp-6) can served as a promising molecule to enhance the antibiotic activity against the efflux pump.

In this paper we prove the compactness of the full set of solutions of the Yamabe problem when n 24. We begin with the study of basic properties of blow-up points and then prove sharp pointwise estimates that will be crucial for the proof of Weyl Vanishing Theorem in these dimensions. The compactness problem then reduces to show the positivity of a certain quadratic form. We also show that this quadratic form has negative eingenvalues, if n 25. It is noteworthy that during this process the Positive Mass Theorem is a key tool in obtaining the main result.

This work presents a research on the Induction Principles and the Recurrences, its history, mathematical concepts and applications used. Were developed some statements of Induction Principle and the Recurrences using some basic concepts from Number Theory, Combinatorics, Geometry and Set Theory that can be explored in high school. Was submitted a few activities that can be applied in the classroom of the high school in the development of mathematical concepts such as Arithmetic Progression, Geometric Progression, Geometry, Combinatorial Analysis and Numeric Sets among other topics.

In this paper we make a brief study about arithmeti number theory, in parti ular, modular ongruen e and whole primality tests. O des ribe arefully the iphering and de iphering method of RSA en ryption and dis uss some nuan es of RSA. Therefore, this study a little about Gauss, the prin e of mathemati ians, in whi h many of his ideas are very important and the basis for the development of number theory, to the present day.

Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke (Fabaceae) is a typical tree of Caatinga, popularly known as “jurema-branca”, “jurema-malícia-da-serra”, “carcará” and “calumbi” and is popularly used as heling agent and antiinflamatory. From its aerial parts was isolated the flavonoid 4’,5,7-triidroxi-3,6-dimetoxiflavona (FGAL) that, in previous studies, inhibited both CCh- and histamine-induced phasic contractions on guinea pig ileum. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize its relaxant mechanism of action. Isotonic and isometric contractions were recorded to determine and compare the relative efficacy and potency. The myocites viability was measured by the MTT assay, and the cytosolic Ca2+ levels by the analysis of fluorescence of fluo-4. The flavonoid relaxed the ileum pre-contracted with KCl 40 mM (EC50 = 2.6 ± 0.5 x 10-6 M) or CCh 10-5 M (EC50 = 1.8 ± 0.4 x 10-6 M), being more potent when the ileum was pre-contracted with histamine 10-6 M (EC50 = 1.9 ± 0.4 x 10-7 M). In addition, the flavonoid righward shifted the cumulative concentration-response curves of histamine in a non-parallel manner, with maximum effect (Emax) reduction, presenting a profile of non-competitive pseudoirreversible antagonism. To verify if FGAL would inhibit the Ca2+ influx through the voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (CaV), cumulative concentration-response curves of CaCl2 in depolarizing medium (70 mM KCl) nominally without Ca2+ were obtained in both the absence (control) and presence of different concentrations of FGAL. The flavonoid righward shifted the CaCl2 contraction curves in a non-parallel manner, with Emax reduction. Moreover, FGAL relaxed the pre-contracted ileum with S-(-)-Bay K8644 (3 x 10-7 M), a CaV1 agonist, but with lower potency than with KCl or histamine, indicating an indirect blockade of these channels. Then, in order to verify whether FGAL would be positivelly modulating the K+ channels to, indirectally, block the CaV1, it was employed CsCl, a non-selective K+ channels blocker. The relaxant potency of FGAL was attenauted in the presence of CsCl (EC50 = 1.1 ± 0.3 x 10-6 M) suggesting the involvement of these channels on this relaxant effect. In contrast, the relaxant potency of FGAL was not modified in the presence of apamin, SKCa blocker (EC50 = 1.6 ± 0.3 x 10-7 M), or TEA+ 1 mM, BKCa blocker (EC50 = 2.0 ± 1.0 x 10-7 M), discarding the participation of these subtypes of K+ channels. However, in the presence of 4-AP, KV blocker (EC50 = 1.8 ± 0.2 x 10-6 M), and glibenclamide, KATP blocker (EC50 = 1.5 ± 0.5 x 10-6 M), the relaxant potency of FGAL was attenuated about 10 and 8 times, respectively, confirming that FGAL positivelly modulates these subtypes of K+ channels to relax the guinea pig ileum. In the cellular experiments, the viability of intestinal myocytes was not altered in the presence of FGAL (10-4 M). Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity emmited by fluo-4 of myocytes stimulated with histamine was attenuated by FGAL as a result of [Ca2+]c reduction. Therefore, the relaxant mechanism of action of FGAL on guinea pig ileum involves the positive modulation of KV and KATP, which, indirectly, reduces the Ca2+ influx through CaV1, leading to the reduction of the cytosolic levels of this ion.

The process of discovering new drugs that act on the smooth muscle layer causing vascular relaxation is of fundamental importance in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this context highlights the isatin, a versatile substance found in various tissues of mammals and plants which can easily undergo structural changes to yield new substances. The pharmacological effects of four novel drugs derived from isatin (IS-AK1, IS-BK1, B-001 and D-001) on the cardiovascular system using techniques in vivo and in vitro. In in vitro studies, cranial mesenteric rings from rat were kept in vats containing Tyrode at 37 ° C gassed with carbogen then they were fixed to a force transducer (PowerLab™, ADInstruments, MA, EUA) and coupled to a data acquisition system (WinDaq/XL, DI 148-U, Insight, Brasil) under tension 0.75 g, for 1 hour. After this period, the preparations were pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PHE, 10 μM) and KCl (60 mM) and then increasing concentrations of isatin derivatives were added cumulatively. All tested compounds showed vasorelaxant effect and IS-AK1 the most promising compound for presenting higher power when both in presence and in absence of endothelium compared to others (pD2 = 7.99 ± 0.11 and 7.95 ± 0.15, respectively), but these vasorelaxant responses were not different (Emax = 85.69 ± 5.18% vs. 74.62 ± 5.33%) in presence or in absence of endothelium. Therefore, IS-AK1 was then was selected for further studies in order to investigate its mechanism of action of the compound by concentration-response curves in the presence of blockers ODQ (10 μM), cyclase blocker soluble guanylyl; TEA 3 (mM) nonspecific blocker of K+ channels; TEA (1 mM) BKCa blocker; GLIB (1 μM), KATP blocker; 4-AP (1 mM) KV blocker and BaCl2 (30 μM), KIR blocker. In the presence of ODQ vasorelaxation was significantly attenuated (Emax = 39.68 ± 6.56%; pD2 = 5.07 ± 0.2, n = 6). In addition, in the presence of TEA 3 mM (Emax = 43.53 ± 8.16%, 6.72 pD2 ± 0.2, n = 6) and presence of TEA 1 mM (Emax = 39 72 ± 7.86%; pD2 = 5.63 ± 0.2, n = 6) vasorelaxant response were reduced. There was reduction in the power of the IS-AK1 when blocked by GLIB (pD2 = 7.23 ± 0.17, n = 5), 4-AP (pD2 = 7.1 ± 0.17, n = 5) and BaCl2 (pD2 = 6.23 ± 0.16, n = 5), suggesting the participation of different types of K+ channels in this response. For in vivo studies, changes in blood pressure and heart rate were investigated in non-anesthetized rats treated acutely with the IS-AK1. The IS-AK1 administration (10 mg/kg) produced blood pressure and bradycardia both in normotensive (-50 ± 12 mmHg -258 ± 40 bpm, n = 7) and hypertensive rats (-99 ± 7 mmHg, -278 ± 40 bpm, n = 6) with effects more pronounced in hypotensor effect in hypertensive rats. Thus, the vasorelaxant response promoted by IS-AK1 possibly involves the participation of sGC enzyme, thereby leading to the activation of PKG causes activation of K+ channels, KATP, KV, KIR and especially BKCa types. This mechanism of action may be contributing to hypotension and bradycardia observed in non-anesthetized rats.

The use of plant products for the treatment, prevention and cure of diseases , is one of the oldest forms of medical practice of humanity , and although great advances observed in modern medicine are natural products still contribute considerably in care health . Among the therapeutic actions of medicinal plants, antimicrobial activity is one of the most important front of the existing rate of mortality and antimicrobial resistance. Although plants possess many therapeutic uses that are traditionally known, the human being unaware of the fact that they can be toxic both for humans and for animals. Croton tricolor ex Klotsch Baill, popularly known as silvery quince is native caatinga of Northeast Brazil. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the biological effects of essential oil from leaves of Croton tricolor Klotsch ex Baill (Ct-OE). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25925 was 6.7 mg/ml, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25619 3.35 mg/ml Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 8539 was 1.68 mg/mL and E. coli ATCC 25922 was 3.35 mg/mL. For E. coli strains of clinical origin MIC ranged from 1.67 to 3.35 mg/ml. In cytotoxicity against human erythrocytes, the essential oil exhibited a low level of hemolysis in blood A + and B +, but caused in type O + erythrocytes. The Ct -OE showed a slight increase in oxidation in erythrocytes, but a value much lower than phenylhydrazine (Ph). However, the Ct-OE could protect erythrocytes from oxidation by Ph more efficiently than vitamin C. The Ct -OE did not cause structural chromosomal damage and/or number of erythrocytes in mice in vivo.

The tradition of consumption of medicinal plants is one of the oldest practices of humanity and in the Brazilian scenario plants play an important role in folk medicine, not only for its food character, but also for its healing properties, whether for scientific grounds or by popular beliefs, knowledge of its chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and mechanism of action are open for proving the efficacy and its safe use. The Waltheria viscosissima A. St. Hil. Is a species belonging to Malvaceae family popularly known as viscosa malva. Listed in popular medicine to expectorant action, antitussive, anti-hypertensive, maturativa of tumors and for the treatment of ulcers. The phytochemical study of the phase ethyl acetate ethanol extract partitioning of Waltheria viscosissima A. St. Hil. and the phases obtained from the alkaloids gear through column chromatographic techniques led to the isolation of three substances: tilirosídeo (Wv-1), a mixture of waltheriona wlatheriona A and B (Wv-2). The structural identification of these substances were performed by spectroscopic methods using nuclear magnetic resonance IR and 1H and 13C, with the aid of single- and two-dimensional techniques, as well as by comparisons with literature data.

In this work, we study the existence and multiplicity of weak solutions to a class of elliptic problems involving the 1=2-Laplacian operator and a nonlinearity that can has subcritical or critical exponential growth in the Trudinger-Moser sense. For this, as tools, we explore a suitable Trundiger-Moser type inequality for the fractional Sobolev space H1=2(R) and the Mountain Pass Theorem.

This work is about the Rees algebra of a nite colength almost complete intersection ideal generated by forms of the same degree in a polynomial ring over a eld. We deal with two situations which are quite apart from each other: in the rst the forms are monomials in an unrestricted number of variables, while the second is for general binary forms. The essential goal in both cases is to obtain the depth of the Rees algebra. It is known that for such ideals the latter is rarely Cohen{Macaulay (i.e., of maximal depth). Thus, the question remains as to how far one is from the Cohen{Macaulay case. In the case of monomials one proves under certain restriction a conjecture of Vasconcelos to the e ect that the Rees algebra is almost Cohen{ Macaulay. At the other end of the spectrum, one proposes a proof of a conjecture of Simis on general binary forms, based on work of Huckaba{Marley and on a theorem concerning the Ratli {Rush ltration. Still within this frame, one states a couple of stronger conjectures that imply Simis conjecture, along with some solid evidence.

In this work we present an abstract version of the concentration compactness principle by Lions, extending it to Hilbert spaces. To do so, we include the concept of dislocation space, the pair (H;D) formed by a separable Hilbert space H (being H1(RN) the model case, N 3) and a set D of linear limited operators on H; as well as the concept of the D-weak convergence. The main result of this theory is, in a sense, a generalization of the famous theorem of Banach-Bourbaki-Alaoglu. Another important consequence of the theory is the equivalence of D-weak convergence in H1(RN);N 3 and strong convergence in Lp; for p 2 (2; 2 ) and D appropriate. With this version, we prove existence of solution for some classes of elliptic problem on unbounded domains, via constrained minimization method.

In this dissertation, we initially present an overview about the symmetric and the Rees algebras in the wide context of modules, and we consider particularly the special situation in which the given module possesses a linear presentation. In the sequel, the main goal is the study of such blowup algebras in the case where the module is the celebrated module of K ahler di erentials, the focus being given on the investigation of an interesting version of the long-standing Berger's Conjecture for the symmetric algebra, as well as on the study of fundamental properties such as: integrality, Cohen- Macaulayness and normality; these properties are also investigated in a special way in the case of the Rees algebra (of the di erential module), highlighting the connection to the so-called Fitting conditions.

The present work is a dissertation research aimed to study negative environmental impacts on Deck District in the city of Bayeux-PB. The neighborhood was the cradle of civilization bayeense, it literally settled in the mangrove ecosystem, currently with a population of about 2,300 inhabitants has gone through various environmental, economic and social problems. The research aims to identify and diagnose the processes of environmental degradation caused by social action in the community, for it was necessary to identify the environmental impacts seeking to understand the determining factors in the degradation process; Quantify and qualify the elements that are descaracterizancion the environment in question and present themselves as use conflicts, and analyze the social and environmental structure and know the relationships that people have with the mangrove ecosystem. For the implementation of the following research methodologies were adopted: the use of the checklist as a tool to identify the main negative impacts; Matrix applied to the Environmental Quality Index (AQI) which allowed quantification of those impacts and to identify the main degraded areas, as well as interviews to understand the environmental issue of population using the saturation Theoretical sampling as a technique. According to scientific research, the Deck is characterized as an average degradation of the neighborhood where the environmental impacts are identified discontinuously, such as the population is also distributed unevenly across the neighborhood area, he literally hid their elements natural and rivers: Paroeira and Sanhauá beyond the mangroves that turned just in deposits or under who were looking for a "no man's land" to settle. In practice, rivers and mangroves have no owner, or are incipient initiatives to monitor, protect and enhance these natural elements. The predatory action of human beings in the misuse of the ecosystem has left sequels in the Environment. The lack of social planning, policy and environmental, have caused considerable damage to the ecosystem.

Le point de départ de notre mémoire est l‟analyse du tableau Bataille de Riachuelo (1872/1883), du peintre brésilien Victor Meirelles de Lima (1832-1903), né à Santa Catarina. La date double montre que ont été réalisé deux oeuvres sur le même thème. Le premier tableau, peint entre 1868 et 1872, a été complètement détruit en conséquence du manque d‟un entretien adéquat pendant et après sa présentation dans l‟Exposition Universelle de Philadelphie, en 1876. Le tableau qui se trouve en exposition au Musée Historique National, à Rio de Janeiro, est la deuxième oeuvre, réalisée en 1883. Les deux tableaux représentent un épisode de la Guerre de la Triple Alliance (1864-1870), pendant la bataille entre une escadre brésilienne et une escadre paraguayenne, sur le fleuve Parana, aux alentours de l‟embouchure de la rivière Riachuelo, le 11 juin 1865. En 1868, le Ministre de la Marine a commandé à Victor Meirelles le tableau qui rendra éternelle cette victoire. Le peintre, fidèle aux principes de la Peinture Historique, peint son tableau qui, ainsi que le second, représente la célébration de cette difficile conquête. Son objectif était de mener le public à s‟identifier à ce moment historique, notamment à la nation victorieuse, à partir du rapport créé entre les représentations pictoriques et la construction du moment historique, à travers la forme imposante de la présentation du thème, soit par les dimensions du tableau, soit par les proportions des événements montrés. Ce mémoire cherche donc à connaître le contexte historique et artistique pour que nous puissions comprendre la production du tableau, en dialogant avec les concepts de l‟Histoire Culturelle, les notions de représentation et la Peinture d‟Histoire. Ainsi, nous pouvons analyser sa composition et l‟historicité qui traverse le moment de sa production.

Este trabalho – vinculado à linha de pesquisa História Regional do Programa de Pós-graduação em História da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, com área de concentração em História e Cultura Histórica – tem por objetivo analisar os discursos eugênicos e higiênicos no Brasil, especialmente na Paraíba, através das matérias dispostas nos jornais A União, A Imprensa e na revista Era Nova. Desde a segunda metade do século XIX, a eugenia ganhou sugestivas interpretações nos países em que foi recepcionada. No Brasil, nas primeiras décadas do século XX, entre as apreciações da seletividade racial e as normas higiênicas, alguns setores como a imprensa e determinadas instituições criadas para divulgá-las, lançaram mão de seus posicionamentos e idealizações. A partir dessas alternâncias, os periódicos A União, A Imprensa e a revista Era Nova reproduziram um tipo de discurso que se aproximou, mas também se distanciou dos preceitos eugênicos. O recorte escolhido teve início em 1914, ano em que encontramos as primeiras reportagens sobre a eugenia e o higienismo na Paraíba, e 1921, com a publicação de outras matérias sobre os temas. A análise sobre os discursos eugênicos e higienistas na Paraíba foi um exercício contínuo de diagnóstico e observação, pois entre as relações intelectuais dispostas nas matérias dos periódicos e as ideias anunciadas sobre a eugenia, constatamos que os referidos discursos além de afigurarem uma espécie de análise científica de sua época, também se configuravam como uma manifestação política.