RCAAP Repository

The expulsion of peasants settled as one of the faces of the agrarian counter-reform in Brazil is a contribution to the study of Brazilian agrarian question which is meant to examine the dropout process settlers peasants in rural settlements. A problem forgotten in the vast majority of the research that has these territorial fractions of resistance and (re) creation peasant the core of reflection. It is argued in this research the concept of peasant expulsion over the very concept of avoidance as well, rather than a variety of other names used both by the State, as the academy and even by social movements and peasant organizations and the settlers themselves, namely: "exit", "withdrawal", "turnover", "abandonment", "sale" and "replacement of lots". By realizing that those words put priori act of responsibility on those involved in the process, a fact that will be challenged head-on in this work. Electing time frame as the last 12 years, marked by the Party governments Workers ahead of the Republic, the geographic look falls on 40 settlements created in agrarian space of Ceará and specifically deepens the reflections analyzing the history of pregnancy and construction of the Project settlements: Diamantina and Olga Benário, located in the municipalities of Tabuleiro do Norte and Russas, respectively, micro-region of Lower Jaguaribe. Interpreting the Brazilian agrarian space from the theoretical part of the contradictory development of capital and rentier character assumed by this and based on a rigorous field work, supported in participatory research, the use of oral sources (semi structured interviews), photographic records and field notes, in addition to the documentary and bibliographical research, this study sought to understand the investigated problem and enter the universe of many subjects involved in the struggle for agrarian reform and materialization of rural settlements. The study concludes that the State, through the PT governments, shipwrecked on an ideology of progress and under the auspices of neoliberal ideas, opting for agricultural model / agricultural agribusiness in an incessant search for said new development therefore continues the historical agrarian counter-reform in Brazil. In this political context totally adverse to peasantry, the expulsion of the settlers peasants, product of casualization of rural settlements and policies for the peasantry in general, constituted in one of the many faces that give concreteness said counter-reform in the country.

The composition and structure of the orchids populations in three inselbergs of the Paraíba State, Brazil, been analyzed. Floristics survey plants been collected fertile, between April of 2002 and July of 2003, whose samples been incorporated the Herbarium Jayme Coelho de Moraes (EAN), Centro de Ciências Agrárias/UFPB, and for phytossociology survey the parcels fixed method was used (ten parcels of 10x10 m), randoming distributed in inselbergs. Registered seven genus and nine species. Cyrtopodium polyphyllum (Vell.) ex Pabst. F. Barros it presented the number biggest of individuals (923), followed of Prescottia phleoides Lindl. (564) and Epidendrum cinnabarinum Jacq. (449), while the too much species less than 350 individuals each. Cyrtopodium polyphyllum, Epidendrum cinnabarinum and Prescottia phleoides had occurred in three studied environments, while Epidendrum secundum Jacq., Habenaria obtusa Lindl. and Pleurothallis ochreata Lindl., occurred in two and Brassovola tuberculata Hook., Cyrtopodium intermedium Brade and Encyclia longifolia Schlechter, only one. The species with better distribution was E. cinnabarinum, occurring 24 parcels (FRi = 21.43%). Registered five types of microhabitats, which type depressions in the rock presented higher diversity and the poor monocots mats. The high phytodiversity in the orchids flora occurred in inselbergs of Fagundes, followed of Esperança and Serraria and seems influenced to the outcrop size or situation of the inselbergs along a steep macroclimatical gradient. A comparison between orchids flora inselbergs of the South America confirmed that the outcrops Brazilian are presented distinct floristics, exactly when located geographically next. This fact also was evidenced for studied outcrops in the Pernambuco and Paraíba States, northeast region of Brazil.

It was aimed at to evaluate the productivity of the bean-broad bean, "Raio-de-Sol" variety, in function of doses of bovine manure in the presence and absence of NPK. For so much, an experiment was accomplished, in the period of September of 2004 to May of 2005, in typical Quartzpsament soil, in the Federal University of Paraíba, in Areia city. It was used the experimental design of randomized blocks, in factorial outline 6 x 2, with four repetitions, being the constituted experimental portion of 40 plants. They were appraised the length of beans, the number and the production of beans and of grains, for plant, the productivity of beans and of green and dry grains and the tenors of NPK in the tissue foliar. The maximum length of beans, 8,7 cm, it happened being used 19,5 and 17,5 t ha-1 of bovine manure, in the presence and in the absence of NPK, respectively. The levels of 22,6 and 21,7 t ha-1 of bovine manure, respectively, they were responsible for the maximum numbers of 41 and 38 beans by plant in the presence and in the absence of NPK. The maximum productions of beans and of grains by plant of 125,9 and 35,3 g, respectively, they were obtained with 26,6 t ha-1 of bovine manure, in the presence of NPK, while in your absence, the maximum production of beans of 111,9 g was reached with 21,4 t ha-1 of bovine manure, and the medium production of 19,2g of grains, for plant, in function of the levels of bovine manure. The levels of 21,4 and 23,0 t ha-1 of bovine manure they were responsible for the maximum productivities of beans (12,6 and 11,2 t ha-1), in the presence and in the absence of NPK, respectively, while the levels of 21,3 and 22,9 t ha-1 of bovine manure they provided maximum productivities of green grains of 11,1 and 9,9 t ha-1, respectively, in the presence and in the absence of NPK. The level of 26,6 t ha-1 of bovine manure it was responsible for the maximum productivity of 3,5 t ha-1 of dry grains, in the presence of NPK. In the absence of NPK, it was obtained the medium productivity of 2,0 t ha-1, in function of the levels of bovine manure. The levels of 17,0 and 18,6 t ha-1 of bovine manure they provided maximum economical efficiencies for the productivity of beans, with foreseen revenues of 2,88 and 3,36 t ha-1, respectively, in the presence and in the absence of NPK. For the productivity of dry grains, the maximum economical efficiency was obtained with 23,0 t ha-1 of bovine manure, with revenue of 2,12 t ha-1. The levels of bovine manure just influenced the tenor of K in the presence of NPK, while in your absence it was observed it only differentiates in the tenor of N.

This study addressed the process of creating and educational paths taken in Agricultural Employers of Bananeiras, and the helpless child's condition that was entering the institution, between the years 1924 and 1947. We seek, through the raised sources, to trace the trajectory from Learning to Employers, highlighting the characters, primary education, work in the workshops, the practice of scouting, the Swedish gymnastics and agricultural education as an expression of social relations and power locked to articulate a systematic rural teaching model, involving education and productivity at the time. Based on this temporality, we use laws, decrees, regulations, crafts, among other sources in order to highlight the role dispensed to training for the world of work within the educational process, tending to a pragmatic style education to the poor children of the region. The theoretical and methodological bases substantiate the principles of the history of educational institutions (MAGALHÃES, 2004) according to which the structures of educational institutions are inseparable from a certain historical temporality.

The issue of quilombo territories, presents as a trigger for debate since the enactment of the Constitution of 1988 -CF88, creating a space of struggle and negotiation around the national project. In this sense,the recognition of the territories position different sectors and interests and become visible antagonisms and conflicts within the Brazilian society. The land regularization process of quilombo communities, made possible by Article 68 of the ADCT, enabled the emergence of organized collective identities. However, most Brazilians, especially public officials, still have little understanding of who really are these quilombo communities and generally comprising them even as groups that rebelled against slavery through leaks and creating quilombos distant, overlapping so the ethnic group idea. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of territorial recognition policies of maroon communities in the state of Paraiba, taking as spatial area Caiana of Crioulos the community -Alagoa Grande, as well as their socio-economic consequences for it. The results show that the vast bureaucracy, especially with regard to lot of judicial resources filed by the "owners" of the land required by the quilombolas, hold back the progress of the land regularization process of the community. We found that all contrary or favorable actions quilombo communities, held in institutional spheres of our country, either in Congress, the INCRA, in FCP, in INTERPAs, etc. direct impact on communities, thus causing direct consequences on its residents, and Caiana of Crioulos, was not (or is) different, higher levels of actions has led residents to put into play to stay in the community, endangering the history and community culture. Therefore the migration of entire families, increasingly recurrent becomes, characterizing the neglect and giving up the struggle for land.

The main subject of this work is the African population of slaves and free people who lived in Paraíba in the first half of the 19th century. For many decades, historiography has denied, omitted or minimized the participation of African people in the historical process. However, the presence of men and women who came from Africa was constant in this province. Our main goal is to understand how the African population was introduced in Paraíba (a peripheral region in the Atlantic trade of slaves) and how they lived there. In order to achieve it, we have outlined a historiographical route to identify the gaps in a given historical culture. By making usage of the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Marxist Social History, we have made a critique of this portion of historiography that denied the participation of black populations and African populations in particular in the history of the province. Next, by using a variety of sources such as reports and official mail correspondence of governors and presidents of Paraíba, inventories and wills, requests of release, baptism records, manumission and many others, we have managed to comprehend further on the matters issued, approaching social and economic aspects of the region, indicating which were the main routes of importation and what was the everyday-life of African people. We have come to realise that Paraíba was inserted in the Atlantic trade of slaves indirectly which had a complementary character to this slave-holding society. Therefore the quantity of slaves who came from Africa was inferior to the ones sent to other locations such as Recife, Salvador and Rio de Janeiro. This factor marked certain specificities in the life of these African people. However the fundamental practise of slavery remained: violence.

This work looks for one construction of Roger’s Neighborhood History in João Pessoa city from official and bibliography sources and memory reports of the dwellers and ex-dwellers. We used as methodology the storytelling in order to identify continuities and disruptions that the neighborhood suffered during the time. We approached in a first moment from the literature review intertwined between the local history and the micro-history, in transit with others concepts of memory, identity and citizenship, the trajectory of occupation of a central space localized in the north zone. The local that is situated the neighborhood was stage for the initial development of the city, entering in the local characteristics of Roger’s Neighborhood through testimonials, bibliographies and official documents found at the Metropolitan Curia. We proposed to reflect on bucolic view of the neighborhood due to the specific elements as the “Lixão” (garbage dump) and the penitentiary that collaborated with the negative view disseminated by the press and appropriated by the non-dwellers, individuals that do not have experience in the neighborhood. In the last chapter, we deal about the Teaching of Local History from a reflection on the space that this approach occupy nowadays. We analyzed the ongoing legislation and the reports about the Teaching of Local History from teachers of history of the three public schools of Roger’s Neighborhood. We elaborated, in the end, a source guide that brings productions about the neighborhood and the João Pessoa city in the form of consultancy material and support for teachers, students and those that want to know more about Roger’s Neiborhood.

In this text discussed the formation of black families and relations of cronyism established by enslaved the Freguesia de Nossa Senhora dos Milagres, located in the current city of the São João do Cariri, located in the Paraiba cariri, between the years 1850 and 1872. To this end was made study of the Vila Real de São João do Cariri analyzing the presence of the enslaved population in this locality, in order to understand the relationships of solidarity established from the ritual ties of marriage and spiritual kinship. The proposed discussion is based on the Social History, whose research focus the enslaved, using the concept of experience proposed by Thompson. For the construction of the narrative of the nineteenth century period was essential to use the ecclesiastical documents, such as baptism and death seats; the notary records as inventories of Province of President reports and the 1st Brazilian Population Census of 1872. With the passing of these sources show the importance of slavery within Paraiba, especially in Cariri, thus we highlight the Vila de São João do Cariri economy in the imperial period, driven by livestock and by the enslaved presence in this region. These slaves constituted families (parent or nuclear) and established crony relationships with people higher in the social hierarchy and often relatives of their masters. We note the various causes of the deaths of the captives too, the site of his burial, and the clothes that used to be buried. This study is linked to the Research Line Regional History, and helps to extend our knowledge of the history of enslaved and freed in nineteenth century of Brazil.

This study aimed at the evaluation of the yield of the sweet potato, variety "Rainha Branca", subjected to sources and parceling of the nitrogen. So, an experiment was carried out in the soil classified as typical “Inceptisol Regolítico Psamítico” at the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia county, during the period from April to August 2007. The randomized block experimental design was used in factorial scheme 2 x 8 with, by using two sources of nitrogen fertilizer (urea and ammonium sulfate) and eight application times (100% at planting; 100% at 30 days after planting (DAP); 100% at 60 DAP; 50% at planting and 50% at 30 DAP; 50% at planting and 50% at 60 DAP; 50% at 30 and 50% at 60 DAP; 33% at planting, 33% at 30 and 33% at 60 DAP; and the treatment without N, with four replicates. The following variables were evaluated: average weight of the commercial and noncommercial roots plant-1, the total, commercial, and noncommercial productivities of the sweet potato roots and leaf nitrogen content. The highest average weight of the commercial roots was obtained with urea in the parceling 50% at planting and 50% at 30 DAP, (293.75g). The lowest average weight of the noncommercial roots was obtained in this source, as well as with 50% parceling 50 at 30 and 50% at 60 DAP (36.92g). The parceling 33% at planting, 33% at 30 and 33% at 60 DAP were responsible for the highest yield of commercial roots per plant, when the source was the ammonium sulfate (337g). The lowest yield of commercial roots per plant was obtained in the same source with parceling 50% at 30 and 50% at 60 DAP (26.48g). For the number of commercial roots, total and commercial productivities, the ammonium sulfate parceled 33% at planting, 33% at 30 and 33% at 60 DAP provided the highest values (1.50 roots, 30.5 t ha-1 and 28.4 t ha-1 respectively. The ammonium sulfate parceled 100% at 60 DAP propitiated the lowest number of noncommercial roots (0.51). The lowest productivity of noncommercial roots was obtained with parceling of the ammonium sulfate 50% at planting and 50% at 60 DAP (2.2 t ha-1). The leaf nitrogen was not significantly altered by the treatments.

Green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a tropical plant of the Solanaceae family with origin in Latin America. In recent years, organic cropping systems using liquid biofertilizers have had an important impulse in Brazil. The objectives of this study were to evaluate green bell pepper yield, soil fertility changes and plant nutritional status in response to different types of liquid biofertilizers applied to the soil. The experiment was carried out at Macaquinhos Farm, in the municipality of Remígio-PB, in a randomized block design with three replicates. Treatments were distributed on a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, regarding two types of cattle manure biofertilizer (raw and agrobio) and five doses of biofertilizers based on calcium rates (0; 0,65; 1,30; 1,95 and 2,60 g pit-1). Each plot was composed by 21 pits spaced by 1 × 0,50 m, with two plants. The use of biofertilizers in the doses tested in this study had no significant effect on green bell pepper growth as measured by height and stem diameter. For average fruit mass and average number of fruits per pit, there was a significant response green bell pepper plants to the calcium doses, regardless the type of biofertilizer. A statistical superiority of agrobio biofertilizer over raw biofertilizer was detected for the levels of sulfur, boron, iron and zinc in plant leaf tissues. Regarding soil fertility components, there was no difference between the two biofertilizer types, but pH values and phosphorus and potassium levels increased significantly.

With the objective of evaluating the income of the bell pepper fertilized with bovine manure in the presence and absence of the biofertilizer, the experiment was led in the period of January to June of 2004, in NEOSSOLO REGOLÍTICO, typical Psamítico, frank-sand texture, in the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal of Paraíba, Areia-PB-Brazil. The experimental design was randomized block, with three replications in outline of sub-divided plots, with the treatments distributed in factorial arrangement (6 x 3) + 1. The plot was constituted by 32 plants and the sub-plot by 16 plants, spaced with 1,00 x 0,50 m. In the plots, were appraised six levels of bovine manure (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 t ha-1), while in the sub-plots the forms of application of the biofertilizer (absence biofertillizer, through soil and through foliating), besides an additional treatment with mineral and organic manuring. In 45 days the plants height increased in the order of 0,0943 cm to each ton of bovine manure applied, at 65 days, the levels of 30,8 t h-1 of bovine manure, it was responsible for the dear maximum height of the plants, 33,0 cm. The maximum values for medium weight of fruits (143,33 g) and number of commercial fruits for plant (3,0) were obtained in the presence of the biofertilizer in the soil, 50 t h-1 and 30 t h-1 of bovine manure, respectively. For the fruits total production, levels of 20 and 30 t h-1 of manure bovine associates to the applied biofertilizante through foliating and in the soil, provided the largest productions 21,32 and 22,76 t h-1, respectively, overcoming 13,43 and 14,87 t h-1, obtained without manure application and biofertilizer (7,89 t have-1). The maximum values for the production of commercial fruits for plant (256 g) and of commercial fruits (7,8 t h-1), were obtained in level of 28 t h-1 of bovine manure, in the absence of the biofertilizer. The bovine manure and applied biofertilizer combination through foliating, was the best form of organic fertilization in bell pepper, with increments 1,8 and 1,3 t h-1 the production of commercial fruits, in relation to those just obtained with bovine manure and with applied biofertilizer in soil, respectively. For the levels of N, P and K in bell pepper leaves, significant effects were not verified. The pH and P, K levels and organic matter, were increased in relation treatments, and values initially on soil.

The dissertation presented here arose from the desire to unite two studies of the objects wanted dedicated myself in my academic career since graduation: the cemetery and the teaching of history. My goal was to develop this study to the possibilities of working the graveyard as a source for teaching history. As we show the studies Bellomo (2008) historian, the cemetery can give us information about religious values, genealogical aspects, memory forms of families or community; ethnic studies, architectural, and artistic heritage, ie a range of thematic possibilities that can be worked with the backdrop of the cemeterial space. Here I defend the hypothesis that the cemetery can provide a meaningful learning of history that can differentiated and innovative look for students of basic education which often complain about the cold form of discipline as history is taught in the classroom without much to do with their reality. This study took advantage of running a teaching sequence with the 8th graders and 9th grade of Educational Center Dom Helder Camara, school located in New neighborhood, municipality of Guarabira-PB. This teaching sequence involving lectures in class, a field class at St. John Baptist Cemetery - the oldest cemetery in the city, located in the center of Guarabira and today is off for new tombs - and a lesson where students were able to relate their experiences By means of a textual output. The focus of the classes was acquainted with the concepts of history, memory, identity and heritage in order that students could understand them relate them to the local history and material culture and immaterial of the cemetery. Through the analysis of the narratives of the students, i could see the breaking of prejudice that students had the cemetery, the theory of dialogue with the practice in relation to the concepts worked, questions about issues around the preservation of the tombs, among other features highlighted by students. Moreover, it was considerable excitement involvement of students and the fact that they liked to have been a lesson so different from usual.

This study approaches the work of the singer Odair José as a social chronicle of the Brazilian society from 1972 to 1979. We start off with a short biographical report of the artist and observe his migration to Rio de Janeiro and the importance of this fact to the composition of his songs and his insertion in the so-called brega music. From the lyrics of this artist we establish an analysis of the country in a moment of moral and political repression and of radicalization even in the artistic field. Aspects of the everyday life, of the loving relations, of the social polemics, of the moral transgressions and of the censorship were essential characteristics of his work. By analysing radio files, newspapers, disc sales records and censored lyrics that have recently been liberated by Arquivo Nacional, this research intends to examine historical and political processes through the lyrics of a singer that truly represented a complex Brazil in his songs; a singer that reached a great popular success both in sales and in the radios; was censored by the military regime; and brought to life debates that hadn’t been present in songs yet.

Esta investigación examina la población esclavizada en el sertón de São João do Cariri en el periodo de 1752 a 1816. El objetivo principal fue analizar la formación de parentesco y sociabilidad de mujeres, hombres y niños esclavizados en sus experiencias familiares, a partir de investigaciones de rituales de la iglesia Católica. Para ello nos basamos en varias fuentes documentales: como las eclesiásticas (libros de registro de bautismo, confirmación, matrimonio y defunción) y las notariales (inventarios). El análisis de esta documentación se basó en los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos de la Historia Social de la esclavitud, donde evidenciamos el concepto de experiencia formulado por E. P. Thompson. Nos apoyamos también en la Historia Cuantitativa y en la Demografía Histórica, teniendo en vista que trabajamos con fuentes seriadas. De este modo, el cruce de documentos de las fuentes consultadas nos permitió analizar varias formaciones de parentesco y de sociabilidad, fuesen ellas por consanguinidad y/o por el parentesco espiritual firmado en el compadrazgo. Identificamos también extensas familias de esclavos con la presencia de padres y/o madres, hijos, yernos, nueras, nietos, tíos, primos y tales familias se ampliaron con la presencia de compadres y comadres, parentesco formado en el ritual de bautismo. En la confirmación, una vez más estas sociabilidades fueron ampliadas, pues nuevos padrinos y madrinas fueron escogidos. Así, percibimos que muchos esclavizados establecieron sociabilidades no solamente entre los de su misma condición social, mas con personas libres y liberadas. Entendemos este tipo de formaciones de parentesco y sociabilidad como mecanismos estratégicos de los esclavizados en la búsqueda de una mejor supervivencia en el interior del sistema esclavista. Abordamos, de esa manera, la población esclavizada como agentes históricos y que tuvo presencia constante y significativa en uno de los rincones de la América portuguesa, como la Capitania de la Paraíba do Norte, específicamente en la Vila de São João do Cariri. Esta tesis de maestría fue desarrollada junto al Programa de Posgrado en Historia de la Universidade Federal da Paraíba, en la línea de investigación en Historia Regional.

La historia de la historiografia paraibanatiene, em las últimas décadas, lo que constituye um campo de estudios privilegiados, sobre todo em relación conel análisis de la producción se caracteriza por "oficial" y "tradicional", como que se gestó por el Instituto Histórico y Geográfico de Paraíba - IHGP -. Por otra parte, todavia hay una necesidad de discutir la historiografía que se ha formulado dentro de las universidades. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es entender el proceso de lacreación de la historiografía académica en Paraíba, a partir del momento en que el Centro de Documentación e Información histórica regional -NDIHR- se implemento em la Universidad Federal de Paraíba -UFPB - en 1976 período enel que un conjunto investigadores desarrollaron una serie de operaciones historiográficas conel fin de sentar las bases de lo que más tarde se llamaría "nueva historiografia Paraiba." Para entender este proceso vamos a discutir tanto el papel de NDIHR, como el concepto de Historia Regional - un concepto que parecía marcar los debates mantenidos por "historiadores académicos" en toda la década de 1980, contribuyendo a sí a la propia reflexión del conocimiento histórico producido en Paraíba - a partir de una serie de actividades académicas y científicas que nos permite percibir, más allá de la especificidad de la historiografía académica y suimportancia para las discusiones sobre el oficio de historiador, las relaciones que estos historiadores y su escritura de lahistoria se hanestablecido com la sociedad se insertaron.

Pionneer, feature of phito-phisionomy of hyper-xerophylle savannah and damaged of dry region, faveleira [Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (Mull. Arg.) Pax. L. Hoffm.], has multiple and potencialites. According to this, species continues sub-exploited and less known cienfically. Trying to contribute to Knowledgement of ecological behavior, the aim of this work was to analise populational structure of C. phyllacanthus and its relations with other species which occurs on cose areas, through knowledgement of bio-physical factors. It had been selected five areas with expressive occursence of C. phyllacanthus, where in each of these, were put 20 parcels of 200 m² each, total 2 ha-¹ of sample area. In each of local, it had been used a flowering-phito-social research according to developed methodology to caatinga bioma. Bio-physical data were collected in all areas and together with bio-metric means of plant, was done from used analisis. To study floristic and structure, it had been calculated usual parameters to adults and beginners. To taxon ecological behavior analisis, it had been used the morisita dispersion mean, Pearson linear correlation mean, “q” coefficient of De Liocourt, similarity mean of Jaccard, division grouping method Twinspan, distance coefficient of Bray-Curtis and main compound analisis. In approach, it had been invented 11,935 individual, distributed in 57 species. Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae families, and Croton sonderianus, Caesalpinia pyramidalis and Aspidosperma pyrifolium, were the most representative. C. phylacanthus shwed tendencies on its behavior. Species decreases its importance specially beginners, when vegetation became damage. According to it, degradation of studied local, C. phyllacanthus accumulates structural values being important. On sample, it had been inveted 1,137 specimem of faveleira, which 893 were adults and 244 beginners. Taxon shwed an aggregate standadd in four areas, shows tendency in couple of specific places. Faveleira shwed convergence in decrease its abundance when density of some species increased, making linear correlation mean was negative in majority of analised variable. These features, linked to verified behavior by biometry of species confirm C. phyllacanthus as a pioneer. It had been observed height medium and DNS to studied population were 4.31 m and 11.5 cm respectively and estimated, total height of individuals develops, 42 cm to each gamed centimeter in diameter to soil level. Through cup projection, a space of 6 m x 6 m among plants, to pure planting of C. phyllacanthus on dry-region. According to floristic, areas I and III, were the most presented in similarity. Other group was formed and area II, and finally a fomed group among areas IV and V. So, it had been featured that faveleira occurs in different types of caatinga and applied distance, a rolling of 12 species was done. These taxons are pioneers, used to the same niche of target specie. Carried out analisis showed that taxon has a restrict ecological importance to climatic factors, being tolerant to edaphic factors. It is concluded that bio indicator conditions shows a degradation grade, climatic condition and soil fertility of areas with natural occurrence, through these ecological features indicate high facility to insertion as xerophylle on environments more damage and bess productive in dry region of northeast of Brazil.

Because extractive exploration, irregular production and the lacking management proposal concerning to its phytotechnical aspects, the hog-plum plant (Spondias mombin L.) is under marginal condition in the productive chain. So, this study was conducted to identify and quantify the nutritional demands of the hog-plum plant (Spondias mombin L.) for both phosphorus and potassium. The experiment was carried out in the experimental station of the Pesquisa Agropecuária da Paraíba - EMEPA-PB, Mangabeira county. The randomized block experimental desing was used, and the treatments were disposed under the factorial scheme 4 x 4 + 2, with the first two factors consisting of the P and K doses (30, 60, 120 and 240 g plant-1), and two controls (without fertilization and with organic fertilization). In estimating the yield, only the fruits fallen on the ground were taken into account. The nutritional state was evaluated at 60, 120, 180 and 240 days after the first application of the treatments, by collecting four ripe leaves of the branch before inflorescence, in all quadrants at the medium position in the plant. To evaluate fertility of the soil, some samples were collected at the 120th, 180th and 240th day at the depths 0 - 20 and 20 - 40 cm. According to the results, the following conclusions were drawn: the doses 148.06 and 30 g plant-1 of K2O and P2O5, respectively, resulted the highest fruit yield (84.29 kg plant-1); the leaf collections to quantify the contents of P and K in the hog-plum plant should be performed at 240 days; the highest contents of P and K in the leaves were reached, when the highest doses of those elements were applied on the soil; the hog-plum plant positively responds to the organic fertilization; both phosphorus and potassium fertilizations increased the levels of potassium in the soil at depths from 0 to 20 and from 20 to 40 cm.

The evaluation of accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nutrients in the vegetative and reproductive parts of banana plant provide important data for the estimation of the demand of nutrients by the plant. However, as larger the amount of part or organs that compose the plant, larger will be the amount of chemical analyses and therefore the costs for accomplishing the research work. It is possible that the chemical analyses of only one composed sample of dry matter from different part of the plant would be sufficient for estimating the mean nutrient contents in the plant, considering that in the composition of the composed sample, the amount of dry matter from each part of the plant evaluated is in agreement with the proportion that such part represents in relation to the whole plant. The objectives of that work were: a) to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter and nutrients in six irrigated banana plant cultivars; b) to evaluate the feasibility of the use composed sample of vegetable tissue for evaluating the content of macronutrients in several organs from the banana plant. It was sampled plants from the cultivars Grande Naine, Pacovan, Pacovan-Apodi, Prata Anã, Terrinha and Gross Michel, from a commercial production area of irrigated banana plant from the Frutacor Ltda Farm. Those cultivars were cropped in double rows, being 1,666 plants per ha. At the harvest time, it was selected four banana plant-bunches from each cultivars for sampling. The "mother-plant" was divided in rhizome, pseudostem, petiole, leaf lamina, stalk, and fruits, and those part were weighted for fresh matter determination. Following, it was collected a sample of approximately 700 g from each part of the plant for dry matter determination. Those samples were washed, put inside paper bags, and sent to the vegetable tissue analysis laboratory, where were dried in oven until the constant weight be reached, for the determination of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents. For the evaluation of the feasibility of the use of composed samples of vegetable tissue, it was sampled four families of irrigated banana plant cv. Gross Michel that was separated into "mother-plant" and "daughter-plant". The "mother-plant" was divided into rhizome, pseudostem, petiole, leaf lamina, stalk, and fruits, and to the "daughter-plant" into rhizome, pseudostem, petiole and leaf lamina. Following, it was collected samples from those parts for dry matter and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S contents determination. From the dry matter from each part of the plant, it was removed sub-samples for preparation of the composed samples. The cultivars that extracted the largest amount of nutrients from the soil were, in general manner, those that accumulated the highest amounts of dry matter. Potassium (K) and N were the macronutrients more absorbed and exported by the cultivars in study, followed by S, Ca, Mg, and P. For all cultivars there was larger accumulation of Mn and Fe in the plant, being the two micronutrients more exported by the banana plant by harvest time. Cu was the micronutrient accumulated in lower amounts by the six cultivars, with exception of the Gross Michel cultivar that accumulated and exported more Cu than Zn. The results for the use of composed samples indicate that the interval of the mean error between approaches for each nutrient was not large. Therefore, the chemical analysis of only one composed sample from different smaller parts of banana plant is sufficient for estimating the mean contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in a larger part of the plant or from the whole plant, considering that in the composition of that composed sample the amount of dry matter from each smaller part is in agreement with a proportion that such part represents in relation to the larger part or to the whole plant.

This work, carried out in two experiments, had as objective to evaluate the quality of organic ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango, for exportation, from Fazenda Pernambucanas, located at the Municipal District of São Mamede, Sertão Paraibano region, harvested with (WGP) and without (WOGP) Good Agricultural Practices, in the commercial maturity stage, whose skin color was characterized by shades of green, red, and yellow. Fruits WGP and WOGP were combined with anise (A) extract at 3% (WGP+A, WOGP+A), with anise (A) extract + cassava (C) starch at 1,5% (WGP+A+C, WOGP+A+C), and fruits without anise extract and without cassava starch (WGP, WOGP), control, kept at 10oC, and evaluated each 3 days, during 15 days. For the first experiment it was evaluated the maturation physiology, and for the second, it was evaluated the postharvest conservation of treated fruits. The results were submitted to variance analyzes, when verified significant interaction by the F test at 5% of probability it was submitted to polynomial regression. For the first experiment, anise extract applied direct to the fruit anticipated the respiratory peak, increasing its intensity, mainly for fruits harvested without Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). The use of GAP reduced the rate of starch degradation and the consumption of soluble sugars, reduced the chlorophyll degradation, and kept the carotenoids higher. For the second experiment, anise (A) extract applied directly to the skin at 3%, negatively interfered in the appearance of organic ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango, effect that was minimized when A was applied in combination with cassava starch solution at 1.5%, mainly when associated to GAP. Fruits WOGP presented red-yellowish color as the storage period advanced and in higher intensity as compared with WGP. The use of GAP was determinant in maintaining the good appearance of organic ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango. Fruits harvested with GAP, without combination with treatments, were the most accepted by the judges.

Between 1850-1890, administrators tied to province of Amazonas (physicians, engineers, lawyers, president of province) defended the Amazonas climate from detractor and calumnious speeches of european‟s philosophers theses. So, each administrator defended the climate from detractor thesis which dates back to mid-XVIII century, with Buffon and De Pauw as its major inventors; as well as the geographical deterministic sense of “raztelian school” of Geography, with Thomas Buckle, in the XIX century, as its major interpreter of brazilian‟s climate. These theses said that in places near to the equinoctial zone the civilization doesn‟t reached evolved gradients. The time frame of this study was done because of political, economic and cultural upheaval that has transformed the province during the second half of the nineteenth century. The theoretical perspective is anchored in the History of Ideas, and our sources are state papers: reports, messages, and exhibitions.