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The present dissertation is linked to research line Teaching of History and Historical Knowledge with the area of concentration in History and Historical Culture, the PPGH-UFPB. The culture sometimes moves the society, sometimes it is moved, what causes some of our cultural practices legitimize objects, images and speeches. In this way, the film, as one of the possibilities of the manifestation of the historical culture uses it to produce and legitimise representations that affirm or deny identities. Within these representations found in the northeastern‟s man. Some of these representations we created the imaginary of the northeast is a human rude and truculent member and this took us to build a way of thinking about their masculinity, devoted, especially in the figure of the "goat-male". This work has as proposal addressing how this representation acts through buildings, or even, deconstructions of a masculine culture, entered with the dialectics of power and domination. The research in this theme seeks understand how the "naturalization" in cinema of the maleness/northeastern is strictly related to signs associated with the Northeast, as its landscape, associated with the hardness and the aridity, which thus will establishing the image of the region and corroborating with the construction of the popular imagination. The cultural representation to the man in northeastern cinema will thus weaving multiple realities, traditions and identities that are delineated in historic construct cultural.-space

This dissertation aims to analyze the formation of the political power of José Américo de Almeida, known as americismo, in the period from 1928 to 1935. For a better understanding of this period discussed his ascension in the political scenario of Paraíba, still in the year 1928, at the invitation of the then President of Paraíba, João Pessoa. At that time we highlight their participation as Secretary of Public Security of the State, during the revolt of Princess, as well as its passage in the political command of Paraíba after João Pessoa and their participation and performance in the so-called "revolution of 1930”. In the case of americismo growth in Paraíba and the performance of José Américo de Almeida, the front of the provisional Government in the North/Northeast, seek support in the political history and the concept of political cultures. Other relevant period in the history of Almeida was the arrival at the Ministry of ways and public works in the interim Government of Getúlio Vargas highlighting its action in combating drought and the scourge in the region, in addition to the use of the Federal Inspectorate Works Against droughts for growth of this group and its name beyond the borders of the State. Also gave emphasis the political post in Paraíba rearticulations 30, seeking to understand what factors contributed to the expulsion of Almeida of politics in the year 1935 Paraíba. To carry out this research use the Union newspaper, the years from 1930 to 1934, research also in the collection of the foundation Casa de José Américo, where there is a rich iconographic material, as well as letters and telegrams received and dispatched.

After the Institutional Act number 5 is decreted, in 1968, it was increasingly difficult to keep an organized movement in Brazil. The student movement, beside other movements like workers' one, was not on the sidelines of the situation: being one of the movements more investigated by the national security organs, the student movement sought to go to other paths, whether in armed struggle or inside the student representative organs, watched over by the military dictatorship: the Central Students Directories. In a politic period of the country known by its "safe, progressive and slow distension", one of the challenges of the Federal University of Paraíba (Universidade Federal da Paraíba, UFPB) student movement was the resumption of its biggest representative entity, the Central Students Directory (Diretório Central dos Estudantes, DCE), from 1976. With the resumption of that space, comes up a whole political and cultural project that not only brought together academic students of UFPB, but also part of the civil society from João Pessoa, to the causes that were beyond students' interests. Therefore, this work addresses the path of reconstruction of the student movement of João Pessoa, aiming to verify the means to the resumption of political-oriented students' activities, as well as student movement's operation and its linking to other civil society sectors. By crossing a theme related to regionality and use of the Politics New History and Politics Culture, this work establish links to this postgraduate program concentration area, namely History and Historic Culture and, more specifically, to the Regional History research area.

After rendering military services by years in India and in The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1714), the Lusitanian João da Maia da Gama was awarded with the charge of captain-major and governor of Paraiba in 1708. Coming into port at the captainship in a critical period of Brazilian colonial history, João da Maia took part actively in the colonial administration, outlining plans and strategies in the military, economic and political fields, including an involvement in The Mascate War in Pernambuco. Utilizing as main sources the documentation of the Overseas Historical Archive (OHA) and the Historical Documents from the National Library (HDNL), the present dissertation intends to analyse from the political culture standpoint of the Ancient Regime, the performance and the practices by João da Maia da Gama in the exercise of their governmental functions, observing their juridic boundaries and the possibility of autonomy in face to the metropolitan guidelines. Furthermore, it aims at investigating his involvement in commercial activities and observing how his intervention in Pernambuco’s conflict was put into effect – the most remembered action by historiography -, seeking to perceive the plausible political motivations and strategies involved in the governor’s action.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the question of moral choice from a critical view of Marxism. The originality of Marx’s thinking is to criticize the idealist philosophies. This current considers it is impossible to understand the established moral values in society or the process of its establishment, without first understanding the environment and the conflicts of that society. Thus, it isn't the thesisproblem of discussing the moral argument as an ontological given, prefixed and closed, but placing the moral and human interests as facts entered in the history and not outside it. According to founders of Marxism, if the human being is the result of conditions, it is, therefore, to make them [these conditions] human.

This study aimed to analyze the centrality exerted by the city of Mamanguape in the microregion of North Coast, under the perspective of teaching higher education. To this end, we seek, in the course of research elaboration, to reflect on the relationships between Mamanguape and other cities of the North Coast microregion; to understand the centrality of Mamanguape (PB) in different historical periods and to investigate the major changes occurred in urban space of the city after the UFPB Campus IV implementation. Despite the intense influences of metropolis over other cities belonging to a given region, currently it is noticeable the emergence of new centers of centrality that are not necessarily cities of medium and large size and this comes instigating many researchers to focus their studies for these regions. Mamanguape, for example, even classified as a small town has always presented a dynamic and significant centrality, what makes the other cities of the the North Coast microregion have a close relationship with it. Based on these objectives and context, this work was structured in three chapters and it was necessary to survey the theoretical and methodological sources on the city, centrality, as well as of reflections for investigation of small towns. For this, To this end, our analysis came from the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of small towns and centrality presented by Maia (2009), Fresca (2010), Santos (1979), Corrêa (1999, 2004), Lefebvre (1999), Villaça (2009) and Spósito (1998). The research allowed us to state that the arrival of the Campus IV in Mamanguape intensified its centrality in the microregion. It was identified that the majority of students are coming from the municipalities of the North Coast which narrowed their relationship with them, because lot of people started to circulate in the city to seek higher education which resulted in the change / heating of other sectors that are not necessarily connected to the university.

This thesis aims to discuss, through the memories and the sensibilities, some of the life experiences of people who lived in the city of Cubati, located at the interior of the state of Paraiba during the 1950s until 1980. In this period, occurred in this city the change of agricultural production based on food cultivation for subsistence to a production process and large-scale commercialization of agave, wich was destinated for the domestic and foreign markets. In this city, the process of economic exploitation of agave resulted in some changes on the lifes of the people, changes on their everyday life and working practices. Through political and religious speeches, we realize that the agave was seen as the main route for the salvation of the brazilian Northeast, a region hit by the drought and focus of different public policies. In this sense, political, religious, agronomists and journalists took turns on the production of speeches in defense of the agave, for which attributed an evil and destructive aspect. Through analysis of these discourses (BENJAMIN, 2012) I sought to identify how they were important for the acceptance of agave in Cubati, and also, how they were used for positivization of this type of agriculture. This study has not the objective to privilege the visions created by the elitist groups about the agricultural production of the agave. For the contrary, I intend to identify, through narratives and the sensibilities produced by oral speech, how the process of the exploration of the agave changed the lifes of the workers who lived in this city. After analize the oral sources, I propoused some questions wich could reveal to me the senses, the objectives of these senses and the objectives of the sequences of remembrance of the people who were interviewed. With regard to the work with the oral sources, I used the Oral History Metodology (FERREIRA, 1998), because I realize that it would be the best manner to comprehend the visions of the farmers about the introduction of the agave as a new agricultural product and how it was the manner of work with that strange plant. When we think on the relashionship between the speeches and its various forms of actuation, I based myself in Michel Foucault (1972; 2012), because this philosopher showed us that the speeches are passed by a knowledge-power relation wich start from a particular place/institution playing a role in social, cultural and political relations. Foucault inspired me to think the manner how the workers were related to their memories, and how, when they remembered, exercised the "author function". It was also important to think the relations of the workers with the working world from the look of English historiography, notably through (THOMPSON, 1981; 1997; 1998) realized that the agave‟s workers from Cubati and their memories are inscribed in this study through a poetic, that do not intend to tell just one story. This story is told through the various voices that make up this text.

This paper aims to discuss the social movements struggling for housing in Crato and the process of production of urban space from the fight and action of these movements. Initially we did a historical survey of the major struggles and movements that occurred in the city, especially in the 1970s and 1980s , when there was a ferment of forms of action of social movements in Crato . The church in this period had an important role in the construction and organization of social movements struggling for housing in the city, from the theory of liberation theology , and the progressive wing of the Catholic Church in Crato incisively influenced massively and the struggle for bit in the city , later the leftist political parties , like the PT and PC do B came into play in the organization of social struggles . Still , we did a theoretical approach arguing that residents' associations are a social movement or even a step of building a social movement , but there is dialectically to that, associations are also an appendix of political logic of the state or even groups local politicians interfered , thus the construction of a unified struggle for housing. Thus , it is understood that social movements struggling for housing in Crato , are organized or even factual and circumstantial a form of organization of the working class struggle for better living conditions and survival or in search of the right way to town .

The fruits flies cause large damages for world fruticulture, much for the damages direct of the infestation in the fruits, how much for the indirect damages with fruits exportation prohibition. Considering crescent demand of importation countries and Brazil potentialities for attempt, it was has been required establishment of favorable conditions for exportation sector development, as well higher exigency of quality for product by consumer. Quarantine treatment for fruits disinfestations includes priority physical methods, applicable by simple form or in combination. Among those, are important vapour and hot water, because showed many vantages on chemical control, but important obstacle to heat treatment for postharvest fruits control against insects infestation in fruits susceptibility at temperature and time required for effective treatment, no affecting physiology and fruits quality. Treatments based on heat use, constituted alternatives applicable on tropical fruits by possibility disinfestations and simultaneous control of insects and pathogens.

Mata of Pau-Ferro constitutes an of the most important reservations of vegetation of altitude swamps in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazilian, with arboreal representatives of economical importance and thoroughly distributed in other formations of swamps. The objective this work as to characterize morphologically fruits and seeds, besides the phases of germination, seedling, and seedling production of eight forest species found in Mata of Pau-Ferro, municipal district of Areia, state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazilian. Inga ingoides (Rich.) Willd., Acacia polyphylla DC., and Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong, (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae); Caesalpinia ferrea var. parvifolia Benth., Hymenaea courbaril L., and Pterogyne nitens Tul., (Leguminosae- Caesalpinioideae); Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth. and Erytrina veluntina Willd., (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) were studed. Were observed, legume “nucóide”, “samaróide” and “bacóide”, types in alls species except, in Erytrina.velutine with occurrence folliculo type. Many species showed epigous germination with fanerocotiledonar seedling and semi- hipogeal germination with criptocotiledonar seedling in Inga ingoides.

This work had as objective to evaluate the origin, quality, and postharvest losses of tropical fruits at the wholesale market of the Empresa de Abastecimento e Serviços Agrícolas de Campina Grande (Empasa-CG), Paraíba state, Brazil. The work was developed in four experiments: ‘Perola’ pineapple (Chapter II), ‘Pacovan’ banana (Chapter III), ‘Hawaii’ papaya (Chapter IV), and ‘Espada’ mango (Chapter V). For each experiment, each fruit was weekly sampled at the specific day of entrance at the Empasa-CG. Fruits were weekly sampled, being the collection divided in two steps: in the first, from the total of vehicles received in the Empasa-CG with fruits was registered the origin and the weight of the load. Following, it was randomly selected three groups of three vehicles, from which were randomly collected three physiologically mature fruits (triplicates of 9 fruits, 27 in the total) for characterization of fruits able for marketing; in the second sampling, at the end of the daily period of commercialization, the total of discarded fruits were weighted and classified as the types of losses. Following, it was sampled triplicates of 9 fruits (27 in the total) for characterization of losses. Each weekly sampling represented a replication of the monthly evaluation (Four replications/months). The percentage of losses was calculated taking as base the volume of product entrance and the volume discarded obtained from wholesalers. Fungi were isolated and identified at the Laboratório de Fitopatologia of the CCA/UFPB. From the total ‘Perola’ pineapple losses, 82% represented mechanical damages and 18% were caused by microrganisms. The Fusarium subglutinans f.sp.ananas was responsable for the highest levels of phytopathogens losses. For ‘Pacovan’ banana, losses by consignment (Type II) were higher than unloading losses (Type I). For ‘Hawaii’ papaya, 40% were caused by phytopathogens, whereas losses for mechanical damages were 60%. From the total of ‘Espada’ mango received for commercialization at the Empasa-CG, 11% were discarded due to mechanical damages, from which 50% corresponded to crushing, 37% to wounding, and 13% to broken or cracked fruits.

The characteristics of the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil lead to the development of a forest formation known as Caatinga, composed mostly by xerophytes. The Caatinga forest is fundamental to the economic activities of the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. However, very often, these activities put the ecosystem integrity at risk. Among the most frequent tree species, jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poiret) stands out for its potential for forage production, especially in the dry period of the year, when fodder shortage is in its peak. Its stems may be used for fence construction, or as high caloric power firewood for bakeries and ceramic industries. Its bark can be used as a source of tannins for fur treatment. Bark extraction also brings the extra benefit of reducing the attack of wood-eating fungi and insects and increasing the energetic quality of its firewood. There are many ecological benefits of this species for the semi-arid region. First it plays an important role in the initial phase of recovery of degraded areas, in preparing the environment for the secondary species of the later stages of plant and animal succession in the Caatinga forest. In addition, it helps to protect the soil and produce food for the native fauna. Jurema preta shows a high efficiency in N fixation and nutrient uptake, as it is able to successfully associate to rizobium bacteria and mycorrizal fungi. Due to the described importance of this species for the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil, studies were conducted to evaluate its growth rate, forage production and natural regeneration in the semi-arid region of Paraiba. These points are presented in the following chapters.

In spite of the existence of works phytosociologys of the vegetation of the caatinga, still lack a lot for the knowledge of the caatingas as a completely. Consent exists among several authors in recognizing the heterogeneity floristic and physiognomies of the caatinga and in attributing to the climate and the soil, or still to the united action of these two factors, the main cause in the establishment of the caatinga types. The objective of the present work was to analyze the floristic composition, to compare the structure phytosociologycal, in the years of 2000 and 2005 and to evaluate the existent soil-vegetation relationship, the altitude and vegetable covering in one area caatinga in the farm Tamanduá, in the municipality of Santa Terezinha (PB), being adopted the method of plots, with 200m2 each, being made aleatory collections for 12 months. All shrub-trees vegetation with larger total height than 1 meter and circunference at breast height – CAP ³ 10 cm, alive or killed still foot, were counted and measured. Samples of surface soil (0-20 cm of depth) were collected from each plot for analyses of chemical and textural properties. Were defined three classes of altitudes with base in the estimates generated by interpolate: inferior, middleman and superior. Was sampling 1440 individuals, belonging to 25 species and 17 families, in the first rising, and 1704 individuals belonging to 27 species and 15 families, in the second rising. Caesalpinia pyramidalis was the most representative species in the two periods, what is due to the high values of density, dominance, frequency and distribution. The total basal area had a small increase between 2000 and 2005, passing of 10,73 m².ha-1 for 11,57 m².ha-1 an increment of 7,8 %. Of the individuals sampling, so much in the year of 2000 as in 2005, 92 % concentrated on the first four diameter classes, between 3 and 15 cm. Croton sonderianus Müll. Arg. presented the larger percentile of mortality. The number of individuals for hectare was of 1775. Of the found species, 67% can be considered as arborous and 33% as arbustive. Four families stopped about 54% of the individuals sampling: Euphorbiaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Mimosaceae and Bignoniaceae. The species that had the largest number of individuals sampling were: Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (21,5%), Combretum leprosum Mart. (12,4%) and Croton sonderianus Müll. Arg. (8,5%). The species that more contributed with the inclusion of the new individual were: Combretum leprosum Mart., Croton sonderianus Müll. Arg., Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul., Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Stand. and Anadenanthera colubrine. The families that more stood in IVI were Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae, Combretaceae and Euphorbiaceae, and Caesalpinia pyramidalis went to the species with larger density, being considered the three altitude levels. The chemical attributes of the soil, in the level of inferior altitude influenced in the individuals largest basal area and the chemical and physical attributes of the soil provided trees with larger IVI.

The work was carrying out at Centro de Ciências Agrárias –UFPB, farm Chã-de-Jardim, in February to June, 2004, with the objective of evaluate effect of nitrogen levels used by fertirigation, on bell pepper growth, development and yield cultivated on protected environment. Experimental design used was randomized blocks with five treatments (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg.ha-1) and four replications, in a total of 20 plots. Each plot was composed by 18 plants variety All Big, in a total of 360 plants. It was evaluated higher of plants, leaves number, foliar area (FA), foliar area index (FAI), floration and frutification beginning, length, diameter and, fruits medium weight, number of fruits per plant and yield for commercial and no commercial fruits. It was determined relations among FA and FAI with yield. The greenhouse thermal variation variation during culture cycle was 7 to 10º C. For reaching maximum it was necessary 1.330 degree-days accumulated, corresponding, in that year, 69 days after transplanting, independing of nitrogen level used and for transplantig-harvest period that thermal accumulation

This dissertation sought to evaluate the impact of occupational experience among young Brazilians workers as determining the chances of insertion in the Brazilian labor market as well as on wage differentials. To achieve this goal were adopted models for Propensity Score Matching (PSM) proposed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983) and the Counterfactual Analysis by quantile regressions proposed by Chernozhukov, Fernández-Val and Melly (2013), based on the data to the Monthly Employment Survey (PME), 2003-2012. The dissertation is composed of two essays (chapters) whose independent hypothesis drawn is that the occupational experience, ie, the fact that it has exercised an earlier occupation, can be considered an important variable for distinguishing among young workers (16 to 24 years), both in the search for employment and in their salaries. The first essay analyzed the impact of occupational experience in the occupational chances of insertion in the labor market through the econometric methodology Propensity Score Matching while the second essay assessed the impact of occupational experience in the workers' wage differentiation (workers with occupational experience and without occupational experience) by Chernozhukov, Fernández-Val and Melly (2013) method. The results confirm that occupational experience has a positive impact on influences the chances of insertion in the labor market (on average workers with experience have 10% additional chances of being hired compared to those who don’t have occupational experience), as well indicated that workers who have already exercised a previous occupational activity (reemployed workers) have a higher wage income compared to workers without previous experience (workers who are employed at his first job) in all years of the sample, and that this difference is more significant when analyzed workers located in the lower quantiles of the income distribution. Although the methodological and sampling caveats cited throughout the dissertation, the test of sensitivity analysis rectified that occupational experience in the labor market is a criterion used by the employees both in hiring and in payment.

From two independent experiments, this thesis aimed to investigate the spatial concentration of employment of clothing and leather footwear and municipalities in the Brazilian Northeast sectors. To achieve this goal, broke the theoretical foundation of the New Economic Geography of the spatial concentration of productive activities generate benefits for local economic agents. The first trial, which is descriptive in nature, used the Spatial Analysis of Settlement for the identification and verification spatial evolution of clusters of two productive sectors between 1997 and 2012. The results suggest that the clothing industry has spatial concentration of productive clusters in the states of Pernambuco, Ceara and Rio Grande do Norte. The leather and footwear sector, in turn, is more concentrated in the states of Ceara and Bahia. Moreover, we perceive spatial spillover of clusters in the two sectors between the municipalities in the study period. The second essay, in turn, aimed to test from the marshallian externalities horizontal clustering of employment of micro, small and medium enterprises in the sectors for municipalities in the region between 2002 and 2012. For this, was used the spatial model proposed by Fingleton, Igliori and Moore (2005), which tests the explanatory variables of sectoral employment growth of micro, small and medium enterprises controlling estimates of supply and demand, isolating the effect of the initial intensity of the cluster, as well as possible effects of stage of congestion. The results suggest that there is a horizontal clustering in the clothing sector. Leather and footwear, on the other hand, seems to be no such clustering.

This paper conducts tests for structural breaks in the reaction function of the Central Bank of Brazil to evaluate possible changes in the conduct of monetary policy in Brazil, taking into account the reaction function of the regressors are potentially endogenous variables. For this, we uses the methodology developed by Hall et al. (2012) who, using an extension of the framework developed by Bai and Perron (1998), develops a method capable of identifying multiple structural breaks at unknown periods. The main results indicate presence of structural breaks in the three reaction functions studied. Furthermore, the actions of monetary policy through interest rate Selic seem to suffer greater influence of deviations of inflation around its target, compared to changes in the output gap and the exchange rate.

This Master's Thesis consists of two essays that seek to answer two central questions. In the first essay the main goal is to verify the occurrence of contingency inequality in the sense described by Rawls (1971), among students from 5th and 9th grade from public schools of João Pessoa - PB. Thus, it attempts to explain why students with similar observable characteristics get such different results. To achieve this goal, it was used the Microdata from Prova Brasil 2011. The empirical strategy adopted was to combine the Propensity Score Matching with the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. This way, it was possible to obtain a more homogeneous sample in terms of observable factors of the students and separate them into two groups: those with performance above and below the average. Created these two groups, the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was used to decompose the average differential between observable and unobservable factors. The differential due to unobservable factors was attributed to the contingency effect, ie, the innate characteristics of each student. The results showed evidence favorable to the occurrence of such phenomenon. The second essay consists of an empirical exercise of impact evaluation. We sought to evaluate the effects of the Program Mais Educação, implemented in 2008, over five outcome variables: the Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB) of the schools, the average grade of schools in portuguese and mathematics, the dropout rate and an index of violence that was created. It was decided to evaluate this program for two main reasons: first because it has been increasingly adopted in Brazilian schools, and second because its costs are considerably high. For this purpose, it was used the Microdata from Prova Brasil 2007, 2009 and 2011. Thus, it was possible to construct a panel data structure containing information in a previous period (2007) and in two periods after the beginning of the program (2009 and 2011). The measurement of the impacts of Mais Educação was obtained through the combination of two methods widely used in this type of analysis, namely: Propensity Score Matching and Differences in Differences. The combination of these methods provides robust estimates of the effect of the program on the adopted outcome variables, because it allows the control of both the observable and unobservable characteristics. The estimated models indicate that the program in question is efficient especially in reducing dropout rates and violence in schools.

This thesis consists of three essays related to demand for unhealthy products and the role of behavioral risk factors to health on school outcomes and the labor market. The first essay analyzes the demand of Brazilian families for alcoholic beverages and cigarettes, with emphasis on price and expenditure elasticities and simulations of changes in the prices of these items on the welfare. We use the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System and data from the Household Budget Survey 2008-2009 and the Smoking Supplement of the National Research by Household Sample 2008. The main results show that cigarettes and alcohol have positive expenditure elasticity of demand and substitution relationship in terms of cross-price, regardless of per capita income level and region of residence. Positive price changes in these items have low adjustment of demand, as well as the rate of required income compensation due to changes in cigarette prices is higher for richer households and regions. In turn, the second essay evaluates the role of exposure of students to behavioral risk factors to health – smoking, alcohol and overweight – in educational attainment in Brazil. We use microdata from the National Survey of School Health 2012 provided by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and parametric and nonparametric techniques to estimate the effect of exposure to these factors in the indicator of delay in school progression of students in the 9th grade of elementary school. The main results confirm the hypothesis that exposure to risk factors has direct effect on delay in school progression. Furthermore, these effects are more intense for students with lower socioeconomic level. Then, the findings of this study ratify the importance of public policies that promote prevention of these risk factors among children, once the exposure to risk factors to health generates repercussions not only in health but also in the educational component of human capital. Finally, the core purpose of the last essay is to explore the heterogeneity of the repercussion of unhealthy personal behaviors, expressed by cigarette smoking, on labor productivity and wage-risk trade-off. Based on the Special Smoking Survey included in the National Survey by Household Sample 2008 and Yearbook Statistics of Job Injuries 2008, the empirical models are developed by instrumental quantile regression. The findings show that the smoking wage penalty with endogeneity control is statistically significant over the distribution of labor income, with wage losses ranging from 15.2% to 36.5%. Furthermore, smokers receive a lower risk premium than nonsmokers in economic activities with higher incidence of nonfatal occupational injuries. According to these estimates, the value of a statistical injury per year is, on median, for non-smokers approximately R$ 6,400 per injury and R$ 3,500 for smokers, with differences also in the other quantiles of the conditional wage distribution.

This dissertation encompasses three chapters that study Child Labor. Below are the individual abstracts for each chapter. Chapter 1: Child labor and the wealth paradox: the role of Altruistic Parents Using data from Pakistan and quantile regression techniques, we study the effect of family wealth on the utilization of child labor. We find evidence of a positive relationship between land wealth and child labor only for children in the upper quantiles of the distribution. We hypothesize that the so-called "Wealth Paradox" in child labor documented elsewhere in the literature is driven by parental preferences. Chapter 2: Child labor and household wealth: an analysis for rural Brazil This chapter studies the effect of family wealth on the utilization of child labor in rural areas of Brazil. We using data from PNAD 2012 and the Censored Quantile Instrumental Variable (CQIV) which captures heterogeneity across the distribution of hours worked, and it deals with the problems of censorship and endogeneity in the data. We find evidences of a negative relationship between land wealth and child labor only for children in the lower quantiles of the distribution. On the other hand, at the median and upper quantiles we find a non-linear relationship, supporting the hypothesis of " U-inverted ". We need to highlight that the turning point is bigger at the upper quantile, where families have lower level of altruism. In general, the results indicate that the preferences of the parents are the primary determinant of child labor. Chapter 3: Child labor in urban Brazil: what is the role of the family structure? The aim of this chapter is to investigate the role of single parents on child labor in urban Brazil. We use data provided by Brazilian Demographic Census of 2010 and the models to determine the probability of working (Probit, IV-Probit and Bivariate Probit) and the Yun’s decomposition to capture the differences at the probability of child labor attributed to the difference in behavior between single-parent families, headed by the mother, and two-parent, headed by his father. The results show that boys, age 15 whose parents have low level of education are more likely to work. We also found evidences that children in single-parent homes are more likely to work when compared with children in two-parent households in the father’s responsibility, noting that the most vulnerable scenery for the child is to live in a single parent home with no widowed mother. And the difference in child labor between the two groups of families is mainly due to their unobserved behaviors.