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Experiments were carried out in greenhou se, at ESALQ/USP, in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, with soil samples of the A and B² horizon of an Oxisol (LR) and an Alfisol (PVp), without and with mineral fertilizer and lime to achieve a CEC saturation of 80% and a Ca:Mg:K relation of 16:4:1, besides a disponible P level of 15 ppm, to verify the influence of the variation of the aeration porosity (from 24 to 3%) on the behavior of the nutrients in common bean, cultivar Aroana 80. The water content in the 2,5 liter soil per pot, was mantained between 100 and 70% of the field capacity. The decrease of aeration porosity affected in general the absolute and relative level of P, and the N/P relation. Changed the nutritional eficiency of N in the B² horizon of both soils, of the Cu in the Oxisol and of the Mn in the Alfisol, in both horizons. The occorence of specific behavior of the soil type and horizon, and the interference of the fertility level was noted.

The latosol profiles from the Lobo creek basin, in the region of São Carlos, Brotas and Itirapina, State of São Paulo, initially classified by the SOIL COMMISSION (I960) and re-classifield by FREIRE et alii (1978), were sampled and studied through granulometric analysis by employing the statistical parameters proposed by FOLK & WARD (1957). The main objectives of this study were to characterize these soils, to elucidate their genesis and evolution, and to check the apparent morphological uniformity manifested by the classification of FREIRE et alii (1978). The results obtained revealed that the profiles under study two distinct categories: one showing a tendency to shift to the side of the coarser fractions, the modal fraction consists of fine sand and has symmetric freguency distribution size curves, and the other, where the modal fraction consists of medium sand with a clay content 30 to 40% higher than that of the first, has asymmetrical frequency distribution size curves. Probable occurrences of lithological discontinui ties were not indicated by the results obtained, but the degree of selection values, degree of asymmetry and curtosis suggest such discontinuities. However, these data are not conclusive.

Four distrophic latosol profiles from the Lobo creek basin, located in the region of the municipalities of Brotas, Itirapina and São Carlos, were sampled and studied by using the very fine sand fraction: mineralogy of the heavy residue and roundness of the high fraction. The objetive of this research work was to establish parameters for studying the soil genesis, uniformity of the material of origin and similarities between profiles as previously determined by morphology. Qualitatively the four profiles showed similarities and exhibited a simple mineralogical composition which, in conjunction with the chemical stability of the minerals, imparts a high mineralogical maturity character to the soils, indicating total depletion of the plant mineral nutrient reserves. Quantitatively, one of the profiles showed a higher content of heavy minerals - 3 to 4 times that of the other profiles. These are mostly opaque minerals, indicating an important contribution of basalts which outcrop near this profile. The mineralogical composition reveals sandstones of the Botucatú Formation and basalts of the Serra Geral Formation, both of the Jurassic-Cretaceous period as origin material, reworked to from these latosols. The zirconite-turmaline ratio shows a high variation in two profiles. However, other parameters such as roundness, granulometry, and variations in zirconite and turmaline types do not confirm nor suggest the presence of lithological discontinuities but rather a high uniformity of the profiles.

Phyllocoptruta oleivora (ASHMEAD, 1879). A field test for chemical control of citrus rust mite was carried out in Limeira, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The treatments and the quantities of active ingredients per hectare were as follows: A - check; B - bromopropilate, 567-5g; C - fenpropathrin, 340.5g; D -chlofentezine, 567.5g; E - ometoate, 1397-0g; F - maneb, 1396.8g (table 1). The treatments had four repetitions and each one of these had three adult orange-trees. Six liters of the spray (water plus pesticide) were applied on each one. Mites were counted with stereoscopes microscopes on the leaves 02 days before the spray and 05, 11, 19, 32, 46, 60, 73, 89, 107 and 117 days after the application (table 2). The best results were obtained with bromopropilate and chlofentezine (bromopropilate was the best treatment in the first six counts; chlofentezine was the best in the last four avaliations (tables 3 and 4).

Hevea seeds are usually gathered in the State of São Paulo from february till march/april; the months that follow are tipically colder and drier, therefore inadequate for nursery plants. It is then desirable to store the seeds until september/october. The viability of Hevea seeds decreases rapidly with time when stored under natural conditions. This paper reports the results of a trial in which a fungicide treatment and three storage conditions were applied to Hevea seeds with the purpose of observing their quality after pre-determined periods. Two experiments were carried out utilizing seeds collected in plantations in the 1983 and 1984. Germination tests, average height, average green and dry weights of the plants were determined at four dates in 1983 and five in 1984. These datas were set at intervals of two months. Benlate and Captan fungicides were found to be inadequate as Hevea seeds treatment. Seeds of good physiological quality with moisture content over 30% could be stored for a period of six months under standard conditions.

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An experiment of vegetative propagation of Guarana Plant (Paullinia cupana (Mart.) Ducke), was conducted at EMBRAPA, UEPAE/Porto Velho, Rondonia, on Km 5,5 of BR-364, 8°46'5" South, 63°5' of Grenwich and 96,3 meters high above sed level. Herbaceous and woody branches were used, being induced to rooting through the process of coating, and also of vegetative regulador, indolilbutiric acid on the concentration of 50 ppm. Fron the results obtained it is concluded that: the cooting of the herbaceous cut was highty superior to the woody cut the herbaceous cut induced without the use of indolilbutiric acid showed higher rooting potencial. The rooting induction on the guaraná Plant branches caused the formation of root origin on the induced region of the plant, even before the branches cutting, and, eventhough with a smaller rooting percentage the induced cut when tested with IBA showed greater root numbes.

This experiment was carried out with the objective of determine the effect of a plant stimulant (Respond or Reward) in the productivity of Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo and Glycine max cv. Biloxi under field conditions. In the experimental field of E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz" in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, it was applied Respond in the concentrations of 1,0 1.ha-1 and 1,5 1.ha-1 (January, 17), 1,0 1.ha-1 (January, 17 and March, 17), 1,0 1.ha-1 and 1,5 1.ha-1 (March, 17), and check treatment. The solutions of the plant stimulant were sprayed in the leaves of the plant until run-off stage. Respond 1,0 1.ha-1 sprayed in January, 17 and March, 17 increased dry fruits percent, observed in June, 12. Respond 1,5 1. ha-1 (March, 17) promoted increase in the immature fruits percent observed in July, 16; at this time Respond 1,0 1.ha-1 applied in January, 17 increased dry fruits percent. Application of the plant stimulant 1,0 1.ha-1 in March, 17 and 1,0 1.ha-1 in January, 17 and March 17, increased the number of fruits in August, 23. In April, 30 it was realized the application of Respond 1,0 1.ha-1 and 1,5 1 . ha-1 in soybean. It was observed a tendency of Respond reduced the parameters of production and increased the intrinsic parameters of the pods.

This paper had the objective to collect information concerning the effects of hand picking, electric color sorting and fungicide treatment on the quality of peanut seeds. The peanut seed were processed in a sheller with vibratory circular screen, following the seeds was classified on the 22/64" screen. Then the seeds passed through a gravity table, were the heaviest ones were separated to be used in the differents treatments. The treatments were the following: 1. the original material (check), 2. material submitted to one electric sorting, 3. material submitted to two electric sorting, 4. hand picking by 8 persons, 5. hand picking by 4 persons followed by an electric sorting, 6. material rejected by electric sorting. All the treatments were derived in two parcels and one of each was treated with the fungicide thiran (2 g.a.i. per kg of seeds). The results have indicated that the seeds rejected by the electric sorting (seeds with color was lighter or darker than the characteristic color of the cultivar, and seeds with damage tegument with exposed embryo) had the lowest physical (purity analysis and presence of seeds with damage tegument) physiological (germination test, acelered aging and emergence of seedling in the sand and in the field) and health (seed health) qualities. However the hand picking or the electric sorting methods improved only the physical quality. The treatment using fungicide improve the physiological and health qualities of the seeds.

In a Dark Red Latosol, sandy phase, with 0.3 ppm of "available" Zn (Mehlich), the effectiveness of three zinc sources (sulphate, oxide, and fritted-FTE BR-12) was studied in the greenhouse, using corn as a test plant. The following leves of the micronutrient were used: sulphate - 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ppm, oxide and FTE BR-12 - 1.0 ppm. It was found that the test plant reacted differently to the three sources: sulphate beyond the 1.0 ppm level of supply induced toxicity; although equally efficient in terms of dry matter production, the two insoluble sources did no restrict growth when supplied at the same rate There was a highly significant correlation between Zn applied and taken up. Both DTPA-TEA and Mehlich's solution estimated equally well residual Zn in the soil. The two insoluble sources left in the soil a content of available Zn roughly equal to that found in the intermediate level of sulphate addition. Attention should be drawn to the risk of inducing zinc toxicity when soluble sources are used in sandy soils similar to that employed in the present experiment.

Foi efetuado um ensaio de competição entre adubos nitrogenados fisiologicamente ácidos, em vasos, com a finalidade principal de se verificar o comportamento da uréia frente ao nitrato de amônio, sulfato de amônio, uréia + enxofre, este sob duas formas: sulfato de potássio e sulfato de cálcio. A terra utilizada era de tabuleiro proveniente de Rio Largo, Alagoas, Brasil, e o ensaio foi conduzido na Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", da Universidade de São Paulo, localizada em Piracicaba, Brasil. A planta teste foi o milho (Zea mays L.) cv. Piranão. De um modo geral todas as formas de nitrogênio testados foram igualmente disponíveis às plantas. É de se esperar que a uréia, convenientemente aplicada no solo, seja tão boa fonte de N quanto os demais fertilizantes nitrogenados.

This research was carried out to study some aspects of the biology and behavior of Nesolynx sp. (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a pupal parasite of Psorocampa denticulata (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) a defoliating caterpillar of Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil. The adults emerge from the host pupa through a circular hole on Its dorsal region. Mating occurs righ after the emergence and the longevity of adults was two days for the males and four days for the females. Regarding to the host species Diatraea saccharalis showed a number of adults significantly greater than Galleria mellonella and the increasing temperature from 21±1 °C to 26±1°C caused a significative increasing in the number of emerged adults in both host species. The emergence of adults increased proportionally to the period of exposition to the host up to 3.50 days; after that, a considerable decrease in the emergence was observed. The parasitoid showed parthenogenetic reproduction therefore the average number of emerged males was significantly greater than the number of females. The sex ratio was similar for the insects emerged from virgin or mated females (0,96) and the life cycle lenght was around 18.34 days for both conditions.

An experiment has carried out in commercial coffee plantation (varie ty Mundo Novo, 7 years old, 1904 "covas" per ha, previous yield 3,180 kg cleancoffe, Ipanema Agro Indústria S.A., Alfenas, MG, Brazil) designed to estimate the quantities of biomass, macro and micronutrients there in, removed by different types of pruning, namely: (1) stumping at 0,40 m above ground;(2) capping at 1,00 m; (3) capping at 1,50 m; (4) capping at 2,00 m; (5) capping at 1,50 m and cutting of laterals at 15 cm from the main stem. Analyses of data and material allowed for the following conclusions to be drawn. (1) Biomass removed by pruning was higher when pruning was done by stumping (24.3 tons of fresh weight and 11.9 tons dry weight) and by capping at 1,00 m above ground (20.6 and 10.1 tons, respectively); these treatments were followed by capping at 1,50 m plus cutting off laterals which yielded 19.4 and 8.3 tons of fresh and dry weight; the fresh and try weight corresponding to capping at 1,50 and 2,00 m above ground were: 12.1 and 5.4, 5.6 and 2.5 tons por hectare. (2) Simple regression equations describe with a high degree of significance the relationship between height of pruning and biomass removed there off. (3) The amount of macro and micronutrients, as expected, relate well with the quantity of plant material which corresponds to each treatment. Total amounts for macronutrients were, according to the order of the treatments given above (in kg/ha): N - 320; 294; 162; 80 and 261; P - 18; 15; 10; 44 and 16; K - 286; 266; 168; 78 and 273; Ca - 149; 139; 63; 33 and 101; Mg - 30; 33; 16; 8 and 26; S - 10; 7; 6; 3 and 10. In the same order, the amounts of micronutrients were, in g/ha: B - 306; 337; 163; 83 and 268; Cu - 229; 219; 121; 51 and 191; Fe - 2783; 2328; 1367; 544 and 2088; Mn - 437; 779; 264; 142 and 412; Zn - 174; 152; 74; 28 and 121. (4) Simple regression equations were derived which express the relationship between quantities of macro and micronutrients removed and the heighth of pruning. (5) Recycling of the biomass curt off fy pruning could contribute to savings in the rates of fertilizer to be applied in the period of regrowth. Most of the nutrients, however, from two thirds to three fourths of the total, are found in branches and stems which is likely to more slonly released.

This paper relates sesults obtained in the determination of available zinc by chemical and microbiological methods. The HCl 0,1 N, EDTA-(NH4) 2CO3, dithizone-ammonium acetate and Aspergillus niger (according WALLACE,1961 ) methods were applied to soil samples from profiles representing 8 soil series of Piracicaba Municipality, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The evaluation of the available zinc by the Aspergillus niger was splited in two parts: a- evaluation of available zinc in the samples soil from horizons of profiles of soils by microbiological method. b- Addition of crescent dosis of zinc (0 to 16 micrograms of zinc /0,25 g of soil) were made in the samples soil of upper horizons (Ap) of the profiles of soils.The special nutrientive solution without zinc and innoculum of Aspergillus were added to every treatment. After an week from inoculation to 28° C of temperature, the mycelium of Aspergillus was colected, dried to 70-80°C, weighed and registered the weights. Statistical correlations were conducted betwee the Aspergillus methods and every one of the chemical methods. Only the dithizone-ammonium acetate method showed correlation with the Aspergillus method. The results obtained by the Aspergillus niger method permited to classify the studied soils according the available zinc content, as follow low: Well suplied - Luiz de Queiroz Series Moderatly supplied - Bairrinho, Quebra-Dente and Lageadinho Series Low supplied - Iracema, Guamium and Paredão Vermelho Series.

This paper relates results obtained in the determination of total and soluble Zinc. The HCl 0,1 N EDTA-(NH4)2CO3 and Dithizone-acetato de amônio methods were applied to soil samples from profiles representing 8 soil Series of Piracicaba Municipality, State of São Paulo - Brazil. The determination of both total and soluble Zinc content was carried out by the TRIERWEILER & SINDSAY (1968) method, except the dithizone soluble Zinc that was determined by the SHAW & DEAN (1952) method. The statistical analysis of the data showed a significant correlation between HCl soluble Zinc and to tal Zinc content. The HCl 0,1 N solution's showed a larger capacity than the EDTA and Ditizone Method's to dissolve the available zinc. The Luiz de Quairoz, Bairrinho and Guamium Soils were the highest in available zinc. The Luiz de Queiroz, Bairrinho e Guamium Soils were the largest in Total Zinc.

In this paper a modification to Bray's (1948) method for constructing a calibration curve to soil avaible nutrients is proposed. Basically it consists in estimating the constant c value of the Mitscherlich equation in the linear form, by means of linear regression, and constructing a calibration curve with this value.

This research was carried out in greenhouse situated in the Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, São Paulo State, Brazil, in 1975/76, to study the influence of NPK spraying on leaves, on the NPK com position in leaves to cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cv. IAC-13-1. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Blocks with the treatments combined in a 2 x 3³ factorial with 3 replications. The treatments were: spraying-two (4 and 8), fertilizers three (N,P,K) in three levels (0,1,2). This three levels had the following averages according to the number of spraying, such as: four spraying - N0 = 0, N1 = 0,44, N2 = 0,84; P0 = 0, P1= 0,05, P2 = 0,09; K0 = 0, K1 = 0,33, K2 = 0,66; eight spraying - N0 = 0; N1 = 0,91, N2 = 1,87; P0 = 0, P1 = 0,10, P2 = 0,20; K0 = 0, K1 = 0,70, K2 = 1,40. The levels are expressed in Kg/ha and the source of fertilizers used were; NH4NO3; NaH2PO5H2O and KC1 for N, P(2)0(5) and K(2)0 respectively. The evaluation of the treatments were done based upon: percentage of N, P, K dry matter of young leaves and old leaves. The following conclusions could be drawn from this research: the N caused increase in P level in old leaves. The cotton plants no treated with N increased the percentage of K in old leaves. The P caused reduction in N levels in old and young leaves; increased the P levels in old leaves in N presence. The K increased the P leavel in old and young leaves, descreased the K levels in old leaves.