RCAAP Repository

This research was carried out in greenhouse of Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, in 1975/76; to study the influence of NPK spraying on leaves about composition of Ca and Mg in parts of cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum L. raça Latifolium) Cv. IAC 13-1. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Blocks with the treatments combined in a 2 x 3³ factorial with 3 replications. The treatments were: spraying-two (4 and 8) fertilizers-three (N, P, K) in three levels (0, 1, 2). This three levels had the following averages according to the numbers of spraying, sweh as: four spraying: N0 = 0; N1 = 0,44; N2 = 0,88; P0 = 0; P1 = 0,05; P2 = 0,10; K0 = 0; K1 = 0,33; K2 = 0,66; eight spraying: N0 = 0; N1 = 0,91; N2 = 1,82; P0 = 0; P1 = 0,10; P2 = 0,20; K0 = 0; K1 = 0,70, K2 = 1,40. The levels are expressed in kg/ha and the source of fertilizers used were: NH4NO3, NaH2PO4H2O and KCl for N, P2O5 and K2O respectively. The evaluation of the treatments were done based upon the percentage of Ca and Mg in dry matter of roots, stalls, young leaves and old leaves. The following conclusions could be drawn from this research: The N caused reduction of Ca and Mg levels in old and young leaves. The nutrients sprayings did not caused the Mg levels in the stalks. The plants with four spraying treatments had graster Ca levels in stalks and Mg levels in roots than with eight spraying treatments.

Fiambre de frango foi obtido com carne mista, separada manualmente do peito, coxas e pernas, através de elaboração de emulsão, cura e defumação. Foram utilizadas duas formulações (sem e com pele). O rendimento final na obtenção do produto foi de 110-122%, respectivamente, em relação à carne mista; em relação à carcaça resfriada, de 38-42%. A composição química do produto final apresentou pequena variação entre as duas formulações, com os seguintes valores médios aproximados: umidade, 64,9_; proteína, 18,4%; relação umidade/proteína, 3,5; gordura,12,6%; cloreto de sódio, 2,4%; nitrito de sódio, 63 ppm; pH, 6,1. O fiambre foi submetido à análise sensorial, não tendo havido diferença significativa entre as duas formulações, para os atributos de qualidade considerados; quanto à qualidade geral, o produto foi classificado entre bom e muito bom. O fiambre foi estocado a -25° C por 30 dias, sem alteração aparente da sua qualidade organoletica.

Neste trabalho foram propostas fórmulas para se calcular o rendimento esperado, em polpa concentrada, em industrias de processamento de tomate, comparando-o com o rendimento realmente obtido, e visando controlar o desempenho da indústria. Para testar estas fórmulas foi feito um estudo comparativo entre o rendimento esperado calculado e o rendimento real, tomando por base os assentamentos de uma indústria, de porte médio, de processamento de tomates, do Estado de São Paulo, nos anos agrícolas de 1981 e 1982. Concomitantemente foi feita uma análise das perdas, na forma de descartes, na esteira de seleção e de sementes e pele, nas despolpadeiras e também uma verificação do Brix médio ponderado, nas duas safras. Os resultados mostraram que as fórmulas são adequadas para o cálculo do rendimento esperado pois as diferenças, com o rendimento real, obtido foram de -1,49% e +1,74% em 1982. As perdas de tomate (descartes) foram consideradas elevadas em comparação com as de outros países o que significa tomate de baixa qualidade. O Brix médio ponderado mensal que alcançou até 5,62 foi significativamente maior que o de anos anteriores.

The present was carried out with the objective of studying the effects of boron applications on Red Yellow Latosol - sandy phase and on Regossol (Quartzosas Sand) under "Cerrado" vegetation of São Simão, São Paulo, State. Chemical determinations of soluble boron were made on soil samples of the experimental area collected before and after dolomitic line applications. Complementary biological tests of boron were also made, employing sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). Simultaneously, fold experiment was carried and with dry (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to study boron applications. The main conclusions were the followings: 1 - Biologycal tests with sumflower were correlated with chemical analysis indicating that both soil units were slightly or no boron deficient. 2 - The soil classified how Regosol (Quartzous Sand) showed a larger Boron content than the Red Yellow Latosol-sandy phase. 3 - There has been no response of dry beans to boron on both soils.

The bagworm Oiketicus kirbyi (Lands.-Guilding), an extremely polyphagous insect, is a pest of several crops of economic importance mainly in the southern region on Brazil. It occurs in eucalipt plantations although no outbreaks have been registered until today. This paper deals with the biology of 0. kirbyi on Eucalyptus spp. leaves. The insect was reared in laboratory conditions (temperature of 25±3°C, relative humidity of 70±10%, and photophase of 13 hours) and the following mean values were obtained: egg period of 43.1 days; larval period of 140 days (males) and 151 days (females); pupal period of 38.2 days (males); adult longevity of 3.0 days (males) and 3.9 days (females), and oviposition period of 2.1 days. Other data obtained were: dimensions of egg, pupa, adult and head capsules; number of larval instars; mating period and estimation of leaf damage.

Reguladores e estimulantes vegetais tem sido utilizados nas condições dos trópicos sem a verificação de seus efeitos sob condições controladas, levando frequentemente ao mascaramento de seus efeitos pelas condições do agroecossistema. Com a finalidade de observar os efeitos dessas substâncias sob condições de laboratório, sementes de Zea mays cv. C-525 e Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Kada foram submetidas aos efeitos de giberelina 100 ppm, chlormequat 2000 ppm, hidrazida maleica 1000 ppm, Agrostemin 1,25 g. l-1 e Atonik 0,5 ml.1-1, além do controle, em caixas de Petri. Observações realizadas 7 e 15 dias após a instalação do ensaio mostraram que giberelina e Agrostemin promoveram aumento no crescimento da radícula e do hipocótilo de milho e tomateiro. Hidrazida maleica inibiu o desenvolvimento da radícula das plântulas de milho. Hidrazida maleica e Atonik tenderam a reduzir o crescimento da radícula e do hipocótilo de tomateiro.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of Cytozyme (1 ml.1-1), Ergostim (2 ml.1-1), Figaron (1 ml.1-1) and Multiprop (1 ml.1-1) on growth of Helianthus annuus cv. Anhandy, under laboratory conditions. Measurements realized 7 days after application of growth substances in sunflower plants with 21 days of age, cultivated on pots, showed that Ergostim promoted higher growth of sunflower hypocotyl, Multipropand Figaron increased development of sunflower hypocotyl in relation to check.

Em condições de casa de vegetação, testou-se os efeitos dos estimulantes e reguladores vegetais Cytozyme, Respond, Figaron e Multiprop no desenvolvimento de plantas do pepino 'Hibrido Caipira AG-207'. Tais produtos foram pulverizados em plântulas de 10 dias e apresentando em média 5 cm de altura. Durante 40 dias, foram efetuadas mensurações da altura das plantas e acompanhamento do peso da matéria seca das mesmas. Plantas tratadas com Multiprop e Figaron atrasaram seu desenvolvimento reprodutivo. Multiprop, Figaron e Cytozyme, nas concentrações utilizadas, reduziram a altura e o peso da matéria seca do pepino; sendo que Respond não afetou o desenvolvimento do cultivar estudado.

Seeds of Pennisetum americanum cv Bulk 1 were sowel in pots containing fine quartz and irrigated with demineralized water. Two days after the germination the young plant, three per pod, received complete nutrient solution diluted for 1:15 during 18 days. All the nutrient solutions were purified for the micronutrients content. After these period all pods were irrigated several times a day with demineralized water during 4 days. When the experiment start groups of 12 plants (3 pods) received the complete solution and solutions without one of the micronutrients (-B, -Cu, -Fe, -Mn, -Zn). The solutions were changed every 10 days. After 52 days of the experimental period the plants were collected and divided into items, sheaths new leaves, old leaves and ears. The material was dried to 70°C for several days and analysed by conventional methods. The authors concluded: No differences were observed by the dry matter productions of the plants in the treatments. The analytical levels of the elements in the new leaves of the complete treatment and with omission of the micronutrients were in ppm: B - 145-26; Cu - 0,53-0,10; Fe - 175-103; mn - 62-12; Zn - 27-12. A clear picture was obtained of the mal nutrition symptoms for the micronutrients less than for Mn.

From a plantation of beets {Beta vulgaris var. Ear ly wonder) si tuated on a Latossolo Vermelho Escuro Ortoserie "Luiz de Queiroz" soil with a high natural fertility, plants were harvested with 40, 60 and 80 days after the sowed. The material was separated in the upper part and roots and dried on 70°C for several days.

From a plantation of radishes (Raphanus sativus, L. var. early scarlet globe) situated on a Latossolo Vermelho Escuro Orto serie "Luiz de Queiroz" soil, with a high natural fertility, plants were harvested with 12, 24 36 e 48 days old. The material was separated in the aerial part and edible roots and dried on 70°C for several days. Forthcoming the material was analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn by the conventional laboratory tecniques. The authors concluded: The radish plant growth continuous from the begining to the harvest period. The concentration of the macro and micronutrients is very high in the aerial part and in the roots. A population 48 days old of 1,250,000 plantas/ha contents: N - 276.8 kg; P - 38.7 kg; K - 574.6 kg; Ca -105.1 kg; Mg - 45.8 kg; Cu - 23.4 g; Fe - 3195; Mn -366.8 g and Zn - 341.9 g.

Plants of two botanical forms of Catharanthus roseus, with pink and white flowers, were cultived in nutrient solutions, complete or lacking one of the following elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B. Clear deficiency symptoms were observed for all the elements and they were comproved by chemical analysis of leaves. Chemical composition of leaf matter of normal and deficient pink flowered plants were, respectively, for each of the studied elements: N(%): 3.53-1.20; P(%): 0.35-0.11; K(%)2.45-0.76; Ca(%): 1.77-0.81; Mg(%): 0.55-0.46; S(%): 0.21-0.12; B(ppm): 382-37. For plants with white flowers, these values were: N(%): 3.78-0,92; P(%): 0.38-0.09; K(%): 2.60-0.86; Ca(%): 1.37-1.15; Mg (%): 0.56-0.44; S(%): 0.10-0.07; B(ppm): 372-39.

Seeds of Pennisetum americanum cv. Bulk 1 were sowed in pots containing fine quartz as substract and moist with water several times a lay. Two days after germination the young plants were irrigated twice a day with complete nutrient solution diluted (1:5) during 22 days. After these period the pots containing each 3 plants were percolated with distill water several times. After these period the treatments began and consisted of: complete solution, -N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S. The nutrient solutions were changed every 10 days. With the appearence of the bad nutrition symptoms the plants were harvested with 52 days old, died, weighed and analyzed for the elements by the conventional methods. The authors concluded: The omission of N, P and K from the nutrient solutions reduce the dry weight of the plants. The omission of N, P, K and Mg from the nutrient solutions prevent the formation of ears by the plants. The range in dry matter from normal and leaves showing deficiency symptoms are: N% - 3.21-2.07; P% - 0.38-0.09; K% - 2.19-0.54; Ca% - 0.52-0.16; Mg% - 0.48- 0.04; S% - 0.24-0.12. A clear picture of the visual symptoms of the deficiencies was obtained.

It is quite comon in brazilian rubber plantations the occorence of boron deficiency symptoms on the leaves associated with N, P, K, and Mg fertilizer programs. In a greenhouse experiment the daily aplication of five levels of boron (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5 ppm) to the substract induced toxicity symptoms to the leaves of the young rubber trees. Tips and marginal necrosis of the leaves occured when the boron concentration in the subtract was between 1.0 and 2.5 ppm of boron. Recently in an experiment carried out in order to obtain the macro and Zn, Mn deficiencies on grafted plants with clone RRIM 600, the boron was withdraw from the nutrient solutions in order prevent toxic effects in the plants. After six months symptoms appeared which consisted of a halt on growth; the terminal buds die and an exudation of latex started. After the supply of 0.1 ppm of boron to the nutrient solutions the plants began to growth again and numerous branches started to appear in the plants.

The present work was carried out with the objetive of sudying the effects of zinc applications on Red Yellow Latosol-sandy phase on Quartzous Sand under "cerrado" vegetation of São Simão, São Paulo State. Chemical determinations of soluble zinc were made on soil samples of the experimental area collected before and after dolomitic lime applications. Complementary microbiological tests of zinc were also made, employing the test of Aspergillus niger for zinc. Simultaneously, field experiments were carried out with con (Zea mays L.) apd dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to study zinc applications. A greenhouse experiment was also carried out corn seeded in pots to study zinc applications. The main conlusions were the followings: 1. Microbiological tests were correlated with chemical analysis and with responses of corn an field conditions. 2. Corn response to zinc was observed on Quartzous Sand up to on economical dosis of 2,4 kg zinc/ha. 3. There wasn't responses from corn to zinc applications on the Red Yellow Latosol-Sandy phase. 4. There has been no response of dry beans to zinc on both soils. 5. The experiment on pots with corn was not eficient to show response to applications of zinc.

The objective of the present research was to evaluate the percentage increase of oil and productivity of grains and their interrelations in two maize populations, through the estimates of genetic parameters as well as the study of the effects of one generation of inbreeding. Half-sib and S1 progenies from the same plant S0 were obtained and evaluated from two maize populations. The data for plant height and ear height were also considered. The studied populations were derived from "Composto Flint". The progenies were evaluated separately for each population in a lattice experimental design planted in a split block arrangement. The half-sib and S1 progenies means for the oil percentage were respectively, 5.31% and 5.19% for populations 01, and 6.21% and 5.63% for the population 02. For ear weight in population 01, the means were 4.68 and 2.91 respectively, for the half-sib and S1 progenies, and for the population 02, equal to 4.05 and 2.77 kg/5m². Although the means of the S1 progenies were always lower than those of the half-sib progenies, the analisys through the F test did not allow, at the 5% level of probability, to detect the effect of inbreeding depression in the means of the characteristics evaluated, except for the oil percentage in the population 02. The estimates of the genetic variancces among S1 progenies were higher than the estimates of the variances among the half-sib progenies, except for the ear weight in population 01 and ear height in population 02. The coefficient of heritability and genetic variation estimated, were lower in someway than those described in the literature when oil percentage is considered in both populations. For ear weight the population 01 showed a high value for the estimates of heritability (h² = 76.76%), on the other hand, the population 02 presented a low value (h² = 15.76%). The coefficient of additive genetic correlation between ear weight and oil percentage were -0.37 and 0.12, for the population 01 and 02 respectively. It was also concluded that, the selection carried out in population 02 in order to increase the embryo size, was effective to improve the average for oil percentage and also to break the negative genetic correlation between ear weight and oil content, however as a consequence of this type of selection a genetic variability reduction was observed for such characteristics.

To get corn with higher yielding and oil content, the population ESALQ-VD-2 was submited to a breeding program where the selection among half sib families were carried out mainly for yielding and within families, a mass selection was applied in order to increase the germ size, since the oil content is highly correlated with the germ enlargement. The present work had been done with the intention to evaluate the breeding procedure used, by measuring the progress in the oil content of the grain after five cycles of selection. To avoid any pollen effect seeds of S1 ears were used and comparisons were done between two populations, the Original and the High Oil. The Original population was obtained through a selection among and within families only for productivity. The High Oil population besides the selection among families for productivity, had a mass selection applied to increase the germ size. The breeding response under the selection scheme led to an increasing progress in the oil content of the High Oil population and a 1.44% of oil per cycle was detected.

Nos métodos de seleção comumente empregados para elevar o conteúdo de óleo nos grãos de milho se verifica alterações morfológicas, principalmente a redução de seu peso, devido ao balanço energético fisiológico entre o óleo e o carboidrato presentes nos grãos. O presente trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar as alterações em peso, volume e densidade dos grãos provocado pelo emprego do método de seleção entre famílias de meios irmãos para produtividade e dentro das famílias seleção visual para embrião grande, visando a obtenção de germoplasmas com alta produtividade de grãos e elevado conteúdo em óleo nos seus grãos. Para tanto, foi usado sementes S1 da população Alto Óleo onde foi feito seleção entre e dentro de famílias para produtividade e tamanho do embrião, respectivamente; e a população Original, onde somente foi realizado seleção entre e dentro de famílias para produtividade. O tipo de seleção empregada não provocou redução nos caracteres de peso e volume de 100 grãos, e sim, uma tendência para aumentar estas características na população Alto Óleo em relação à população Original. Para o caráter densidade dos grãos, embora estatisticamente não significativo, houve uma redução. Esta redução foi devido que o método seletivo usado na população Alto Óleo foi mais eficiente para o aumento do volume dos grãos do que para o peso desses.

Com a finalidade de obter dados acerca do recrutamento de micronutrientes, a leguminosa foi cultivada em um Latossolo Vermelho Escuro Orto, série "Luiz de Queiroz" em Piracicaba, SP. A coleta de amostras constituidas por plantas rasteiras, foi efetuada de 15 em 15 dias a partir dos 41 dias após a semeadura. Após cada amostragem, as plantas foram separadas em folhas, caules, flores e vagens. Em cada época nas diferentes partes da planta foram determinadas as concentrações de boro, cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco. Os autores consideram que: - O período de 86 dias após a semeadura, sob o ponto de vista dos minerais, é aquele para o aproveitamento da planta como forrageira; - Aos 86 dias após a germinação, a concentração dos micronutrientes na folha é de 41 ppm B; 8 ppm Xu; 402 ppm Fe; 94 ppm Mn e 45 ppm Zn; - Aos 86 dias após a germinação, o acumulo de micronutrientes por planta é de 390 mg B; 81 mg Cu; 3404 mg Fe; 751 mg Mn; 402 mg Zn; - Para uma população teórica de 825.000 plantas por hectare, a extração dos micronutrientes é na ordem de 322 g B; 67 g Cu; 2808 g Fe; 620 g Mn e 332 g de Zn.

Seed production of Paspalum notatum was compared with or without addition of 4 g/m² of N (as ammonium sulphate), 50 g/m² of P2O5, 15 g/m² of K2O (as potassium chloride), 10 l/m² of horse manure and 200 g/m² of dolomitic lime in a Dark Red Latosol. Seed production was evaluated through number of spikes, total weight, weight of pure seeds, relation between weight of pure seeds and total weight, weight of 1000 pure seeds, total weight per spike, weight of pure seeds per spike, seed germination percentage and seedlings emergence speed. Levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in leaves and seeds dry matter were determined. Quality and quantity of seeds were affected by mineral nutrition. The highest values of C% in soil were the best for seed yield and quality. The best seed production correspondend to the lowest levels of P, K, Ca and Zn in leaves. The relations N/P, P/Ca, P/Mg, P/S, P/Zn, K/Ca, K/Mg, K/B, Ca/Mg, Ca/B, Fe/Mn, Zn/Cu, ZN/Fe and Zn/Mn in plants dry matter were important. The highest seed yields corresponded to the lowest seed levels of N, B and Cu, and to the highest seed levels of Ca. The best seeds presented the highest levels of Zn, and the lowest levels of B. Seed production was not significantly improved by fertilizers or dolomitic lime application.