RCAAP Repository

Microscopic examinations of 160 samples of cereals (rice, beans, wheat corn, oats, peas and sorghum), 40% provided by Instituto Adolfo Lutz and collected from large distributors as COBAL, CIBRAZEM, PETROPACK, CEAGESP and DECOM, and 60% acquired at many small retailers, realized upon receipt and after 42 days incubation at 25°C and 70% relative humidity showed that 49% of the samples presented primary stored food mites. Of the infested samples, 48% had Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), 17.5% Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau), 6.8% Glycyphagus domesticus (DeGeer) , 4.37% Chortoglyphus arcuatus (Troupeau), 3.8% Suidasia pontifica Oudemans, 3.12% Blomia tropicalis Bronswijck, Cock & Oshima, 1.25% Histiostoma sp. and 0.6% Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart). Secondary mites were also present, mainly Tarsonemus sp. , Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans and Blattosocius dentriticus (Berlese). Samples originating from the large distributors, when infested, had much fewer mites than those from the small retailers where the cereals remain over much longer periods before they are sold out and replaced. The presence of mites in samples after 42 days of incubation when their examination upon receipt was negative for these pests does not preclude the presence of mite eggs. Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Insecta, Coleoptera) was common in rice, corn and wheat samples.

A single population with a broading genetic variability having an opaque kernel phenotype was used in this study in order to estimate genetic parameters associated with yielding, plant and ear height, %protein, % tryptophan and % tryptophan in the protein. A total of 364 half-sib progenies were evaluated using a lattice square design with two replications. The additive genetic variances found for yielding (σ2A = 333.44 g/pl), plant height (σ2A = 187.85) and ear height (Σ2A = 122,08) indicated that there are enough genetic variability among progenies. For those characteristics associated with protein quality the genetic additive variance detected among progenies are showing that genetic progress with selection can be achieved within those characters. Estimates of genetic correlations between yielding and plant or ear height had a low value suggesting that if one select for yielding, the plant and ear height will not be affected. The genetic correlation between yielding and protein quality was positive for % protein (rA = 0.303), negative for % tryptophan (rA = -0,178) and negative for % tryptophan in the protein (rA = -0,568). It was also found a negative genetic correlation for % protein and % tryptophan in the protein (rA = -0,591). The data in this stud has been shown that if one select for yielding ability the protein quality will decay, but because of the enough genetic variability present in the population it will be possible to select for quality without changing the yielding.

Four varieties of sweet sorghum (CMSxS603), Br500, Sart and Br602) were qrown in a modified Hoagland's solution in order to supply varyinq levels of Al, P and Mg. After harvesting dry matter was measured both in roots and tops, and analyses for P, K, Ca, Mg and Al were made. The following was observed: a) tolerance of the varieties was better indicated by root dry matter according to a decreasing order - Sart, CMSxS 603, Br 500, Br 602; b) when the Mg concentration in the substrate was raised, tolerance to Al toxicity was increased provided P was supplied at a relatively high level; c) maximum and minimum dry matter yield of the tops were associated with P, K, Ca, Mg and Al contents which were different for the four varieties; d) depending upon the variety and of the supply of the other nutrients (P and Mg) a stimulation on growth was caused by low Al levels in the nutrient solution.

Ethephon was applied on the dosages 0, 2 e 3 liters per hectare on sugarcane cultivar NA 56-79, 3l days before harvesting. At harvesting time, the following parameters were evaluated: infestation by the Diatraea saccharalis; damaged, swelled and emerged buds; stalks lenght, top lenght; number of buds per stalk and the cane quality. The setts obtained from the stalks were planted at three differents densities: normal, crossed and doubles setts. Initially, the number of sprouts was collected weekly and later monthly. The other parameter, stalk lenght, was obtained under monthly intervals. The stalks number and the production were taken at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd year's growth. The results showed that the ethephon's application on 2 l/ha, before harvesting, increased the number of buds and the stalks lenght. The dosage 3 l/ha reduced the amount of fibers on the apical region of the sugarcane. Increasing of the bud emergency velocity was observed on the dosage 21/ha, before tillering. With reference to planting density, doubles setts showed emergency velocity greater than crossed setts. In turn, the crossed setts proved emergency velocidy greater than normal setts. The growth, tillering and the three years productions of the sugarcane coming from setts of the stalks treated or not with ethephon showed no significative differences.

In an experiment carried out in an experimental area of EMBRAPA (Brazilian Agriculture Research Enterprise) UEPAE (Unit for Execution of Research) of Porto Velho, State of Rondonia, Brazil, located at km 5.5 of the BR-364 Highway, latitude 8°46'5"S, longitude 63°5' Greenwich and altitude 96.3m above sea level, evaluations were made of both the occurence of anthracnose caused by the fungus (Colletotrichum goeosporioides) in 5 cultivars of pepper (Piper nigrum L.) at the time of the first yield, 18 months after planting and of the leaves, correlating them with productivity of the cultivars. The results obtained led to the following conclusions: the cultivar Guajarina showed to be less susceptible to anthracnose and more resistant to fall of the leaves; the cultivars Bragantina, Cingapura and Djambi behaved similarly as to fall of the leaves; the cultivars Bragantina and Cingapura had the same behavior and were less susceptible to anthracnose when compared with cultivars Djambi and Belantung, while the cultivars Belantung showed to be more susceptible to anthracnose and less resistant to fall of the leaves.

Com a finalidade de determinar a disponibilidade do boro, cultivou-se o girassol em casa de vegetação, usando-se solos de cinco séries do município de Piracicaba, SP e sete doses do elemento. Durante o período experimental de 40 dias foram obtidos dados de crescimento e registrados sintomas de deficiência. No material colhido foram determinados macro e micronutrientes. Foram tiradas as seguintes conclusões principais: a altura das plantas refletiu o estado nutricional melhor do que qualquer outra característica das mesmas; o teor de B das folhas mais novas forneceu a melhor avaliação da resposta das plantas, entre as partes analisadas.

Experiments were carried out in greenhouse, at ESALQ-USP, in Piracicaba, Brazil, with soil samples of the A and B2 horizon of Oxisol (LR) and an Alfisol (PVp), without and with lime and mineral fertilizer, to verify which are the chemical-nutritional factors in deficiency in the B2 horizon of both soils, compared with the A horizon, and which need to be considered for the adequate exploration of the genetical harvest potential of the common bean cv. Aroana 80. It could be verified that the base saturation and the consequent reduction of the Al saturation was not enought to reach an adequate grain yield. Trough the evaluation of the relative contents and the relations between the absolute nutrient contents in the dry matter, it could be verified the importance of the relative content of P and Mg, and the P/Zn, N/Zn, Mg/Cu and P/Fe relations, besides other to soil specific nutrient levels and relations. In the limed and fertilizer soils the micronutrients must be considered, and also the organic matter in the B2 horizon, which appeared with levels below the necessary to supply the humusclay complex.

Experiments were carried out in greenhouse, at ESALQ-USP, in Piracicaba, Brazil, with soil samples of the A and B2 horizon of an Oxisol (LR) and an Alfisol (PVp), without and with lime and mineral fertilizer, to verify the influence of the aeration porosity (5,1 to 28,7%) on the behaviour of the common bean Aroana 80. The water content in the 2,5 liter soil per pot, was mantained between 100 and 70% of the field capacity. It could by verified an influence of the macroporosity (diameter bigger than 50μm) on the grain number and weight, root and above ground part dry matter yield, and the ratio above ground part/root (3,1 to 12,7). It did not affect the thousand grain weight (135 to 254 g), the harcest index (0,18 to 0,50), the water use eficiency (428 to 911 ml/g dry matter, and 854 to 4196 ml/g grain) and the vegetative cycle (86 to 101 days). The soil fertility level affected all the data considered.

The experiment was carried out in greenhouse in order to find responses by bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to four rates of P application on five soils of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, namely:a. sandy quartz (Entisol); b. red yellow podzolic, Lara variation (Ultisol); c. red-ocre latosol (Oxisol); d. red yellow podzolic, Piracicaba, variation (Ultisol); e. terra roxa estruturada (Alfisol). According to the data, the following conclusions were drawn: - There was a significant response to P added. - The efficient utilization of P was low. - These was a very good correlation (r=0.94**) between the soluble P extracted by means of the Mehlich and IAC methods and Dry Vegetal Matter (DVM) and the P in this DVM. - Both extractants for organic P gave good correlation with DVM and P in this DVM (r= 0.69*).

Coeficientes de correlações genéticas e fenotípicas foram estimados entre os caracteres: altura da planta (AP); altura da espiga (AE); peso de espigas (PE) e teor de óleo (TO). As estimativas foram obtidas para duas populações braquíticas de milho (Piranão VD-2 e Piranão VF-1), baseado em espiga por fileira, utilizando-se testemunha intercalar, onde a cada duas progênies plantava-se uma fileira do híbrido simples AG 305-B. Os valores das correlações genéticas aditivas encontradas entre os caracteres altura da planta, altura da espiga e peso de espigas, foram todos positivos. Para o caráter teor de óleo, quando correlacionado com os demais caracteres, os valores das correlações obtidos foram negativos nas duas populações, exceção feita ao peso de espiga correlacionada com teor de óleo, na população Piranão VD-2, cujo valor foi positivo e próximo de zero. As respostas correlacionadas obtidas entre os caracteres, quando a seleção é praticada para o caráter teor de óleo e vice versa, independente do método de seleção empregado, mostram que a seleção para teor de óleo leva a modificação na estrutura da planta, para as duas populações.

In order to control the citrus mite of leprosis, orange trees were sprayed. The following treatments and quantities of active ingredients per hectare were sprayed: A - check; B - hexythiazox, 59. 4g; C - hexythiazox, 89.1g; D - hexythiazox, 118.8 g; E - hexythiazox, 59.4 g+cyhexatin, 123.75g; F-bromopropilate, 371.25g. Each tree received in coverage 3.33 liters of water plus pesticide. Eight evaluations were made on ripe fruits using stereo microscopes: one (02 days before the spray) and 7 post-treatments (05, 12, 25, 40, 54, 67 and 89 days after the application). The results indicated efficient control of all treatments on citrus mite of leprosis in the period between 25 and 89 days after the spray. Table III shows the real mortality (efficiency) and Table IV the statistical analysis.

This study was carried out under laboratory conditions to determine some parameters related to the selectivity of avermectin-B1 (MK-936) to Trichogramma demoraesi, parasite of eggs of several especies of agricultural pests. This compound at 1.8% EC formulation and rates of 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 and 0.8 ml/l have not affected the pre-imaginal development of the parasite before its emergence from the parasited eggs. The same situation have occured when high rates of the insecticides such as 8.0 ml/l was applied. No significant mortality was observed when the adult parasites oviposited in insecticide previously treated eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lep., Pyralidae). Contact action of avermectin-B1 applied inside the rearing vials was not evident due to the difficulty to discriminate the effects of the insecticide from the action of acetone, which was used as solvent. This chemical, even applied alone, caused significant mortality of insects and it could be associated to the 0.001% non-volatile residues presented in the product Therefore, more detailed studies are necessary to confirm this theory. Malathion 50 EC at 1,5 ml/l was highly toxic to T. demoraesi in all tests. It was concluded that avermectin-B1 shows selectivity to this parasite and could be recommended in integrated pest management programs at places where natural or introduced populations of this specie occur.

A short run macro-model is formulated to derive the interactions between farm and nonfarm sector in response to stabilization policies. Exagenous variables are changes in fiscal and monetary policies, exchange rate, and international prices. Endogenous variables explicitly analyzed are farm and nonfarm real incomes and nominal and relative prices. Main results of the model are: (a) relative prices tend to change when exogenous variables change; (b) farm output and relative price tend to be reduced by expansive fiscal and monetary policies even If income elasticity of demand for farm products is zero; (c) although the inflationary effect of expansive monetary or fiscal policy is higher the lower the elasticity of supply of farm products, farm nominal prices tend to increase at most a much as nonfarm nominal prices. The effects of several different assumptions regarding supply and demand elasticities upon the model results are derived.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of Triacontanol (0.5 g/l), Ergostim (2 ml/l), Atonik (0.5 ml/l) and Agrostemmin (1.25 g/l) on growth of cucumber plants 'Hibrido Caipira AG-207'. Cucumber plants were sprayed 7 days after sowing, under greenhouse conditions. Agrostemmin reduced plant height until 20 days after sowing. Atonik reduced plant height 27 days after sowing. At 34 days after cucumber sowing, plants treated with the plant stimulants not differed in height in relation to check treatment. Agrostemmin and Ergostim increased dry matter production of the lower part of the plant. The plant stimulants does not change the dry matter production of the apical region of cucumber plants.

Novos estimulantes vegetais têm merecido estudos por possuírem alto potencial para melhorarem a produtividade de culturas. Triacontanol, um álcool alifático primário de cadeia longa isolado de vegetais encontra-se dentre essas substâncias. Com o objetivo de verificar o efeito deste estimulante vegetal sob condições de laboratório, sementes de Zea mays cv. C-525 e Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Kada foram submetidas aos efeitos de 10 ml de triacontanol 0,01, 0,1 e 1 mg. 1-1, além do controle, em caixas de Petri. Observações realizadas 7 e 14 dias após a instalação do ensaio mostraram que concentrações crescentes de triacontanol tendem a aumentar o crescimento da radícula e do hipocótilo do tomateiro, 14 dias após a aplicação. Nesta data notou-se também que concentrações crescentes de triacontanol tendem a incrementar o desenvolvimento do hipocótilo do milho.

An experiment was carried out in pots with four repetitions using an acid soil with poor fertility in order to test the residual values of urea (with and without sulphur), ammonium witate and ammonium sulphate. In the begiming the pH were corrected up to 6,0 and applications of phosphate and potassium fertilizers in quantities of 90 and 120 kg/ha of P(2)0(5) and K(2)0 were respectively done. The quantities of N were 0, 120 and 240 kg/ha. The test plant was corn (Zea mays L.). In the following year this test was repetead, without pH correction and without adding nitrogenous fertilizers. In the subsequent year the same experiment was repeated making, however, pH corrections in two repetitions of each treatment. After havesting the residual effects of the employed fertilizers were studied using the dry matter productions as avaluation parameters. It was concluded that in what concerning the dry matter production of the whole plant and the root-free plant no residual effect of nitrogen was found, except in the corresponding treatments of root-free plants where the pH was not corrected.

An experiment was made in pots with four repetitions using an acid soil with poor fertility in order to test the residual values of urea fertilizer (with and without sulphur), ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate. In the beginning the pH were correct up to 6,0 and applications of phosphate and potassium fertilizers in quantities of 90 and 120 kg/ha of P(2)0(5)and K(2)0 were respectively done. The quantities of N were 0, 120 and 240 kg/ha. The test plant was corn (Zea mays L.). In the following year this test was repeated without pH correction and without adding nitrogenous fertilizers. In the subsequent year the same experiment was repeated making however, pH corrections in two repetitions of each treatment. After havesting the residual effects of the employed fertilizers were studied using the following items as avaluation parameters: contents of exclangeable Al and H, potencial H, pH and nitrogen of the soils. The main conclusions were as follows: a. There was no residual effect of the nitrogen treatments when the nitrogen content of the soil was taben as a reference point. b. Refering to the exchangeable Al , the treatments that received pH correction showed no residual effect of the nitrogenous fertilizers, but in the abence of the corrective the ammonium sulphate presented a con siderable effect. The others showed less pronounced effects . c. In a general way, what concerns the potencial and exchangeable H there was no residual effect of the nitrogenous fertilizers in the treatments with corrections but in those that did not receive lime there was some residual effect especially of ammonium sulphate.

A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using soil taken from a Red-Yellow Podzolic and sorghum as the test plant. The main objective of the experiment was to verify the following hypothesis: split application of phosphate fertilizer results in higher efficiency in the uptake of this nutrient by the plant.. The experiment was run from September 1983 till February 1984, a period in which high temperature prevails. The variables considered in this study were: date of liming, rates and forms of phosphate application1. Various levels of these factors were combined making up a total of 15 treatments for the second sorghum crop. The data collected were as follows, dry matter weight, contents of calcium,iron and aluminum phosphates of soil samples taken from each treatment. These data were statistically analysed at the CENA Computer Center. The following conclusions were drawn based on the experimental conditions and on the results obtained a. split application of phosphate led to a better use of phosphate fertilizer by the second sorghum crop. b. liming contributes to a better development of the plant which is enhanced by the application of phosphate fertilizer. c. limimg does not affect the availability of iron phosphoris d. there is an increase in the concentration of calcium phosphate due to lining and that increases with the rate of phosphorus application. e. the concentration of calcium linked to phosphates relates inversely to aluminum phosphate and to the yield of dry matter in the second sorghum crop.

Chrysantemum plants (Cv. Golden Polaris) were cultivated in pots containing pure quartz and irrigated with nutrient solution with the follows composition: full solution, all essential elements, and others laking N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B. After the symptoms were clearly identified, the plants were harvested, divided into new leaves, old leaves, stems and flowers and analysed for the elements. The malnutrition symptoms appear, in sequence for the elements N, B, S, K, Ca, P and Mg, being more prominent in the treatments of -N, -K, -B and -Ca. The nutrient levels in the leaves without malnutrition symptoms expressed in percentage or part per million of dry matter were: N% -1.92 - 2.25; P% 0.08 - 0.13; K% 2.79 - 2.87; Ca% 1.81 -1.68; Mg% 0.70 - 0.93; S% - 0.10 - 1.13 and B ppm 56.5 -67.2 The levels of nutrients in unusual leaves were: N% 0.73; P% 0.003; K% 0.42; Ca% 0.46; Mg% 0.48; S% 0.10 and B ppm - 33.07.

Este ensaio foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar o efeito do ácido indolbutírico (lBA), ácido naftalenacético (NAA), ácido indolilacético (IAA) e ácido succínico-2,2-dimetilhidrazida (SADH) no enraizamento de estacas de plantas jovens de seringueira. As estacas utilizadas foram retiradas da parte inferior das plantas e tiveram suas bases imersas por 1 hora em água, ou em soluções de IBA, NAA, IAA e SADH 2500 ppm. Os resultados obtidos 77 dias após o plantio mostraram que IBA promoveu maior porcentagem de enraizamento com relação ao controle. Porém, em relação ao brotamento das estacas, o tratamento com SADH mostrou-se superior ao controle. Os tratamentos com NAA e IAA revelaram resultados inferiores ao controle em relação ao número de estacas vivas, estacas com calos e estacas com brotações.