RCAAP Repository

Various extractions methods for soluble P, organic P and total P, were compared on five soils of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, namely: a. sandy quartz (Entisol), b. red yellow podzolic, Lara variation (Ultisol); c. red-ocre latosol (Oxisol); d. red yellow podzolic, Piracicaba variation (Ultisol); e. terra roxa estruturada (Alfisol). According to the data, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The best extractants for soluble P were H2SO4 0,05 N (IAC methods) and H2SO4 0,025 N + HC1 0,05 N (Mehlich method) . 2. For removing and measuring the organic P, the extractants were equivalents. 3. The chemical method of Sommers & Nelson and . that of Jackson were the best for the total P in the soil.

An experiment under greenhouse conditions was carried out to investigate the effects of growth substances and plant stimulants on growth of Zea mays cv. Cargill-525. Maize plants were sprayed days after sowing with gibberellic acid (GA) 100 ppm, ethephon (CEPA) 600 ppm, Agrostemmin 0.8 g.1-1, triacontanol 0.5 mg.1-1, and check treatment. GA 100 ppm increased plant height and reduced this effect latter. CEPA 600 ppm reduced maize plant height. Leaf number was reduced with GA application and presented a tendency of increased with CEPA treatment. GA reduced dry matter weight and ethephon increased dry matter weight of roots, stem and leaves of 'Cargill- 525' maize. Triacontanol promoted reduction on net assimilation rate and relative growth rate of maize plants. GA and CEPA presented a tendency of reduced leaf area ratio of Zea mays plants.

Two wxperiments were conducted in soils under "cerrado" vegetation which are representative of those presently used for agricultural purposes. These experiments were located in the vicinity of Goiânia (Red-Yellow Latosol) and Santa Helena (Roxo Latosol ) municipalities of the State of Goiás, Brazil. "Catalão" natural phosphate was broadcasted in the first year at the rates of 0, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 kg of total P2O5/ha. This rock-phosphate is an apatite containing 38.2% of total P2O5 and 3.1% soluble in 2% citric acid (1:100). In the second year a second application was made by banding on the side with triple superphosphate at the rates of 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg of P2O5/ha. This second application was made on the phots that previously received dosages of P2O5 as rock phosphate. No significant response in the yield of corn (Zea mays, L.) in the two sites was observed in the first year as a result of applying "Catalão" phosphate. A significant response was recorded in Goiania in the second year. In Santa Helena no significant response was observed for "Catalão" natural phosphate. Triple superphosphate had a pronunced effect on the yield, indicating that an application of a soluble form of phosphate is necessary in the first year of cultivation on these two types of "cerrado soils".

Thirty one experiments, using the corn plants microplot biological techinique, were conducted to study the fertility status of soils representative for the production of coconuts in the State of Sergipe. The results obtained allowed for the following conclusions: 1. Nitrogen and phosphorus were the nost limiting factors for the growth of the plants. 2. The responses to omiting potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and micronutrients showed great variation in the different areas studied, indicating the need for greater studies. Is is likewise indicated the need to study the effect of dolomitic limestone in the equilibrium between cations in order to better characterize the defficiencies of some nutrients.

An experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the effects of the fertilization involving N, P, K, S, micronutrients and lime over the development of rubber plants. The soil is a red-yellow latosol from the Una Experimental Station State of Bahia Brazil. The experimental design was the factorial 3x3x3 NPK having the soil received, previously, a sulphur and micronutrients treatment. In a nearly area that did not receive the above treatment were employed with sulphur, micronutrients and lime. Each plot consisted of 9 plants belonging to the Fx 2804 clone on a 7 m x 3 m spacement. The evaluation parameters were trunk circunpherence and bark thickness. The results showed that N and K did not affect such parameters. Phosphorus showed a quadratic effect, been the best suited amount of P2O5 as fallows: a. Trunk circunference: 26 kg/ha for the first year; 45 kg/ha for the second, third and fourth years; 112 kg/ha for the fifth year. b. Bark thickness: in the first year the effect was linear; 44 kg/ha for the second, third and fourth years. The sulphur and micronutrients treatments showed no difference from each other but provided better effects when compared to untreated plants. The lime treatment did not differ from those with sulphur and micronutrients but it was better than the control from the third and fourth years on, respectively, in what concerns bark thickness and trunk circumpherence. The experiment was conducted during a six year period.

The purpose of this work was to study a method of saturating vermiculite with cationic micronutrients, such as zinc, copper, manganese, and iron. The technique used was to react H - saturated vermiculite with hydroxides of micronutrients. During the reaction, there should occur neutralization of H+ ion of the vermiculite and adsorption of the micronutrients in the mineral. The results of micronutrients extracted by 0.1 N HC1 and 0.5 N NH4OAc pH 4.8 showed that the saturation of zinc and copper worked well. For manganese, its precipitation as hydroxide should be done in the pH greater than 8.5 in order to get total precipitation. The method also worked for the saturation of iron, but its solubility In the solution of 0.5 N NH4OAc pH 4.8 was very low.

The release of cations from the vermiculite in soils as a consequence of weathering processes was studies. Vermiculites, in two different particle-sizes, were mixed with sandy and clayey soils of low fertility, at the rate of 20% vermiculite, and treated with water acidified to pH 5. The results of chemical analyses showed that a large amount of soluble cations, such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, was removed from the vermiculite, white silicon, aluminum, and iron tended to remain in the system. As a secondary effect, an increase in soil pH, as a consequence of the release of cations, was observed.

Carcaças resfriadas comerciais de frango foram subdividadas, obtendo-se quatro cortes: peito, coxas e pernas, dorso e asas. O peito e as coxas e pernas foram desossados, obtendose as seguintes partes: carne (branca ou escura), gordura, pele e ossos. Do dorso foram separadas pele e gordura e das asas pele e a carne da coxinha. O rendimento percentual médio no corte diferiu pouco para o peito e o conjunto de coxas e pernas, que totalizaram 60% do peso da carcaça. Na obtenção de carne branca (do peito), o rendimento médio foi de 65%, em relação ao peso do corte, e de 18%, em relação ao peso da carcaça; a carne escura (das coxas e pernas) foi obtida na proporção de 58%, em relação ao peso dos pares, e de 18%, em relação ao peso da carcaça. Esta apresentou, em média, 3% de carne da coxinha das asas, 5% de gordura é 14% pele. Foi observada uma correlação negativa significativa entre o rendimento de carne escura e o peso da carcaça.

This paper deals with the morphological description of egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages of Rolepa unimoda (Dognin, 1923) (Lepidoptera, Lymatriidae) reared in laboratory.

Com o objetivo de se verificar a metodologia para avaliação de alguns parâmetros de qualidade do feijão de vagem, conduziu-se este experimento. Os cultivares usados foram: 'Contender', 'Tendercrop', 'Gallatin 50','Early Gallatin', 'Harvester' e 'Eagle'. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: diâmetro médio, forma da seção transversal, comprimento, percentagem de vagens retas cor das vagens e sementes. Os melhores cultivares para todos os parâmetros foram: 'Harvester', 'Tendercrop' e 'Eagle'.

An experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to check the effect of different levels of calcium on the production of dry matter, and on the mineral composition of millet during 38 days. The following treatments were applied: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ppm of calcium in the nutrient solution. The plants were harvested in to young leaves, old leaves, ears, and stalks, which were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg. The matter (gr.), obtained by applying different levels of calcium were: 0 1 35.5; 50 = 54.6; 100 = 63.0; 150 = 65.3; 200 = 69.6; 250 = 49.4, and 300 ppm = 55.9 gr. The authors concluded: The dry matter production obey an equation of 2º degree with a maximum production with 200 ppm of Ca in the nutrient solution. The calcium levels reduced the concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the plants. The calcium levels did not affected the minimum requeriments of the elements for the cattle nutrition.

In order to obtain: The concentration of the macronutrients in the organs of the plant in accordance with its development; The accumulation of the nutrients by the plant. A field trial was carried out at Campina, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Plants well fertilized (four replication in a randomized test) with 6, 27, 55, 69, 83, 97, 111 and 125 days after planting were collected and divided into stems and leaves for macronutrient analysis. The author concluded that: In the stems and leaves the nutrient concentrations are instable and vary in accordance with the growth of the plant; The concentrations of N, P, K, Mg and S diminished in the stems and leaves while the contents of P increased in the stems and Ca in the leaves; After 125 days of planting the accumulation of nutrients by the stems and leaves of a plant is: K -689 mg; N - 458 mg; Ca - 130 mg; Mg - 52 mg; P - 46 mg; S - 35 mg.

From a comercial plantation of chrysantemum situated at Campinas, Estate of São Paulo, Brazil, plants with 6, 27, 55, 69, 83, 97, 111 and 125 days after planting were collected and divided into stems and leaves. The growth is constant until the fifty fifth day showing after this period a quick and continuous increase in the stems until the final cycle culture; in the leaves the qrowth was after the one hundred and eleventh day. After 125 days in the field, the quantity of estimated dry matter produced per plant, in the stems was 17 g (68%) and in the leaves was 8 g (32%); added together was equal to 25 g per plant.

Four sweet sorghum varieties (CMS x S 603,Br 500, Sart and Br 602) were grown in a modified Hoagland's solution in order to supply varying levels of Al, P and K. Dry matter production was measured. The material was analysed for P, K, Ca, Mg and Al. The following conclusions could be drawn: a) a stimulation on growth of some varieties was observed when a given combination among Al and other nutrient levels was provided; b) by increasing K level in the nutrient solution more tolerance to Al toxicity was observed, as long as P was present in high concentration in the substrate; c) a high level of K in the nutrient solution, such as thal given in Hoagland's solution, does not allow to differentiate cultivars with respect to tolerance to Al toxicity; d) there were differences among varieties with respect to tissue P,K, Ca, Mg and Al concentrations wich were associated with maximum and minimum growth.

The antagonistic activity of Trichoderma species against Verticillium wilt of eggplant was evaluated. The studies were undertaken in vitro and in vivo. A clearly defined zone, in which the growth of the pathogen was inhibited, was observed with some isolates of Trichoderma in vitro. The best results of the btocontrol under greenhouse conditions were obtained with Trichoderma hamatum and with the isolate T3 of Trichoderma sp. In a field experiment, T. lignorum and the isolate significantly reduced the disease. The mutants of Trichoderma, obtained by UV irradiation, were not efficient in controlling the disease.

A greenhouse experiment was carryed out to evaluate the mycorrhiza x toxic Al interaction in the substrate using a factorial design 2x2x2. Two cultivars of Leucaena leucocephala; a Al-tolerant (plant 49 - Estrada do Bongue) and another Al-intolerant (NO 749), were grown in washed sand and sterilized with addition of nutrient solution. The mycorrhiza was established with the inoculation of Glomus leptotichum Shenck e Smith and a control plot without VA fungi. It were evaluated two Al levels, 0 and 9 ppm, added to nutrient solution. The plants were harvested at 65 days after seedlings transplantation and shoot height, shoot dry matter weight, root colonization and shoot concentration of N, P, K,Ca, Mg and Al were determined. The following results can be formulated from the experiment herein analyzed: a), there was a plant growth increased and uptake of nutrient promoted by Glomus leptotichum, b) the Al-intolerant cultivar showed greater mycorrhizal dependence and were more benefit, presenting greater shoot dry matter weight and shoot nutrients acumulation. In these experimental conditions there was not significant difference between the Al levels used and also there was not interference in the cultivars growth.

Forty mounds of the termite Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar, 1832) (Isoptera, Termitidae)were used to compare the efficiency of the following insecticides: A)fenthion (5% dust. 20g) ; B) and C) fenthion 50% EC (5cm³ and 2.5 cm³ in I ter of water, respectively); D) granular dodecachlor (0.45% bait, 40g).. The quantities indicate the material used inside each nest. Each treatment had 10 termite nests. Insecticides we re applied into the mounds through a canal made at the top of the nest with a steel bar. The best results were obtained with fenthion (B) , do decachlor bait (D). and fenthion (C).

Five different insecticides were applied into the mounds of a termite C. cumulans. Fifty mounds were measured, divided in 5 groups (10 nests each) and had pesticide applied. Insecticides were introduced into the center of the nests through a 50-60 cm long canal made from the top to the nucleus with a steel bar. The treatments were as follows: A) 5% granular aldoxicarb (1g); B) 10% EC biphenthrin (0.2g); C) 50% EC profenophos (1g); D) 0.45% granular dodecachlor (0,18g); E)50% EC fenthion (1g). The quantities between parenthesis are of active ingredients introduced per nest. Five months after the application mounds were completely opened. The mortality was: A) 40%; B) 70%; C) 80%; D) 100%; E) 100%.

A field test was carried out in Santa Bárbara D' Oeste, State of São Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the control of the "tropical mite", a major pest on cotton in that area. The treatments were seven with four repetitions (each repetition had 130 m² and each treatment, 520m²). The treatments and active ingredients per hectare were as follows: A) check; B) dicofol, 555g; C) bromopropylate, 129g; D). abamectin plus multimethyl alquenol, 6g + 11,44g; E) Dicofol,364g; F) profenophos, 500g; G) abamectin, 12g. Treatments C and E were special solutions applied with "Electrodyn". Five counts of the mite were made: the first, one day before the spray and 04, 07, 13 and 17 days after spraying. The best results were obtained with treatments E and D (07 days), B, D and E (13 days) and E (17 days), (tables II and III). Counts of predator mites were made also (table IV).

In order to evaluate the action of two pesticides on the two-spotted spider mite on cotton a test was carried out in Santa Bárbara D'Oeste, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The treatments were six and the products were applied with manual Electrodyn nozzle: A - check (no treatment) ; B - bromopropylate (yellow nozzle), 173.3g Al/ha; C - bromopropylate (blue nozzle), 380.0g Al/ha; D, E, Fbiphenthrin (yellow nozzle), 23.7g, 38.lg and - 5g Al/ha, respectivelly. At day 4 after the spray the best result was obtained with biphenthrin (treatments D, E and F). At day 9 after the application the best results were obtained with two highest dosages of biphenthrin. Differences among the treatments were not significative except compared to the check.