RCAAP Repository

This work was carried out on sardines (Sardinella aurita) a species from seawater of Brazil, in order to study the seasonal variation of the total lipid content and the absorption of salt during the brine processing before canning and to select the best brine to make preserves when the fishes are lean or fat. The fishes were analysed monthly during a year on their total dipid amount and preserved with three different concentration of brines: 10, 20 and 30%. The canned fishes were kept at room temperature until sensorial analyses were performed. The amount of NaCl absorved was correlated with the total lipid amount both in fresh and canned fishes. The salt in the final products was inversely influenced by the total lipids in the fish meat.

The present research was carried out for studying the use of herbicides as pre-planting incorporation in soybean. The field research was conducted at "Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal" on a oxisol containing 2,3% organic matter. The experimental design was the randomized complete blocks, with 12 treatments and 4 repetitions. Each plot had 3 x 5.0 m and 0,60 m apart rows. The treatments with the rates in a.i./ha were as follows: dinitramine + metribuzin at 0.30 + 0.25; 0.50 + 0.25; 0.30 + 0.50; and 0.50 + 0.50; dinitramine + vernolate at 0.30 + 3.0 and 0.50 + 3.0; dinitramine at 0.30 and 0.50; metribuzin at 0.25 and 0.50; vernolate at 3.0; and, control. Weed control effects in each treatment were evaluated by counting the surviving weeds, 40 and 80 days after planting the soybean. The effects of the treatments on the crop were evaluated by counting the stand and by visual evaluation of herbicida injuries. The most important weeds present in the area were: Pennisetum setosum (L.) Rich. Pers.; Acanthospernrum australe (Loef.) O. Kuntze; Borreria sp. and Sida sp. A good control of Pennisetum setosum was obtained with dinitramine alone and dinitramine in mixture. Borreria sp. was controled with dinitramine in mixture at the higher rate. Sida sp. and Acanthospermum australe were not controlled. The statistical analysis didn't show differences in the stand, only the treatment dinitramine + vernolate at 0.30 + 3.0 presenting significant differences.

An experiment with three periods of pruning on drip irrigated fig crop was conducted at the Horticultural Department, ESALQ., from march 1980 throught august 1981. The results indicated that a combination between pruning periods and irrigation is feasible, in order to obtain fruit production out of the normal harvesting season. However, the fruit size and total yield were affected by low temperatures during the winter season.

O efeito de doses crescentes de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, bem como de suas interações, no desenvolvimento de plantas de girassol, variedade Uruguai, foi estudado através de um experimento em vasos, como solo LVa, em Botucatu, SP. O nitrogênio e o fósforo, tanto isoladamente como em combinações influíram decisivamente nos parâmetros estudados, a saber, altura, numero de folhas, pesos de matéria seca e matéria verde das diferentes partes da planta. A influência do potássio foi relativamente pequena e verificada nos pesos de matéria seca do caule e de matéria seca da parte aérea total das plantas e no peso da água dos limbos foliares; esta influência foi constatada apenas quando em presença da dose mais alta de fósforo (166 ppm de P).

Twenty banana cultivars (Musa spp.) were exposed in natural conditions to infestation by two root knot nematodes, namely Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. It was found that all cultivars were attacked by M. incognita and eight by M. javanica. However, in an uniform infestation by the Javanese nematode, all cultivars would be eventually attacked by this species. Symptoms shown by the radicular systems are described. Bruning of "seedling" root and cleaning the soil adhering to them, and planting them in soils not infested with Meloidogyne spp. are recommended.

An alternative for supplying water to industry and population has been the utilization of groundwaters. In the Piracicaba region, where the sources of surface waters show the highest pollunt contents in Brasil, the utilization of ground waters has been tried. As a contribution to the practical steps in the establishment of a series of artesian wells, a systematic study has been initiated on the quality of these waters, with a view to its utilization as water supply for the population, industry and agriculture. For this study, samples of groundwater of the Piracicaba region were analyzed from 20 artesian wells, 4 artesian flowing wells, 5 phreatic wells and 3 springs. Determination of D and (18)0 isotope concentration were made using mass espectrometry and the correlation of these data with the D and (18)0 concentration previously determined by SALATI et alii (1974) for the rainwater in the same region and for the Piracicaba river has been studied. Chemical analyses also were made. These preliminary analyses suggest that: a) due to the small variations observed in the isotopic concentrations, the groundwater obtained from the various wells in the region may be representative of a single aquifer; b) the equivalence between the D and (18)0 concentration in the groundwater suggest rather permeable recharge zones; c) the higher isotopic concentrations in the water of the Piracicaba river when compared of the groundwater concentrations indicate that this river is a drainer of the aquifers in the region under study; d) generally speaking, the groundwaters showed to be inadequate for human consumption; e) evidence has also been found that most of the deep wells have a small outflow. In addition, this study has made available further information which will be of great help in future hydrogeological studies.

No summary/description provided

No summary/description provided

I. This paper deals with an experiment carried out to evaluate the effect of sugar cane upper end on the composition of the stalks and juice of sugar cane harvest as a raw material for the sugar industry. The variety studied was CB 41-76. The data were collected from plant cane at intervals of a two weeks, always from the same field, from a small central area of 3.000 square meters approximately, 60 stalks were cut in each occasion, randomly chosen from the whole area. They were afterwards separated into three groups of 20 stalks one for each of the treatments, namely: a) Complete stalk, with no leaves or sheaths. b) Stalks harvested by the technique of REYNOSO, that is, as usually done in practice. c) Stalks with the tops completely cut out, that is, cut by the techinique of REYNOSO and then with 3 other top internodes eliminated. The treatments caused significant differences on the weight of cane and coefficient of purity of juice, but the percentual differences between the average treatments a and c is 13% and 2%, respectively. II. Treatment differences for cane pol, cane fibre, brix, juice pol, reducing sugars, juice ashes, glucose coefficient, saline coefficient and available sucrose (pol) per cent were not significant. III. Time of harvest was an important factor affecting the composition of the cane and the juice. This paper shows that there is no sound basis for the heavy fines applied some sugar mills to planters who do not cut low enough the tops of the cane stalks.

During the oxidation of the substrate, both Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter have part of the energy made available as high energy phosphate, mamely ADP and ATP. This chemical energy is used to fix CO2. The nature of the reducing power is unknown at present. Active cells of Nitrobacter were shown to fix CO2 along the same pathway as found in higher plant photosynthesis. Sonic extracts of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter when incubated with NaH14CO3 and cofactors showed two ports of entry of CO2 into organic compounds one being, as expected, the carboxidismutase reaction. On protein basis an equivalent amount of CO2 was, however, incorporated via the oxaloacetic carboxylase reation. It is clear then that both micoorganisms possess typical autotrophic and heterotrophic mechanisms for the fixation of CO2 which is required for the primary synthesis of cell material.

No summary/description provided

No summary/description provided

Working with 29 samples of surface and depth water, raw or treated, using the Standard Methods for Examination Water and Sewage of American Public Health Association was found that 26 samples show contamination by entero-bacteria (coli-aerogenes), or Clostridium. This proved that 82% of samples of water which were analysed were not safe for use as potables or for irrigation of vegetables.

Leaf samples from coffee plants under three different fertilizations, namely NPK, NP and PK, were collected for chemical analysis. It was found that the contents of N, K, Ca, Mg and S in the first, second, third and fourth pair of leaves were the same from the statistical point of view. On the onder hand, there was a significant effect of the position of the leaf in the branch on the P content, which was higher in the first pair. With the exception of the P level ,the four pairs of leaves are chemically uniform. Nevertheless it is not considered as convenient to mix all kinds of leaves into one sample, since the composition may vary a great deal when sampling is done some other time, such as the period of fruit growing. It is recommended therefore that either the third or the fourth pair leaves should be collected for routine work in foliar diagnosis.

In the present work it was sougth to correlate the coloration of the fruit of Ananas comosus variety Perola with the pulp quality, aiming at the orientation of the fruit grower to the correct time of harvest. Pineapple fruit was chosen in 5 stages of maturation recognized by its external characteristics, principally its color. The fruits of each stage of maturation were analysed, determining the. weight, the percentage of soluble solids, and relation of acid to soluble solids. At the same time a test was made classifying the fruits as acid, regular, good, excellent, and spoiled. A correlation was found between the external coloration of the fruit and the degree of maturation. Concluding from this that the best time to harvest the variety Perola is in the third stage in the regions closest to the market and in the second stage in the regions which are farther away. For the cannery industry the fruit should be harvest in the first stage.

No summary/description provided

According previous studies about longevity in maize by ACCORSI e ADÂMOLI DE BARROS, (1961) the authors presents in this paper the results of work on longevity of seedlings of beans. Seeds were separated in three groups according their weight, as followings: small 80-120 mg; medium 130-140 mg and big 150-200 mg. The sowing of the seeds was made in pure sand and the seedlings were distributed in distil. water and in complete solution of Arnon and Hoagland. Each treatment was made in two replications with eight seedlings by treatment. At present time the following conclusions can be related: 1.°) - Eight days after germination, the cotiledones of all the seedlings started to fell down, fourteen days after, all cotiledones had fell down. 2.°) - Fifteen days after germination, the seedlings in nutritive solution showed better development than those in distil. water. Table I e II gives results. 3.°) - All seedlings in distil. water showed symptoms of N, Ca, Fe deficiencies. 4.°) - Twenty nine days after germination the seedlings in distil. water manifested exhaust trace, by falling of the leaves and death of some plants although the aplicai buds keep green. 5.°) - After thirty-one days the plants in nutritives solution was in better condition than those in distil. water, although some alteration aboved mentioned was observed. The causes of this alteration are being studied. 6.°) - In many plants in complet solution the seminal leaves showed clorosis initial and some with necrosis, although apical buds keeps in ativity. 7.°) - Symptoms of clorosis and necrosis in diferents stages were observed in all leaflet; these symptoms were more strong in the groups of little seed and medium seeds.

This paper describes the date obtained in the determination of the soil carbon by two methods. The dry combustion method, measuring gasometrically the CO2 in a buret, and the wet oxidation method using chromic acid (from potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid) with subsequent estimation of the excess of chromic acid by titration with sodium thiosulfate (iodometry). Ten different soils samples of carbon content of 0.2 to 4.0% weve analysed by both methods and five determinations were made in each sample. The data obtained are presented in Table 1:The wet oxidation gave 68.8 to 93.4 per cent recovery of carbon as compared with the dry combustion method. The dry combustion method, measuring the CO2 gasometrically in a buret, is very rapid (about 5 minutes) and gives te total soil organic carbon.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a determinação da concentração de cobre e o estudo das quantidades absorvidas do elemento citado, pela cana de açúcar Co 419, crescendo em condições de campo na região de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo. As amostras eram provenientes de 3 repetições, de um tratamento no qual as nlantas sofreram adu-bação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, variando as plantas de 6 a 15 meses de idade. O método utilizado na determinação do cobre, foi o do dietilditiocarbamato de sódio. A concentração de cobre apresentou um relativo decréscimo, com o aumento de idade da planta, variando os teores de cobre no colmo de 7,4 a 62,8 ppm e na folha de 10,0 a 30,0 ppm. Quanto a absorção do cobre, a planta apresentou um aumento proporcional a idade. A mesma absorveu maior quantidade no 14.° mês, 412,2 miligramas de cobre, por 4 touceiras.

Testes de 3 fungicidas-Vapam, PCNB e Cupravit - foram conduzidos em 2 tipos de substrato, visando controlar "damping-off" do cafeeiro. Os substratos se comportaram de maneira diferente quanto ao número de plantas sadias obtidas. Os fungicidas agiram de maneira diferente em diferentes substratos. No substrato A os fungicidas diferiram na sua ação protetora enquanto que no solo B, não. No resultado finai, alguns tratamentos se mostraram superiores que outros.