RCAAP Repository

The studies were based on panchromatic, color and color inflared photographs of a test area located in the municipality of Campinas - SP. The photographic flight was carried on by means of a scientific cooperation of IXPE - Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration and I AC - Instituto Agronômico do Estado de São Paulo. The vegetation was classified in natural and cultivated. The natural vegetation was classified in forest, cerrado, clean field, field with shrubs; and the cultivated in coffee, citrus other orchards mature eucaliptus, immature eucaliptus pasture and annual cultures. The studies were made in circular samples 10 km², ramdonly orientated. The obtained data were used to evaluate the efficiency of the classification key and every type of photographs. For the studied region, the quantitative analysis led he following conclusions: a) For the utilized scale, the classification key showed a good efficiency, and can be used. b) The three types of photographs showed the same efficiency in the identification of natural vegetation c) The effeciency of color and color infrared photography was similar in the identification of cultivated vegetation, but superior comparatively to panchromatic photography.

The present work had as its main aim a quantitative evaluation of information obtained through different types of photographs. The studies were based on panchromatic, color and color infrared photographs of a test area located in the municipality of Campinas - SP. The photographic flight was carried on by means of a scientific cooperation of INPE - Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais, NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration and IAC - Instituto Agronômico do Estado de São Paulo and was known Mission 96. The drainage was the parameter analysed, and were measured the quantity and lenght of channels. The drainage network was studied monoscopically and stereoseopically, and the measurements were made in circular samples 10 km², randomily orientated. The obtained data were used to evaluate the efficiency of every of photograph, for the studied variables. On the basis of the present study, the quantitative analysis led to the following main conclusions: a) Color infrared photography was the best in the study of the drainage network quantitative characteristics, comparatively to panchromatic and color photographs; b) The results obtained in studying drainage through the monoseopic study of infrared color photography were similar to the results of stereoscopic analysis of the panchromatic photography, wich would present a better readiness in the photointerpretation process.

1. Tagged superphosphate was applied to 2.5 year old passion fruit plants from a commercial plantation established in a sandy loam. 2. 100 grams of the fertilizer were distributed in the following ways: in a circular furrow 20 cm around the plant 40 cm from the stems; in a circular strip 10 cm wide, 40 cm from the stems; in six holes around the plants, 40 cm from the stems 20 cm deep, 2.5 cm in diameter. 3. 10 grams of the fertilizer in 11 of water were sprayed to the leaves. 4. Three weeks after the treatments were made, leaf samples were taken for analysis. 5. Determinations of specific activities both in the leaves and in the fertilizer used have shown that R in the plant was derived from the superphosphate in the following relative proportions (by making the first treatment equal to 100): circular furrow = 100; circular strip = 120; holes = 30; foliar spray = 230.

This work was designed to study the effect of copper in the medium on growth and mineral composition of the coffee plant, bearing in mind the possibility of accumulation of toxic residues in the soil as a consequence of the treatments against rust. Young plants of the varieties Mundo Novo and Catuái were grown in nutrient solution in the presence of Cu concentrations from 0.02 to 200 ppm. Toxic effects were found to be darkening and cessation of root growth; wilt, necrosis and leaf drop; abnormalities in the epidermis, parenchyma and chlorophasts. The threshold level for copper toxicity is around 30 ppm in the leaves. Mundo Novo seems to be more sensitive to copper toxicity. Under soil conditions it was found that the joint use of lime and stable manure eliminates the toxicity of an application of 200 ppm of cooper.

Sintomas de deficiência de macronutrientes foram induzidos na soja, var. IAC-2. Foi verificado o efeito da omissão de N, R, K, Ca, Mg e S no crescimento, produção e composição mineral das folhas.

Maize plants, Piranão cultivar, were grown in nutrient solution with 5 levels each of N, R and K till harvest. Nitrate reductase activity and putrescine level were determined in leaves of plants in the N and K series, respectively, at silking stage. Upper and lower leaves were analysed for N, R and K in the corresponding treatments at the end of the life cycle. The main conclusions were the following : 5.1 There was a linear effect of level of N in the substrate on dry matter production. 5.2. High activities of nitrate reductase suggest that under natural conditions the variety should be very responsive to N fertilization. 5.3. An asymptotic response curve was found in the treatments with increasing levels of R in the medium, as well as in the case of the K treatments. 5.4. Curves of response of roots (dry matter) showed a tendency to level of as a function of increasing levels of element at lower concentrations than the components aeral part of the plant (leaves, stems, ears). 5.5. Determination of leaf putrescine did not of prove a better indicator of the K status leaf K. 5.6. The variety under study seems to be relatively more efficient in the utilization of N for yield components; the efficiency for utilization of K, is rather low and that for R is intermediate, findings that should have a bearing on the fertilization in field conditions.

The objective of this paper was to study the influence of storage, browning treatments (blanching, SO2 and ascorbic acid) and processing methods (canning, freezing and freeze-dryng) on the quality of apple slices of the variety Rome Beauty. Immediately upon arrival at the pilot plant, half of the fruits was processed and the remainder was held in storage for six weeks at 4.4°C to be processed later. The best treatment for the variety under study was the blanching-freezing combination for all attributes of quality, except for color at six week storage, in which the SO2-fteezing combination was superior. In general, freezing was the most suitable processing method used. For freezing, blanching and SO2 were considered the best browning treatments. Storage had some influence on the quality of apple slices, so that the zero week storage samples were judged superior for almost all attributes of quality.

Two experiments were conducted, under green house conditions, to investigate the tolerance of tomato cultivars to aluminum and manganase. In the first experiment, six tomato cultivars : "Santa Cruz Kada" - "Angela IAC 3946" _ "Vital" - "Roma VF" - "Pavebo 220" and "Ronita N", were cultivated in acid soil named "Latossol Roxo" wich contains high levels of aluminum and manganase. In the second experiment, the cultivars Santa Cruz Kada and Ronita N which showed differences in tolerance to the acid soil were cultivated in a modified HOAGLAND & ARNON nutrient solution with manganese levels of 0,0; 10,0 and 20,0 ppm and aluminum levels of 0,0; 10,0 and 20,0 ppm. The results obtained allowed to indicate cv. Santa Cruz Kada as more tolerante to aluminum than cv. Ronita N. The sensibility of this cultivar to aluminum is associated with a higher requirement in calcium and phosphorus, with a higher absorption of aluminum and with the effects of aluminum on the absorption of those nutrients. The tolerance of Santa Cruz Kada to aluminum, evem being higher than Ronita N, it can be considered of low degree, indicating that good responses to liming in acid soil can be obtained with these cultivars. For the two cultivars studied in nutrient solution, no detrimental effects of manganese levels were observed.

This paper deals with experiments designed to study the influence of several external factors on the uptake both of Ca+² and H2PO4 - by excised soybean roots. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Ca uptake does not follow the usual Michaelian kynetics, the evidence suggesting the operation of passive mechanism; 2) R uptake is metabolic, a single mechanism being in operation; 3) pH has a strong effect both on Ca and R absorption; 4) The use both of lower temperature (O0C) and of respiratory poisons (cyanide) inibited phosphate uptake but had no effect on calcium absorption. 5) The obsorption of Ca+2 was lowered in the presence of Mg+² but not in that of K+; nitrate ions had no detrimental or sinergistic offect on the absorption of phosphate.

The sensitive crystallization of copper chloride (Pfeiffer's method) is applied to aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and flowers from two varieties, toxic and non toxic,, of cassava (Manihot escidenta Crantz). The comparative description of the 20 series studied shows that, even though the crystallization patterns are morphologically poor, the method has enough sensibility to be used in cassava problems. The application of sensitive crystallization: in differentiation of varieties is recomended.

The sensitive crystallization method was applied in an attempt to differentiate coffee beverages quality. Fifty crystallization series were done, with 9 different relative concentrations of extract and copper chloride and 4 beverages types. The main conclusion is that it was not possible to differentiate the coffee types by means of the crystallization patterns. Both the extract and the salt were shown to be the most important factor in determining the crystallization models.

To verify the effect of plant population density on final productivity of radish (Raphanus satiznts L.) it was conducted a field trial in the Experimental Field of Horticultural Section, ESALQ, Piracicaba, (SP-Brazil), using 'Early Scarlet Globe' cultivar It was studied biological and economic productivity in 12 different treatments combining inter row (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) and inter plant (no thining, 4 cm and 8 cm) spacings. It was conducted that higher the spacing between plants, the higher plant development and economic production of roots per area, until the point after that the production is reduced; biological production per area is reduced with increasing spacing. The highest economic production was obtained with 15 cm inter row and 8 cm inter plant spacing.

The authorfound dommatia in 24 of 43 hybrids studied.The domatia found were of the types: in "toutfe de poils" and in "pochette", types according to the CHEVALIER & CHESNAIS (1941). The leaves were examined in both sides and in the junction of the blade with the petiole. This paper is the third about this subject.

This paper deals with the crystallization habit of copper chloride obtained from the evaporation of an aqueous solution containing lysin. The 30 concentrations studied were the result of combining 6 concentration of lysin (0,005, 0,001, 0,005, 0,01, 0,05 and 0,1 g/plate) to 5 concentrations of copper chloride (0,125, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 and 1,0 g/plate). The main conclusion is that the crystallization pattern is characteristic and can be recognized in crystals obtained from extracts in which the crystallogenetie effect of the aminoacid is dominant. The best concentrations were those combining 0,25 to 0,5 g/plate of copper chloride with 0,005 to 0,1 g/plate of lysin.

Plant parasitic nematodes associated with roots of 71 weed plant species were collected from selected cultivated areas of Brazil. Eight genera and 18 species of plant parasitic nematodes were reported. The species were recovered in the following decending order of frequency: Helicotylenchus dihystera (46%); .Meloidogyne javanica (24%); Meloidogyne incognita (23%) ; Macroposthonia ornata (17%) ; Pratylenchus brachyurus (16%); Pratylenchus zeae (14%); Xiphinema, setariae (11%); Xiphinema krugi (10%); Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (5.6%); Meloidogyne arenaria (4.2%) ; Helicotylenchus dihysteroides (4.2%) ; Tylenchorhynchus martini (4.2%) ; Aphelenchoides sp. (2.8%); Ditylenchus sp. (2.8%); Helicotylenchus microcephalus (2.8%); Xiphinema elongatum (2.8%) ; Helicotylenchus egyptiensis (1.4%) ; and Meloidogyne coffeicola (1.4%). Considerations were given to the agricultural production implications of the wide distribution of nematodes associated with weed plants and pasture grasses.

An experiment was made in pots using a "Terra Roxa Estruturada" soil in order to study the effect of urea, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and di-ammonium phosphate on the soil pH. The pH measure were made 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after begining the incubation period. The nitrogen was employed at the rate of 100 kg/ha. The main conclusions were as follows : 1 - Sodium nitrate did have any effect on the soil pH. 2 - Ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate made the soil pH decrease. 3 - Urea did not show any concludent result.

An assay was conducted with the aim to evaluate the phosphorus fixation capacity of A1 (0-22cm), A3 (22-56em) and B22 (155-200cm horizons of a "Roxo Latossol". Also, the "X" value of WAUGH & FITTS (1966) of the three horizons was determinated. The main results are showed below : 1 - The phosphorus fixation capacity of the three horizons are in the following rank: B22 >; A3 >; A1. 2 - The "X" value are: 350 ppm (B22 horizon), 225 ppm (A3 horizon) and 175 ppm (A1 horizon). 3 - Correlations were found at the level of 1'% between added R and fixed R by the studied horizons.

It: was studied the adsorption of R by samples of the horizons A1 (0-22cm), A3 (22-56cm) and B22 (155-200cm) of a Latossol f rom the State of Minas Gerais, Brasil, by mean of the isotherm of Langmuir. The maximum adsorption values (b) and selectivity constant (K) calculated from the linear pattern of the Langmuir equation were correlated with some physical and chemical: characteristics of the horizons. The main conclusion were as follows: a) The adsorption isotherm showed two definite regions: the one regarding to the high R fixation is in accordance with the Langmuir equation. b) It was observed big differences in respect to the values of maximum adsorption (b) as well as to the selectivity constant (K) .

The aim of this work was to estimate the differences in growth (dry weight basis), nutrients uptake, fruits yield, total uptake and exportation of nutrients among several strawberry cultivars: Campinas (IAC-2712), Camanducaia (IAC-3530), Monte Alegre (IAC-3113) and SH-2. The experimental was carried out in the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", in field conditions, in 1975/76. The soil belongs to Terra Roxa Estruturada type, and "Luiz de Queiroz" serie. This soil has been cultivated for more than 25 years. The experimental design was that randomized blocks with four replications and analysed together following the design of split-plot. The soil of the plots were revolved to a deep of 12 cm following application of 10 kg organic matter/m². The fertilizers were applied in the groove and in the same amount for all cultivars: Ammonium sulfate (20% N), 10 g/m; triple superphosphate (20% P(2)0(5)) 10 g/m; Potassium cloride (60% K(2)0), 10 g/m. Therty days after planting, 10 g/plant of ammonium sulfate was applied. After 76 days from planting, the firsa sample was taken. Other samples were taken in equal intervals of 20 days, up to 216 days. When a decrease in fruitproduction was noted. The sample (plants) were divided in stems, leaves and fruits and chemical analysis were made for N, R, K, Ca, Mg e S. The variation on production (dry matter) nutrient uptake' and fruits yield, were obtained from data calculated by adjusted regression equation analysis. The maxima point from these equations were taken to show the total nutrient uptake. From the data obtained, the following conclusions could be drawn. Growth - The dry matter of stems, leaves and fruits were different among the cultivars. The production of dry matter by the stems and fruits were linnear for all cultivars up to 196 and 216 days. The highest productions on dry matter varied between 15 to 25 g and 12 to 20 g/plant. The maximum production of dry matter in the leaves among the cultivars varied between 20 to 30 g at 196 and 173 days respectivelly. The cultivars Campinas (IAC-2712) and Camanducaia (IAC-3530) produced more dry matter than SH-2 cultivar. Nutrient uptake -< The were differences on nutrient content in stems and leaves among cultivars (R, K, Ca, S, B) and in the fruits for N, R, K, Mg, S. The highest absorption of nutrients (days after planting) is shown in Table I. Yield - No significant difference in fruit production was observed among the cultivars. The highest yield among the cultivars showed a variation between 103 to 151 g per plant at the 207 and 207 days,

The organic and inorganic forms of soil nitrogen and how they participate in the process of fixation, immobilization and mineralization of ammonium in soils were evaluated, after different periods of incubaton, utilizing two soils, a Lithic Haplustoll and a Typic Eutrorthox. The results obtained permit to suggest that : 1) The method for determination of the ammonium fixing capacity based on the extraction with 2N KC1, is considered to be subject to interferences of other soil fractions capable of retaining ammonium. 2) The increase in exchangeable ammonium content is related to the decrease in amino acids and hydrolyzable ammonium. 3) The immobilization and mineralization processes are still held under mil microbial. The forms more affected by this condition are amino acids and hydrolyzable ammonium.