RCAAP Repository

The purpose of this dissertation is the study of occupational segregation between black and white men, and between white and black women in the period 2002 to 2008. In an attempt to assess the degree of occupational segregation between such workers used three indexes: Index of Dissimilarity Duncan & Duncan (D), the Standardized Index of Dissimilarity Size (Ds) and the Karmel-MacLachlan index (KM). The results confirmed the existence of occupational segregation in the period, however, among black and white men segregation had a slight increase, while for black and white women is observed stability in the level of segregation. Overcoming this segregation indicate to the need for public policies that promote its decline.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

The dissertation has the main goal to investigate the performance of the exports sector for a set of selected emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa and to identify its main determinants. The econometric investigation based on the variance decomposition analysis has shown that capital flows (FDI) are relevant to understand export performance for all five countries; technological effort result (patents) is important for Russia, India and China; investment rate for Brazil and South Africa; exchange rate for Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa; the proxy for growth of the main partners is crucial for chinese exports; and finally, education seems to matter for brazilian exports. The estimated exports VEC models for Brazil, India China and South Africa indicate that capital flows (FDI) are relevant for the short run adjustment (Brazil) and on the long run for the other economies. Other than this, the real exchange rate is statistically significant in the long run (evidence of cointegration) for Brazil and South Africa, and for short run adjustments in China. The proxy for foreign growth of the main trade partners (TCPPC) is relevant both in the short and the long run for India and Brazil, while we used the world growth for South Africa, which is relevant for both time horizons. Finally, education is an important variable in the long run for Brazil, while patents is relevant for China, India and South Africa. In general, one can say that there is a relatively large set of variables that are not necessarily homogeneous among the BRICS when analyzing exports performance over the past decades.

The role of policies in support of innovation has been subject of discussion in developed countries as well as in developing ones. This debate is due to the fact that public agents are able to not only improve technological capacity in enterprises, but also search for means to promote the needed structure for such investments to occur. The goal of the current study is the analysis of policies of innovation carried out by the state of Minas Gerais, with the intention of verifying the complementarities or not among the instruments supporting innovation carried out both in the Federal and State spheres. Within the achieved results in the study, stands out that the efforts of the state of Minas Gerais to promote innovations- somewhat recent and scarce- can be considered positive and complimentary to the Federal efforts in the search for increasing the innovative rhythm in companies.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Formulated within the theoretical-abstract issues of the marxist theory of dependency, the concept of workforce superexploration was directed to the comprehension of the mechanisms that, as a result of the income transference between peripheral and central countries in landmarks of the international business relations, allowed the continuation of the process of capital accumulation and reproduction in the peripheral and dependant economies, from the conjugation between the arose of the intensity of work and remuneration under the minimum amount necessary to guarante the reproduction capacity of the working class, while mechanisms which increase the surplus value. In concrete terms, the Brazilian working class, in the ends of 1970, reorganized its forms of militant organization, process which guided the creation of the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT). Throughtout these aspects, the intention of the present work is linked to the analysis of the concrete relation between the workforce superexploration and the union politics adopted by the CUT since 1990. The central argument that guides the investigation lies on the fact that, through the implementation of the neoliberal politics, the work relations have gone in deep transformations, making not only the working class but also its representative institutions extremely fragile in respect to the government and the capitalist class. Therefore, the transformations in the work relations had not only created a more propitious context to the use of the mechanisms of workforce superexploration but, at the same time, they had pressured the CUT to adopt standard actions of labor union more moderate, therefore, less militant. Because of that, in an environment of work precarization, the representative role built by the CUT along its history has been disarticulated.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

The evolution of the productive chain in Brazil‟s movie industry, was and still is restrained by some governmental policies that drive it forward. Since the beginning of the nineties, movie productions take a new and accelerated dynamics, reinforcing the role of the state as a supporter. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the dynamism of the movie industry in Brazil, looking into the productive sectors, distributors and exhibitors of its movies between the years 1995 and 2009, also highlighting the governmental policies carried on throughout all these years. Among the results acquired during this research, despite the restoration of the productive dynamics, it is acknowledged a reduction on the productive chain and its sectors, showing difficulties when entering into the movie market. This way, it becomes clear the need of governmental policies that reach all the productive chain, so that the national movie industry could take a wider market share in the country.

This work studies the distribution of resources by the National Program for the Development of the Familiar Agriculture (PRONAF) between 1999 and 2009, which is a credit program, that positions itself as a public policy to extinguish the difficulties of access to resources by familiar farmers. The aim of this work is to investigate if, regardless of the changes in its legislation to increase the incorporation of the poorest familiar farmers in poorer regions, the program has had a logic of distribution concentrated in the most dynamic familiar farmers and developed regions. This study has as background the post-Keynesian theoretical perspective, in which banks, as economic agents, are the main responsible for the supply of credit, that is essential to the economic development. In the view of Keynes, banks take into account their expectations about the borrower‟ future ability of payment, the alternative forms of return on assets and their desire for security. The prospect is that these economic agents prefer to direct resources to the most dynamic agents, which can provide greater guarantees, in most economically developed spaces, to the less risky sectors of the economy. The trend, from this, is of concentration of the credit. The case of the rural sector is more problematic because of the higher risk associated with the activities performed in it. Hence it comes the hypothesis of the work: that the PRONAF could present difficulties in the distribution of resources to the poorest familiar farmers, especially in poorer regions. We performed the study of the PRONAF‟s distribution from 1999. Both the analysis of the total distribution for Brazil and for each region indicated, considering the whole period, a relative improvement of the distribution between 2003 and 2006 and a worsening in the distribution from then on. In addition to this analysis, we set up capitation indicators from the PRONAF by municipality and we associate them with Rural Development Indicators, by the statistical technique Correspondence Analysis in order to observe the profiles of familiar farmers and spaces that have received the resources. We made associations for three periods between 2001 and 2009. The results showed that, in general, the final position of the less developed municipalities was worse than the initial position, except in the Northeast region. Furthermore, we note, in general, that the most integrated familiar farmers groups (D and E) have improved their participation in detriment of the poorest familiar farmers groups (A, A/C, B and C). Finally, we associate the participation of the group B with the volume released by the Program Bolsa Família (between 2004 and 2006 and 2007 and 2009), in the Northeast region. The results showed an inverse relationship between the level of rural development and the level of receipt of the Program, showing that the Bolsa Família is able to reach more intensely the poorer municipalities. Furthermore, the association between the participation of the group B and the volume released by the Bolsa Família also presented an inverse relationship. In our view, it is not the poorest familiar farmers‟ difficulty that explains the low relative access, but the difficulties imposed on them by the bank logic.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This dissertation aims to establish a current view of the concentration of S&T activities in the country through the development of S&T indicators in Brazil, analyzing the data in the national context. The selected period is the year 2000 to the present (2009/2010) and is used secondary data obtained from databases of official institutions, such as the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). The indicators focuses the dimensions government priority to S&T , Manufacturing Science and Technology and Basic Education and availability of qualified human resources, selected according to the work of Rocha and Ferreira (2004). Performed this analysis aims to select five Brazilian states with the best indicators of S&T, each representing a geographic region according to the division of the IBGE, in order to verify the technological intensity of its industry through the data from IRP, organized according to the classification of the OECD (1994) and compare indicators of S&T and technological intensity of industry in selected states.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

There is a divergence between the objective of the banking institutions to ration credit because its rational behavior to face difficulties of get informations about the market , and the intention of the economic policy makers to offer credit to all the agents of the economy as an instrument to leverage the development. Looking up it, the expansion of the credit can be observed through from an alternative financial service in despite of the other offered by the traditional banking sector: the microcredit. However, the concession methodology of the microcredit in Brazil has seemed the methodology used for the traditional banking sector, limiting, of this form, the offered of financial services to the agents of lower income and to the informal enterprises sector of the economy. Information from seven institutions of microfinances of the state of Minas Gerais indicated the collection of relatively high interest rates, the existence of bureaucratic requests that raise costs of customers transactions, the useless of solidary endorsement as substitute guarantee, as well as the strong influence of the interest rate of the economy on the composition of the patrimonial structure of the microfinances institutions.

The recurrent and magnificent crises been faced in the last few years, particularly in the 1990´s, have raised an important debate over the need for reordering the international financial architecture, due to the incapacity of the current capitalist institutionalized framework in compelling such crises. Thus, this paper presents the panorama of the reordering proposals been debated, having the writings of Keynes as a backdrop, which so well exposes the fundaments of the capitalist wealth. Depending upon the theoretical interpretation one may convene, these proposals may have broader or more restrict application and their unfoldings may even imply deleterious effects to diverse types of economies, especially to the developing ones.

Mestre em Economia

The market regulation is a fundamental factor in infrastructure sectors. In the Brazilian electric industry, whose enterprises were privatized in the 1990 s, the regulatory governance is a competence of National Electric Energy Agency, Aneel. The agency was created in 1996 to regulate the electric segment and to promote the competition in the sector. Nevertheless, the privatization and the market regulation have not created an attractive environment to investments. One of the negative points is the great instability of the regulation, due to its constant modifications. The electricity industry is an infrastructure activity and the changes in this sector cause impacts on several other segments of the economy. This is what happens in the aluminium industry, which is employing resources to the self generation of electric energy. The aluminium production requires a high consumption of electric energy that represents a relevant part of the production costs. In this regard, the changes in electric energy regulation and the low attraction of investments to that market cause insecurity to the great consumers of energy, like the aluminium entrepreneurs, who choose to generate its own electric energy necessary to the metal production.