RCAAP Repository

Mestre em Economia

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

The Brazilian labor market is characterized by considerable differences in income, treatment and occupational insertion between white and black workers. With this in mind, this paper aims to identify and measure the factors causing this discrepancy between blacks and whites, highlighting discrimination and occupational segregation and using the PNAD 2009 as database. In order to measure the level of occupational segregation by color we used the following Occupational Segregation Indices: Index of Dissimilarity Duncan & Duncan (D) Index of Dissimilarity Standardized by Size (Ds) and Karmel-MacLachlan index (KM). The results of these indices showed that there is considerable occupational segregation by color in the Brazilian labor market, and the blacks are inserted in occupations with lower pay. The analysis of color discrimination was performed using the Oaxaca decomposition, and this method was applied separately for integrated and segregated occupations, indicating that the integrated occupations have a high level of discrimination and the occupation of majority white show less discrimination. The analyzes were also applied separately to the Northeast and Southeast in order to more efficiently capture the determinants of the wage differential by color between these different regions of Brazil. It was shown that both occupational segregation and discrimination are important factors to explain the wage gap between whites and blacks, and public policies necessary to combat this discriminatory treatment, especially policies aimed at equal opportunities, in order to obtain greater social justice and equal treatment among different groups of workers.

This study analyse the Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) - Growth Acceleration Program, highlighting its regional dimension. For both, the history, structure and nature of the PAC are presented and discussed as a basis for trend analysis of the initial impacts of the program, studied both nationally and regionally. This analysis is based on examination of the investments planned and carried out for the whole country, and their distribution by region, considering the macro-regional division of the IBGE, and macroeconomic indicators in the survey and regional focus on employment, credit and infrastructure road, among other things. The study highlights the relevance of the PAC in terms of renewed government investment in infrastructure in a favorable macroeconomic context (and to some extent influenced by the CAP) but also for its deficiency in promoting structural changes in the relevant regional dynamics, characterizing the PAC unplugged as regional policies, despite his new-developmental nature.

Micro and small enterprises play a key role in generating employment and income, what qualifies them as inducers of economic development. Inserted in markets increasingly competitive and globalized, the micro and small businesses increasingly rely on technological capability and the generation of innovations to ensure their survival and success. The theoretical work is based on unorthodox approaches, which give innovation a central role in economic activity. We start from the hypothesis that in Brazil there is a significant sectoral heterogeneity in relation to the characteristics of the innovative process in small enterprises. The objective is therefore to demonstrate the sectoral peculiarities of Brazilian small firms regard to the process of generation of innovations. The characterization of innovation activities is made from performance indicators of the innovative process, efforts made to innovate, cooperation and government support. The analysis of sectoral differences in innovative activity of small Brazilian companies was only possible thanks to the sending of a special tabulation of Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica (PINTEC) 2008 by Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Some industries such as Pharmaceuticals and Computer and electronics had rates that give a prominent position inside the universe of small businesses. In other sectors such as Wood products and Metallurgy were found relatively poor indicators. The results thus corroborate the hypothesis of sectoral heterogeneity and demonstrate the complexity of the universe of Brazilian micro and small enterprises regard to the characteristics of the innovation process.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Despite the adjective \'sustainable\' follows almost all public policies in Brazil, in most cases, there is no explicit definition of the sustainability concept used. This dissertation deals, in the second chapter, with the institutionalization of sustainable development concept and the incorporation of the environmental issues in economic theory. We discuss in this work different concepts of sustainability in economic theory, giving priority to neoclassical and ecological economics. The third chapter discusses the evidence that space has acquired in development policies and recommendations by the multilateral development agencies, who started to prescribe the endogenous development aproach. In the last part of the third chapter, we discussed the territorial cohesion concept, which take sustainability as essential for the harmonious territory development, with natural resources, biodiversity and environmental services protection. The fourth chapter shows the first territorial experiences in Brazil and an analysis of sustainability concept in development policies of the Agrarian Development and the Social Development Ministries. Finally, we test the heterogeneity of the sustainability concet in territorial development policies of these ministries.

With the intensification of changing weather conditions on the planet, the debate on environmental issues is emphasized at the agenda of the international. The concern about the negative impacts to the environment and the continued use of fossil fuels has generated a search for alternative sources of cleaner energy. In this context, Brazil is inserted as a major supplier in the global renewable energy, proposing to be a major producer of biofuels in the world, mainly ethanol from cane sugar. This study aims at analyzing the impacts of the expansion of cultivation of cane sugar on food production, using as instruments to analyze the decomposition model \"shift-share\" and the scale and substitution effects. We also tried to determine the effects of farming on employment and land ownership structure, using as instruments of analysis regression models with panel data.

The Bolsa Verde program was established as a recent initiative of environmental policy of the Minas Gerais state, which provides financial incentives to farmers who practice conservation activities and/or restoration of native vegetation within their farms. In late 2010 and early 2011 registrations were made by farmers to participate in the program. Due to its innovative character Minas Gerais is one of the first Brazilian states to create such a state law and its importance as a policy to reverse the degradation process of native vegetation, it is imperative the monitoring of its implementation. In this sense, this thesis aims to analyze the participation of farmers in the state of Minas Gerais in the first phase of Bolsa Verde, and the data analyzed came from the Instituto Estadual de Florestas (IEF), responsible for the operationalization of the program. During the first stage of registration to the program modality of maintenance of existing native vegetation 980 farms were awarded of 2.587 inscriptions, with a total area of 860.835.19 hectares and a total value of R$6.467 million. This means that Bolsa Verde program will provide that amount of financial resources to benefit farmers during five years as a way to reward them for the preservation of native vegetation and, in return, farmers are committed to protect it, thus ensuring the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services. It is believed the results can be used as initial indications on the first implementation phase of the program, and another contribution that can be pointed out is the support in the policy dissemination, whose knowledge from the audience (farmers) side is still not adequate.

The goal of this work is to study the Territory of Sisal. Located in the semiarid region of Bahia, the Territory of Sisal covers 20 counties: Araci, Barrocas, Biritinga, Candeal, Cansanção, Conceição do Coité, Ichu, Itiúba, Lamarão, Monte Santo, Queimadas, Retirolândia, São Domingos, Quijingue, Nordestina, Santaluz, Serrinha, Teofilândia, Tucano, and Valente. In the Territory of Sisal, since 1960, civil society has been organized and the government has put into operation several successful projects. The Territory of Sisal was formed from the recent implementation of territorial development policies. However, 10 years after the adoption of the territorial approach, the Territory of Sisal continues to experience low economic progress and high levels of poverty and social exclusion. Why it is that, despite the strong presence of social actors and local institutions (civil society) and its designation as a territory of public policy, the Territory of Sisal continues to register some of the worst social and economic statistics in Bahia and Brazil? To answer this question, this work aims at exploring how civil society in the Territory of Sisal was organized and how it was able to establish collective enterprises and understand why, despite this the territory continues to display some of the worst socioeconomic indicators in Bahia and Brazil. Using primary data and secondary data beyond the perspective of neocorporativism and the territorial approach this work has revealed that the Territory of Sisal, in Bahia, still has much to do to achieve a high level of socioeconomic development, especially because it must overcome some obstacles, such as economic dependence on municipal governments, the \"natural phenomenon of drought,\" the decay of the sisal production chain, the dichotomy between urban (city) and rural (countryside) interests, and excessive conflicts, both \"open\" and \"closed,\" that hinder the development of social cohesion.

This dissertation studies the impacts and profiles of public policies made of different conceptions of development in the Territórios da Cidadania do Noroeste de Minas, highlighting the role due by Territórios da Cidadania Program. Two types of planning are included in the analyzed policies, the first is recorded from the 1970s, based in a centralized scope, with a strong regional inspiration and whose focus was the development of agriculture; the second occurred from mid-1990s and deepened in the 2000s, based in a decentralized planning, with territorial public policies, taking into account the peculiarities of the territory and farmers. In this sense we tried to verify which profile of public policy is best for the territory to reach the economic and social development, since it is a territory with low economic dynamism. Nevertheless, we sought to verify the initial impacts of the Territórios da Cidadania Program, analyzing whether it is still doing in practice what it set out to do. The analyzed indicators point to a substantial increase in quality of life of the territory over the period analyzed. Some of these indicators has evolved due to conjunctural factors, but a considerable part evolved, mainly because of specific public policies, particularly in the 2000s.

This dissertation intends to support the analysis of Macroeconomic Policies in Brazil after 1999, here treated as restricted to the tripod: Inflation Targeting, generation of primary surpluses, and control of interest rates, in contrast to the Keynes s policies. First, it reviews the literature on the main propositions of Keynes. The next step is the preparation of analysis of what are, in fact, Keynes\'s policies. The following is made a study of Brazilian macroeconomic policies from the time when the country joined the Inflation Targeting Regime, i.e., from 1999, and the development of this measure for the remainder of macroeconomic policies to the present day, to finally be able to check whether such policies are consistent with the Keynes s policies.

This present dissertation analyzes the performance of public accounts of Goiás during 2002/2011. There were two main problems treated: first, from the fact that the total tax revenue surpassed, in good measure, the significant economic growth in the region, it was investigated the causes for such performance. Additionally, was analyzed what kind of behavior occurred in the intertemporal Goiás revenue and expenditure relationship, so that such a relationship may or may not justify budgetary imbalances occurred during the period or that would compromise the ongoing fiscal adjustment. Such analysis allows to compare the results of Goiás with those obtained in other studies that, in general, fit the majority of Brazilian states as having performed fine adjustment, much as the volume of transfers from the Union that, properly, for their autonomous capacity to tax and collect. The results of Goiás indicated a relative strength of independent taxation, arising from the total revenue from its main tax (ICMS), but occurred much because of the tax effort reflected in the subgroups Debt and Fiscal Action, accompanied by an increasing transfers government volume and a greater proportion than 20% of total revenue in the period. Added to this set, the long cycle of the regional economy and positive force that provided the spontaneous collection of ICMS, however, the intensity lower than that cited in the subgroups. On the other hand, contributed to the fiscal results obtained for the answer the second research problem: the intertemporal relationship between revenues and expenditures for the state in the period indicated a strong tendency to fiscal synchronization, which allowed at least ease the fiscal situation worse when the state was in the recent past.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This work emerges from a dual problem: i) the industrial ecosystems approach can be used to observe if an industrial complex promotes the development of a given region?; and ii) from the industrial ecology, the territorial approach and the sustaincentrism, how can the sugar and alcohol complex be evaluated with respect to its capacity to generate economic, social and environmental development?. The main objective of this work is to develop, from the literature, an model to analyze the Industrial Ecosystems that include the elements of Sustaincentrism, Industrial Ecology and Territorial Approach. From the analytical framework, the object (the sugar and alcohol complex inserted in Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil) is observed aiming to identify the features of an industrial arrangement that is socially inclusive, economically viable and, at the same time, don t cause constraints to the environment. This work is adopting a descriptive kind of research, which uses mostly qualitative methods. The primary data, obtained by the application of questionnaires to a substantial sample of the universe that composes the sugar and alcohol complex in Triângulo Mineiro, complements the secondary data (obtained from literature review). The results, in some way, corroborate the hypothesis adopted: i) the industrial ecosystems approach, alone, can t insert the social and cultural elements on the analysis, tending to put on evidence, technical and economic aspects so, in that way, is necessary to complement it with another approaches that can insert those social elements; and ii) the sugar and alcohol complex still needs to evolve into new ways of social integration with the local and regional environment where it belongs, despite the fact that there are some important environmental and social gains in response to institutional pressures on the last decade.

The rise of China has been providing various effects on developed and developing countries, particularly its Asian neighbors which compete in third markets, such as the U.S., Europe and Japan this sense, the present study aimed to analyze the pattern of Chinese trade with two different groups of countries: the Asian neighbors (Asian Tigers and Dragons) and developed countries (United States, Europe and Japan) during the 2000s. To this end, this paper adopts the methodology of second breakdown of trade technological intensity proposed by Lall (2000). Furthermore, to analyze the intensity of trade between these economies as well as potential threats over their Chinese business partners close, we calculated the following indicators of trade: Trade Intensity Index (TII), Trade Orientation Index (TOI) , Intra-Industry Trade Index (ICII), Index Of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), and, finally, the Contribution To The Balance Index (ICS). The main result achieved is the existence of China\'s trade patterns differ for each group of countries, according to the type of expertise of each partner.

This work s main goal is to provide an ecological sustainability assesment of the consumption of Minas Gerais s population in 2008 through the calculation of the Ecological Footprint for the region. The Ecological Footprint is an widely used methodology to assess in which degree a region and its population is ecologically sustainable. For this reason, it can be used to provide directives for public policies targeting a sustainable development. This dissertation is divided in three chapters: i. the first one brings a literature revision on the upcoming and evolution of the concept of sustainable development, as well as a discussion on the Ecological Economics interpretation of the economic scale problem, as a way to provide a theoretical foundation for this work; ii. the second chapter also a literature revision one brings a systematization on sustainability indicators state of the art, focusing on the reason of the choice of Ecological Footprint as this work s methodology; iii. the third chapter brings the Ecological Foot print methodology application, its results as well as the discussion of this results. Among the results, we concluded that in absolute terms the demand for ecossystem services in the state is below its carrying capacity, but in per capita terms it puts too much pressure on the world supply of such services.

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of regional distribution of credit by banks in Brazil, especially by public banks. The basis of the study will be the post-Keynesian approach on currency, to which this affects motives and decisions of the agents, having real effects on the economy in both the short and the long term. The supply of credit by banks plays a fundamental role in economic growth and regional development. According to this perspective, the regional distribution of resources has a significant concentration of the most dynamic regions and economically integrated and agents larger (with greater economic integration). In this context of discussion, there is the perspective on the role of public banks to reverse this logic concentrating resources. That is, public banks have a central role in order to direct a larger volume of credit to less dynamic regions, since the logic of valuation would not be your main goal. However, this is not exactly the behavior of public banks in Brazil, in recent years. For this study, we analyzed the movement of credit s Financial System in recent years, but also the evolution of the main accounts of assets and liabilities of public and private banks (domestic and foreign). Furthermore, were constructed and analyzed credit indicators in order to investigate the distribution and the concentration of resources. We analyze indicators constructed with the intention to study the distribution of resources by the Banking System by municipality, as well as the distribution of resources by Banco do Nordeste, since this is an important bank of the segment public in the country and has an important role in the distribution of credit in Brazil.

The goal of this dissertation is to present an investigation of the theoretical and empirical relationship between financial integration, capital flows and the exchange rate, and between financial integration, capital flows and financial crises for developing countries. The theoretical literature analysis developed in Chapter 1 clarifies that there is no consensus regarding the hypothesis that financial integration and capital flows stimulate economic growth and consumption smoothing, also showing that there are channels through which they can lead to financial crises and appreciation of the exchange rate. Chapter 2 develops an econometric investigation regarding the relationship between financial integration, capital flows and the exchange rate, for a sample of 63 developing countries. The econometric results do not suggest that there is a statistically significant relationship between financial integration and exchange rate, and, therefore, they do not support the hypothesis that financial integration causes currency appreciation. Besides, the results suggest that capital flows cause appreciation of the exchange rate, and there are evidences that the effect of the capital flows over the exchange rate depends on the level of financial development, which means that the effect of appreciation is gradually attenuated by higher levels of financial development. Chapter 3 develops an econometric investigation regarding the relationship between financial integration, capital flows and financial crises, for a sample of 53 developing countries. The econometric results suggest that financial integration and capital flows do not raise the probability of financial crises.