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The objective of this study is to use the post-Keynesian outline to explain the politics of Brazilian exchange regime, and the behavior of the real\'s exchange rate in relation to the American dollar from January 1999 to December 2012. In the face of the importance of exchange rates as one of the most important relative prices to an accelerating global economy, the study behind the causes of their behavior is a much-discussed subject in economic literature. After the collapse of the Bretton Woods accord, traditional theoretic models were developed to explain the high volatility of currency exchanges. Nevertheless, the lack of consensus in these models allowed the Keynesian theory to be incorporated into the new global reality, which is characterized by both a greater integration of markets and capital volatility. The Keynesian theory has in its foundation, a mental model and the diagram Z-D. Both of these are supported by variables such as the adoption of norms and conventions, bandwagon effects, and social and psychological factors as inputs into the processes of building up expectations and decision-making. The result was obtained, once the post-Keynesian model showed itself to be plausible in the explanation of the foreign exchange dynamics for the period under consideration.

This work aims to analyze the evolution of the working conditions of employees in the coffee growing in Minas Gerais and the cultivation of sugar cane in São Paulo in the recent period. For this, a study was conducted in the authors to the thematic bases of modernization in agriculture and its impacts on the rural and working conditions. In addition, we analyzed a time series data of coffee growing and the cultivation of sugar cane national observing how they evolve production, acreage and yield. Subsequently evolved was analyzed as the number of persons employed in the various occupational categories in coffee mining and cultivating sugar cane in São Paulo, comparing them with the average of national agriculture. Finally, we constructed the Quality Indexes of Employment (IQE) for groups of employees more skilled and less skilled in the years 2004, 2006 and 2008, this indicator captures the evolution of the working conditions of employees in cultures analysis, in the recent period. Both mining in coffee growing, and in the cultivation of sugar cane in São Paulo the IQEs were higher than the national average (in the same culture and states), and IQEs group most qualified employee were consistently higher than those of less skilled employees.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

With this study, we aim at making a synthesis of Celso Furtados s thought in relation to his underdevelopment interpretation and his correspondent proposal of overcoming this phenomenon. With this attempt, we aim at identifying the features of linearity and/or change present in his ideas about the mentioned theme. This purpose is justified by the fact that uncountable events happened during more than half a century of study of the underdevelopment condition dedicated by the author. Among them, the one which can be characterized as a temporal divisor in his thought, considered in this study, is the trasnationalization process. We intend to show that this new way that globalization assumes dictates new limits to peripheral economies development, as Furtado showed, and these limits jeopardize the overcome proposal the author had. Besides that, the dependence symptom, which underdeveloped structures are historically hostages, and that is usually explored by the author, turns to be taken to cultural value terms, turning out to be, in his vision, more perverse to the development attempt. Finally, we aim at demonstrating that, although the transnationalization process has broken with Furtado s overcoming proposal of underdevelopment, represented by the National State conformation, and despite it has taken him to denote new values to dependence, the underdevelopment essence is still the same in his analyses.

This dissertation looked forward to apprehend social influences, economic politics and that the Program "Hunger Zero" after reached in the country the 2002 elections. The central hypothesis is that the Program "Hunger Zero" had modified during first the two years of Lula´s government. The main goal that guided it was the search for apprehending the implementation of the program "Hunger Zero" in the first years of Lula´s government, with intention to evaluate if the implementation of the social program it was related to the proposal initial presented by the government. For this the method was used theoretician-description through the reading criticizes of documents of the government and texts written on thematic the boarded one. Through the study we could accept the principal hypothesis of that the program "Hunger Zero" had its nature modified in relation to the proposal initial.

The role of biotechnology has been the subject of discussion in developed and in developing countries. This debate is due the fact that biotechnology be an emerging field with a high concentration of knowledge, enabling many advances, especially in the areas of environment, health and agriculture. Biotechnology cannot be treated as just one element that makes up a sectoral system of innovation, because its spillover effect and impacts on various sectors demonstrate its coverage as a techno- economic paradigm . The objective is to analyze the profile of users and / or producers of biotech in Brazil , in order to verify if your effort and innovative performance resemble those companies that do not use biotechnology. To accomplish this empirical analysis, the work makes use of various versions of PINTEC / IBGE. Among the findings can be noted that biotech firms have an innovative and collaborative striking character, given the complex nature of the technology base used by them.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

This present work intends to analyze the relation enters the flows of capitals, the Agencies of Evaluation of Risk and the variation of index EMBI+ of emergent countries as: Mexico, Argentina, Asia, Russia and Brazil. The study it will parse two period: the first one if relates to the year of 1990 the 1998, where the cambial crises of Mexico, Asia and Russia had occurred, phase this marked by a period of great liquidity in the international market. Second if it relates to the years after 1999, where the majority of the countries adopts the floating exchange and has a movement of feast or famine in international the financial market. In the case of Brazil, beyond if studying the relation of the flows of capitals, EMBI+Brasil and the Agencies of Ratings, we will see the dynamics of the internal interests, that has a positive correlation with the prize of internal risk of Brazil, this is calculated by the difference between Real the Selic Tax and the Tax of Waited Future Interests, measured for the Swaps DI-Pré 360 days.

This dissertation studies the territorial development from a structural public politics implemented by government in the ambit of the Zero Famine Programme. Through this politics, the Alimentary Security Consortium end Social Development were installed (CONSADs). We started the discussion about Brazil development until get to the territorial dimension, and we deepen fundamental questions related to these spaces nand the globalization process, the civil spciety and public power participation, the rural urban dichotomy surpassing and discentralization by intermunicipal actions. In this study, we investigated the implementation of three CONSASD on the center west region and we could conclude that the government proposal is innovated and is capable of estimulate the territorial development. However, we still verified that this politics a collection of changers to improve it, mainly, when it is applied in depressed territorries.

The goal of this dissertation is to analyze the impact of the innovative effort on innovation, and this on the productivity of Brazilian companies. This is a firm-level analysis using data crossover from the Technological Innovation Survey (PINTEC) and the Annual Industrial Survey (PIA), both developed by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), in the period from 2006 to 2008. The research aims to contribute to the empirical debate to understand the pattern of the current Brazilian innovative process, considering the sectors specifications and their levels of technological intensity. Is made an theoretical analysis of the literature, that explicit the various theories of innovation, its determinants and its relationship with productivity, showing that, although very different in their conceptions, there is a currently consensus about the importance of technological innovation on industrial performance. Is also made an empirical research on the relationship between innovation activities, innovation and productivity, using the CDM model and econometric strategy to answer these questions. The results shows that, despite the fact that few companies in Brazil innovate and invest in innovation (especially in direct investment in R&D activities), the probability to innovate increases with a higher level of investment in innovative activities, and that the level of productivity is positively affected by product or process innovation. These results also happen with the industries samples of lower and higher technological intensity, but, for that last ones, the innovation impact on productivity not shown significant.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

The aim of this paper is to analyze the matter of the relations that permeate the evolution and performance of economical factors such as productivity, level of employment and work time, inside the context of capitalist production. It focuses the footwear manufacturers in Franca (state of São Paulo), Brazilian s most important production center of man footwear. This study advocates the necessity, significance and fairness of reducing working hours without diminishing wages, analyzing and trying to unmask the economic, social and political circumstances that cover the distribution or bigger retention of earnings derived from the continuous productive increase, due to certain social agents. In support of this, it makes use of numerous and clarifying quotations, having recourse to dialogues with valuable concepts of different authors about the theme, which, in general terms, focus the issue under a theoretical point of view, in both national and international aspects. The author s analysis, comments and conclusions cross mutually with expressions of conviction and the accumulation of knowledge about the topic, such as collection, systematization and interpretation of data and information, concerning the interrelationship Productivity x Employment x Work Time in Franca (state of São Paulo), in the field of footwear manufacturer processing industry. The analytical instrumental used in this paper detaches position and conflicting interests between distinct social classes as basic referential for a concrete analysis of the correlation of the economical factors mentioned. Position and conflicting interests are inherent and indivisible parts of an associate system characterized by the private property of production means, and consequently by the social relations originated in the sale of wage earner s workforce to capital holders.

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The conilon coffee cropping in Espírito Santo has shown in recent years a significant increase in productivity, which is associated with the development and use of new technologies in the fields. Advances in genetic improvement and process improvements have been appointed as the main responsible for the development of the activity in the state. At the same time, the institutional arrangement formed in the last two decades is also named as the factor that allowed the diffusion of new technologies developed for conilon. This study seeks to analyze the innovations and production of conilon in Espírito Santo from the concept of Sectoral System of Innovation. In this theoretical framework concepts such as knowledge, learning and interactions are seen as key to the development of innovations. This work used, as methodology, literature, documents and interviews with representatives of some of the major institutions involved. It is intended, therefore, to better understand how a crop that did not exist on a commercial scale in Espírito Santo until the 1970s became so important to the state and is now considered a benchmark in research and development of technologies. It is also investigated which are the main actors in this system, how innovations are generated and disseminated, what is the technological profile in the fields and what are the challenges ahead.

This work aim to show that the reach to the limits of capital accumulation, which is showing its first signs since the 60 s, has and still is exercising great importance in Brazilian economic policies. In the first chapter, we establish a reference to what is understood as the limit of capital accumulation after World War II and how the accumulation process drives itself to its own limits. In the following chapters, we detach the importance of the reached limit to the most relevant moments of Brazilian economic policy. Since the IIPND, when the first signs of influence raise in Brazilian economy, passing through the stabilizing attempts during the 80 s and 90 s and the emergence of the pro-market State in Brazil, until the 00 s, when macroeconomic prudence took shape and delimited the conduction of the country s economic policy, we will show how the limit of capital accumulation has played an important role.

This work aims to investigate the evolution of the compositional structure of the participation of family occupational groups of rural areas from Triângulo Mineiro engaged in agricultural activities in the income of the sector. Therefore, we use a statistical method Decomposition of Change in Agricultural Income of different family occupational groups (employers, employees and self-employed, agricultural and pluriactive) based on microdata from PNAD / IBGE in the period 2002-2009. The hypothesis guiding this study was constructed from the results of field trials carried out in four municipalities of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Parnaíba where we detected a situation of fragility and latent abandonment of agricultural activities by farmers municipalities surveyed. So, we argue here that this reality is not only restricted to the municipalities surveyed, but that much of the family farm in Minas Gerais lies fragile in important ways. The evidence presented by the data confirm the hypothesis of this study, since families are self-employed (they represent the majority of farmers) less appropriate the surplus of agricultural income generated in the state of Minas Gerais generating a framework of greater fragility of these families with a strong trend of abandonment of agricultural activity. This movement would tend to deepen as the agricultural development model promoted in this region in search of efficiency standards and given the competition in the industry, would force the output of those farmers who do not get the same productivity standards. Thus, public policies such as PRONAF, PAA and PNAE fulfill an important role in reducing the abandonment of farming by the farmers process.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

The dissertation discusses the dynamics of long-term, determination and ranking of world capitalism in the work of Theotonio dos Santos. interest in this work is justified by the importance of the two topics in the Latin American social thought, and his theoretical journey, traveling between two strands of the theory of development: the Marxist Theory of Dependency (MTD), which was co-founder, and Theory of World- Systems (TWS), which became one of the greatest expone ion without a break, but based on the change of focus of the development underdeveloped in Latin America for the global system of capitalist accumulation. The ve of the author always sought unity in a continuous movement between social subjects, the structural elements (both private and general) of capitalism and their periodic trends, long term and establishes a relationship between economic factors and non-economic, especially the politicians, the stage of capitalism emerged in the post World War II, lly in peripheral countries, especially Latin America. The intention of the dissertation is to contribute to the identification of theoretical and methodological approach implicit in the thinking of Theotonio dos Santos, featured here in the binomial conceptual direction of development and regulation of the dynamics , methodological approach developed during production of the author and manifested in the transition of MTD the TWS results in its attempt to grasp the operation, composition, evolution and trends of global capitalism as a system, and would be a valuable contribution to a synthesis of Marxist theory of development.

Given the enormous environmental devastation caused in large part by unrestricted use of natural resources, it is fundamental to develop alternative means of production, guided by efficiency and sustainability . In this scenario, emerging industrial ecosystems, characterized by being formed clusters through a network of firms linked by an ecological, social and economic logic. These clusters can be encouraged from adequate to its emergence and development environment. The research can be classified as descriptive, qualitative nature, emerged from the need to develop alternative means of production. According to the international literature review it appears that aspects related to public initiatives, laws and private initiatives are suitable to create favorable conditions for the development of this type of arrangement means product. This elements make up what, for the purposes of this research will be named the macro environment of formation of industrial ecosystems. The overall objective is to identify the variables used worldwide to study the macro environment where training initiatives of industrial ecosystems emerge, as well as analyzing the behavior of the domestic macro environment to observe it through these same variables. As a result it was found a consistent analysis model, and apply it to the Brazilian case there has been a set of policies such as the National Environmental Policy pursuing sustainable development, but for these policies are quite sparse, and the Brazil present some peculiarities, due to its historical origins, the large territory and little environmental awareness, we can not say that there are concise for industrial symbiosis stimuli.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior