RCAAP Repository

This study aims to be a contribution to the construction of a general tipological theory of texts, according to the postulates of the Text Linguistics. Thus, our starting point is related to the concept of discourse community proposed by Swales (1990), which establishes six criteria of analyses by which we have delimited and defined the journalistic discourse community. From that, we have studied the text categories present in the newspapers and magazines and classified them based on the tipological theory of texts proposed by Travaglia (2003a), as well as from the concept of genre by Bakhtin (1997) and Bazerman (2005). Besides such classification, we have also proposed some criteria and parameters for the definition of what a journalistic text/genre is. This way we have put together the text categories found in the newspapers and magazines as the ones which were considered journalistic, following the concept of discourse community of Swales (1990) and the difference among genre, tenor and mode, proposed by Marcuschi (2003). Finally, we have characterized the news, as a base genre in the journalism, as well as of its several faces, which we have found to be species of the news genre which are composed predominantly by the narrative type.

La présente étude a comme objectif principal refléchir sur le processus de discursivisation du rire dans la sátira gregorienne et de son utilisation comme instrument de la lutte idéologique. Inscrits au champ de l Analyse du Discours de courante française, on travaille sous le questionnement suivant: de quelle forme le rire, sous la forme de la satire, peut contribuer pour le maintien ou la déconstruction de groupes de pouvoir dejà institués et socialement bien acceptés, ainsi que pour l établissement de groupes de pouvoir émergents? Ou, encore, parodiant Foucault (2002): Qu est-ce qu y a-t-il de si dangereux et puissant au fait des gens rire et de leur rire proliférer indéfiniment? On suppose que telles matérialités discursives fonctionnent comme une espèce d avis, de vengeance, une espèce de gag social: un sujet en sentant son pouvoir ébranlé par un autre, il le transforme en motif de rire, dans une tentative de refréner son action. L objet de cette recherche se constitue de quatre poèmes satiriques extraits du livre Obras Completas, de Gregório de Matos. Le choix pour cet objet se justifie car on considère que l idéologie se manifeste à travers les pratiques d un sujet et la satire se constitue comme élément matériel de cette pratique, dont l effet de sens qui nous intéresse est le rire.

The aim of this work is to map the neologic vocabulary in Alphonsus de Guimaraens s literary production to offer a contribution towards the creation of a linguistic glossary adding to the Dictionary of the Literary Neologisms of the Brazilian Portuguese by professor Evandro Silva Martins. This is a bibliographical research in which it is done the study of some processes of the neologic creation, sustained by Alphonsus de Guimaraens s poetry and prose. It is started from the hypothesis that Alphonsus de Guimaraens, through his neologic creation, promotes a certain rescue of the Portuguese Language, either by revisiting meanings, or by creating new meanings for old words, or even creating new words. The semantic neologism usually comes from a lexical basis previously existent in the language; however it assumes a new sense, due to its new context. Therefore, there is a great importance of the context for the good neologic interpretation. Seeking to reach the specific objectives of this research, we look for checking Alphonsus de Guimaraens s contribution for the lexicon of the language and which of his semantic neologisms are capable to subsidize the elaboration of the proposed dictionary. Methodologically, it is made, firstly, a neologic extraction in the author's work, then we check their appearance in the dictionaries that are selected as the corpus of exclusion. Next, we choose which words may form the glossary checking the gender and how many times these words occur. Then it is made a listing of the existent bases in the corpus of exclusion and, soon after, it is made an analysis of the linguistic or cultural notes around these words followed by an analysis of the sense of the same ones inside of that context. The results prove the hypothesis of Alphonsus de Guimaraens s neologic creativity, particularly founded through the literary esthetics of the Symbolism, as well as the aims of our research. It is also inferred that Alphonsus de Guimaraens s great neologic creation happens, in consequence of the historical, political and literary moment (of profound search of the lost values in the deepest soul states) in which this author lived. Hence it can be seen the sovereignty of the context as explanatory of the new terms and re-significance of the old ones. Alphonsus de Guimaraens s contribution for the perenniality of the literary neologisms found in the Brazilian Portuguese will have, no doubt, according to the neologic observatory delimited by the major project by professor Evandro, a distinguished place in that dictionary.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

This investigation was aimed at analyzing possibilities and contributions of the Internet as a supplementary tool to the English teaching and learning process, focusing on reading and writing skills, as well as on the learner s autonomy. We also aimed at analyzing e-Proinfo courseware´s contribution as a tool used to host and manage on-line courses offered as a complement to traditional classroom settings. We designed the online complementary activities following the principles of task-based language learning and teaching and those underlying the communicative approach and reading and writing theories. To collect and analyze the data the following research instruments were used: questionnaires, e-Proinfo interaction tools (forum and diary log), reading and writing activities on the e-Proinfo virtual environment, and interviews. The participants of this study were 8th term students of a Language Education Undergraduate Course whose participation in a reading and writing virtual course offered as a complement to the traditional classes was observed. The outcome reveals that the goals of this research paper were reached because the learners could do the proposed tasks, demonstrating some changes in their reading and writing processes and also in their computing skills. As to their reading skills, the learners mentioned to have enhanced their reading habits and their taste for books. They also revealed to have acquired new learning strategies, claiming that they have avoided using dictionaries, made more use of the context, titles and general information, thus, sped up the reading process. Furthermore, the learners revealed to better understand structures such as present perfect, present perfect continuous, time clauses, phrasal verbs, imperative and warning and advice expressions. As to their writing skills, students claim to have improved by making a better use, at the end of the course, of structures involving the present perfect, second conditional, verbs (would/would like) and opinion, wishes and greeting expressions. Moreover, the learners have become more critical and aware of their writing process. As to their autonomy, we could observe that the participants became more autonomous, trying to solve the problems they came across, helping their classmates and acquiring new behavior related to their learning practice. As to new technologies, the learners revealed to have improved computing skills, such as researching on the web, sending e-mails and virtual cards, etc. As to the e-Proinfo courseware, considering the researcher s perspective, we came to the conclusion that this technological resource is satisfactory, for it makes many resources available for the implementation of virtual courses, consequently, facilitating its use. As to the user s perspective, the information obtained indicated that this courseware presents itself as an interesting, organized and easy to use, since all the participants, even those who were not digitally literate, claimed to use it without difficulties. Further studies must be carried out to better understand the process of writing classroom activities in virtual environments, focusing on the aspects of text organization, as well as on other aspects related to the use of new technologies, such as technophobia, cognitive changes and interaction in a virtual environments.

When translating contracts from one language to another, translators are in the habit of excessively trusting in their intuition, which may lead them into error. This is because many are the false cognates, cases of polysemy and other aspects relating to problems that may cause confusion. Intending to avoid these mistakes, the majority of the translators who translate contracts usually use, as an aid to their task, bilingual law dictionaries, which present terms in an idiom, as well as their equivalent(s) in another language. However, the use of these terminological repertories does not keep the translator free from making mistakes when translating contracts. Focused on this situation we carried out a descriptive analytical study on part of the bilingual legal terminology, English-Portuguese and Portuguese-English, used in international contracts. In this way we identified and described units which within the contractual context acquire terminological value. This explains their affinity with other terms pertaining to the same system and where we have sought to resolve some of the problems relating to linguistic suitability faced by an international contract translator. As sources for our research we used legal books in the American English and Brazilian Portuguese languages, samples of acclaimed contracts in both languages, monolingual legal dictionaries, and with the purpose of confrontation, bilingual legal dictionaries. In this manner we raise legal terms used in contracts in general which could cause inappropriate translations and we present their respective equivalents in English and in Portuguese as a proposal. And finally, we compared the results obtained by us with the proposals of the main bilingual terminographic dictionaries in the area in question, so analyzing the efficiency of same. From this analysis it was possible to conclude that not even the intuition of the translator nor the bilingual legal dictionaries presently available are efficient instruments to the correct and efficient translation of contracts. This brings us to suggest that translators of contracts attempt to the contextual universe and that bilingual legal dictionaries be elaborated in a manner of presenting more complex information, as observations. As a suggestion, we proposed a prototype of bilingual legal dictionary, specialized in contractual terms, based in the reflections resulted from this research, which intends to present itself as a more efficient assistance to the translator of international contracts.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

The scope of this dissertation is to investigate variation of the subjective pronouns tu and você in the speech of the Portuguese of Brazil. The study, based upon the Labovian Sociolinguistic theory of linguistic variation, aims at detecting the possibility of co-occurrence between these pronouns in two different regions of Brazil. To accomplish such a goal I take into account the linguistic and the extra linguistic aspects in the speeches of adult speakers in the cities of Uberlândia (MG) and Imperatriz (MA). We have as general hypothesis: the pronoun tu occur with much frequency in Imperatriz and it doesn t occur in Uberlândia. To compose the corpus were used 43 interviews realized in each place noted above. The analysis evidenced that the tu e você pronouns co-occur in Imperatriz and exists only você pronoun in Uberlândia. We don t confirm the hypothesis that the pronoun tu occur with many frequency in Imperatriz, because the pronoun você is the more used. Besides, the pronouns tu is used with the verb on the third person on the most of cases.

At first, the aim of this research was to analyse discourses on the national linguistic identity that appeared in the news pieces published by Folha de S.Paulo, between 2001 and 2005. The initial selection of the pieces allowed us to notice, however, that the debate about the language was part of a much bigger context: the discussions about the legitimation of a national identity. From that, we could formulate the central hypothesis of this research, which is, the debates about national identity is based on the linguistic factor. In other words, the language is the element that supports the discussions on national identity. These debates, in turn, are developed, in Folha de S.Paulo, on two different thematic axles . In the first one, the Portuguese language is confronted with English, and from that confrontation a severe controversy arises regarding the foreign expressions coming from English and used in Portuguese. The news pieces from this axle indicated to us that the discussions were not about the legitimation of the linguistic identity, as one may assume at first, but about the national identity itself. The second axle, on the other hand, confronted the Brazilian variety of Portuguese language with the other worldwide varieties, and, in this scene, the polemic viewed as a violent controversy did not take place and the Brazilian variety, and, consequently, Brazil, was given a leadership role among the other Portuguese-speaking countries, including Portugal, the former metropolis. To proceed the analysis of the 40 selected pieces of news of our corpus, we used the theoretical formulations of the French school of Discourse Analysis, especially some concepts developed by Dominique Maingueneau inside the proposition of a global semantics.

This research had as objective to make a survey of a student-teacher´s reading representations, in the initial years of the elementary school, in order to verify if the reading is dealt as a moment for the production of meaning. It also aimed to interpret and discuss the sayings that constitute the speech of the pupil-teacher about the reading practices and the possible ethical consequences of these discourses about the formation of the students in the Third Grade. As aim, this research was based on the following questions: what are the representations on reading that can be perceived in the sayings of the pupil-teacher participants? What are the readings conceptions that can be noticed regarding the participant´s speech? What are the possible ethical and political consequences of an approach based on conceptions extracted from their sayings? In order to make this discussion possible, the concept of representation based on Woodward (2000) and Silva (2000) was considered. Furthermore, the process of reading was dealt by regarding its different schools of thought. Also, themes such as identity, difference and identification were approached. In order to collect the data, a semi-structured interview for the student-teacher, classroom observations with audio recordings and field notes were used. Given the data analysis, it became clear that the reading is viewed as a mean to reach the writing skills and also, that reading is a way to extract just one meaning, the one authorized by the teacher. The text is viewed as an object that carries a meaning to be singled out. In this perspective, the reader is viewed as a passive agent, and is not capable of building meanings, but is capable of extracting the meanings in the surface of the text. The text is emphasized, closed, and keeps the meaning. This research proves the hypothesis that the reading has not been treated as a space for the meaning production, because the teacher´s reading practice is resultant of the representations from which he or she is constituted, having a direct impact over his/her work, does not presupposes the reader as a producer of meaning, as an ideologically positioned individual, influenced by the unconscious. Given the data analysis and discussion, it is believed that the teacher needs to work with the possibility of multiple readings, not only one of them. To conclude, the practice is a result of representations, and it is necessary that a reading policy should be implemented in order to promote immediate modifications starting from the beginning of school life. Therefore, the reading practice must be reviewed, rethought, renewed, in order to be implemented inside the classrooms, changing the education focus to the student-reader, which is the meaning producer.

Cette recherche analyse le texte écrit de la pièce de théâtre nommée « Calabar : o elogio da traição », produite par Ruy Guerra, en 1973. L analyse se fonde sur les postulats de l Analyse du Discours d orientation française (donéravant AD) et poursuit une ligne de recherche théorico-analitique. Le choix de cette oeuvre littéraire comme objet d étude s est basé sur l oeuvre littéraire entendue comme oeuvre d art, qui expresse la réalité et à la fois crée une réalité elle-même que n existerais pas soit au dehors soit avant l oeuvre. Comme élément d une structure sociale, une oeuvre implique un produit qui advient de ce milieu. Il y a un rapport constitutif entre cette production et la réalité sociale, entre auteur et son produit (le texte). Vu que l AD s occupe du discours produit au point d articulation entre les phénomènes linguistiques et socio-historiques, l oeuvre « Calabar, o elogio da traição » a possibilité le développement de cette investigation qui analyse comment une question socio-idéologique peut faire son irruption dans le (l inter)discours d un texte littéraire. Donc, le changement dans les conditions de productions du texte produit des déplacements de sens concernant la construction significative de la trahison de Calabar. Dans ce sens, on analyse les éléments de l histoire et de la mémoire constitutifs du texte, visant à la compréhension, a partir des effets de mémoire présents dans l oeuvre, par laquelle le sens des énoncés sont déterminés à travers la condition socio-historique sur laquelle elle se construit, à part son association à la structure. On observe dans quelle mesure des sujets et des discours sont constitués dans le littéraire, établissant un parallèle entre l épisode historique (dont la discursivisation construite par l histoire social a lancé Calabar à la personification de la trahison) et la période historique dans laquelle s est donnéé la production de cette oeuvre, afin de la réalisation d une lecture possible des sens de « trahison ». Donnée la pluralité de l interdiscours qui traverse toute la trame discursive de « Calabar, o elogio da traição », cette étude focalise l analyse de quelques recoupages qui mettent en évidence l irruption de questions socio-idéologique, donnant à voir le conflictuel enjeu des rapports sociaux reproduits dans le discours et plongés dans le texte. Ainsi, le texte étudié, entendu sa discursivité, nous est présenté comme objet relevant d une discussion qui ne se veut pas totalisante, considérant, par contre, les chemins possibles qui amèneront à des recherches futures visant la compréhension du fonctionnement des discours et les relations humaines, au sens socio-idéologique de l usage du langage.

This dissertation intend show how happen the constitution of the enunciative place from Superinteressante in the speech field of spready scientific detaching the way how the magazine position itself in relationship to the controversies set up in the speech feeld in what discuss the thematic of maintenance (or no) of the human life, in field of the journalism of spready scientific. From the notion of speech type from Bakhtin (2003), draw a some considerations about the report type of spready scientific, en the order to characterize, of way tining satisfactory, the regular instancity of the corpus of analysis, searching show how the controversies are placeds in scene in reports for the related speech. The purpose is verify how and in what measure the magazine don t itself position of impartial way in front of the discuss themes, in spite of fetch tirelessing construct a itself image how simple mediator of the approach questions, producing the what we call effect of position of neutrality. The corpus is form for three reports of cover from magazine: In the end, what is happening with the Medicine? (Year 15, n. 5, May / 2001), Vaccines: the cure or the illness? (Year 15, n. 2, February / 2001), and Euthanasia (Year 15, n. 3, March / 2001). The theoritical base is foundation in formulations from the three authores: Bakhtin (1986 / 1929), Authier-Revuz (2004) e Maingueneau (1997; 2005), more specific, in the notions of the dialogia , enunciative heterogeneity and interdiscuss. The approach of the corpus happen from the notion of controversie presentation for Maingueneau (2005).

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Our research begins with the analysis of Jürgen Habermas book Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit [Public sphere], published in the sixties, and its repercussion forty years later, due to its translation into English and other languages, as well the growing interest about it, outside philosophy academic circles. We evaluate Habermas investigation over the changes that newspapers and magazines brought to burgeois public sphere. We also point out Oskar Negt and Alexander Kluge s theories in the verge of the seventies which defend the proletarian public sphere action and its strategical articulation as a critical complement to the burgeois public sphere. We took into consideration the concepts reviewed by Habermas in Faktizität und Geltung [Facts and norms], and the setting of a new category of public sphere regardless of social class divisions. Along with the advance of the Information and Communication Technologies, mainly Internet, new changes in the public sphere came up and the written press started sharing field with the on-line journalism. These post-modern changes brought about new ways of social interaction as well as new public spaces, according to Zigmunt Bauman s thesis which states the need of considering the consequences of these changings to society. We hope to contribute to this theoretical debate among close critical positions, which reinforce a defense of democracy in our times.

The goal of this dissertation is to present the communicative reason at the public space, according to the thought of the German philosopher Jürgen Habermas. For this, through the speech act theory by Austin and Searle, it aims to understand how the language, in its pragmatic usage, becomes medium of every possible understanding. It happens through the performance or the solvability of several pretensions of validity, susceptible of criticisms. The appropriation and the suitability of the Husserl s concept of Lebenswelt, by Habermas, will be essential for a good development of the research, which will reach its height in the considerations about the beginning and the first changes that occurred in the bourgeois. Leading the reflection to this direction, it will be appropriate to observe how the communicative reason, in its public use, helps to create the wish and the individual s reasoning and, as a natural consequence of this fact, how it creates the experiences of freedom and democracy. So the habermasian reflection, leads to an ethic thought, a consequent explanation for the law in communicative basis and a consolidation of a deliberative policy.

The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the relationship between social change and art is present throughout the work of Herbert Marcuse and undergoes changes in the way the author to develop over his intellectual trajectory. Moreover, evidence that social transformation requires a change in the consciousness of the individual. The art, preserving their autonomy, may contribute to this transformation, assisting in the construction of a new sensibility. In other words, the philosopher argues that the autonomy of art gives it a major political power and subversion in the process of transforming the consciousness of individuals and society. Marcuse, on the one hand, from the reading of Kant, Freud and Schiller, supports the possibility of reconciliation, in aesthetic dimension, between the "pleasure principle and the "reality principle". Moreover, from the reading of Hegel, Marx and Weber took as points of departure the historical, the dissolution of the individual, the dimensional of capitalist society and the need for revolution. Combining all these influences and giving them a character of its own, Marcuse proposed the construction of a new individual and a new society from the revolution, both as social consciousness and sensitivity. The art, as an inspiring, one of the variables that could contribute to the construction. The research seeks to present the Marcuse s concept of revolution through analysis of the affirmative and negative aspects of art, as well as characterization made by the potential for denial of art, which was already present in the works of the 1930s and follows the thoughts of author until their final works in the 1960s and 1970s. Thus, from the following hypothesis: there are, within the framework of Marcuse s Critical Theory, a place for art as part of an inspiring new political praxis which, in turn, requires a transformation of consciousness. How to unfolding the case, advocate that, for the author, one of the functions of art is to provide "images of the liberation , which help in the process of change in the consciousness of individuals. According to our findings, both the hypothesis, as its unfolding, were confirmed, but it can not be said that there is a consensus on the issue among researchers of Marcuse's philosophy.

This dissertation analyses the main topics of Hare s ethical theory by the light of one of his main thesis, the one that says it is possible to consistently reconcile teleological and deontological aspects in a kind of kantian utilitarianism. To that, we analyzed structural concepts of Hare, and, giving special attention to meta-ethics analysis about normative concepts and some misunderstood interpretations of them, we highlight how Hare´s Kantian Utilitarianism is constructed in his original meta-ethics (universal-prescriptivism), its normative applications (as in his theory of the two levels of moral thinking), and in his critical relationship to kantian ethics. Chapter one addresses concepts and divisions in general normative ethics and it tries to show the main topics of Mill s classical utilitarianism and Kant s deontological ethics, generally seen as opposites each other by moral philosophy. We presented Mill s classical utilitarianism and its reformulation of Bentham s principle of utility, intending to demonstrate that, if well understood, it is not contrary to kantian ethics. Through Mill s assurance that there are teleological elements in Kant s deontological ethics, we presented in this chapter a brief approach of Kantian ethics in the main topics of Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, since these two ethical views are fundamental for Hare s ethical proposal. The possibility of conciliation between utilitarianism and Kantian ethics was the theme developed on chapter two, in which we analyzed the deontological rational form of the moral statements and the related teleological preferencial-utilitarian content in Universal Prescriptivism. We also presented the normative structure of Hare s theory in three interconnected thesis, the universal prescriptivity of moral concepts (of ordinary language) [1], the equal consideration or impartiality as in the Golden Rule [2], and the need to find the action that maximizes the satisfaction of desires [3]. The way such theory is applied in a coherent form to the real world s dilemma, i.e., having two application levels, an intuitive, with general rules for the daily life, and a critical, with specific situations analyses at theoretical reflection, ends the chapter. The chapter three discusses some critiques to Hare´s Kantian utilitarianism, specially his attempt to conciliate consequentialism and deontological norm of respect for persons. At the end of this dissertation, we have defended the legitimacy and consistence of Hare s ethical theory, and we finish showing how the theory fulfills Beauchamp and Childress (2002) principlist conditions for a good ethical theory.