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Ce travail aborde le sujet: Le féminin. Un féminin que ne coincide pas aux questions de genre, mais desquelles c est parti; de plus, bien au-delá des oppositions binaires auxquels nous sommes habitués, nous permet de poursuivre une réalité différente de celle imposée par le pouvoir patriarcal du phallus. À la fois nous chercherons dans les oeuvres de Jacques Derrida la base de notre écriture, sur laquelle nous irons ajouter les écritures des autres penseurs. Ainsi, notre tessiture sera composée a partir de concepts des oeuvres de Derrida comme, la descontruction, la différance, trace, brisure, accueil, autre, à l extérieur, à l intérieur et le concept de féminin. La structure de notre travail est fait dans un acte dans lequel nous présenterons la recherche du féminin tandis qu un autre inséré dans l éthique de l altérité. Nous avons l intention d examiner la pertinence éthique et politique dans le discours de l alterité et du mouvement désconstrutiviste, aussi bien que leurs implications et ramifications. Cet acte unique sera divisé en trois scènes. Dans la première scéne, nous occuperons de quelques concepts que imprègnent l écriture dérridienne. Dans la deuxième scéne, nous examinerons le rôle assigné aux femmes pendant le processus historique, ainsi que l importance du mouvement féministe dans ce processus. Enfim, dans la troisième scène, nous alignerons ces concepts et nous ferons une recherche autour de la compréhension du féminin, ainsi que les pertinences politique et éthique tandis qu autre présent dans le discours de l altérité et la desconstruction.

The subject of this work is the analysis of the content of the fictional and essayistic production from the writer Jorge Luis Borges, mainly that one made during the 1930s and 1940s and thematizing metaphysical subjects. The aim is to investigate if is there a philosophical project underlying it, and what are the general lines of this project. The introduction includes brief remarks about the importance of the work of Borges to Western thought in the second half of the twentieth century. The first chapter discusses the limitations that are imposed to a philosophical project included in a fictional work, and of its critical efficacy. The next chapter investigates the metaphysical essays Borges wrote during the period in analysis, searching for their philosophical roots. This effort focuses on interpretations by Borges of the systems built by George Berkeley, David Hume and Francis Herbert Bradley, and leads to the discussion of the refutation of the conception of time that permeates British idealism, promoted by the writer through the application of the principle of the indiscernibility. The borgian refutation of time, however, undermines the notion of personal identity, which is self-evident. The third and final chapter shows up that Borges tried to solve this paradox by means of a critical plunge in Gottfried Leibniz´s philosophical system, no longer by means of the essayistic discourse , but through fictional prose. Accordingly, the final chapter includes an outline of the method by which Borges, drawing on the resources of modal fictional discourse, contests speeches such as philosophy itself, supposed to have higher truth- value. It includes, as well, the review of those short stories written by Borges which reverberate leibnizian categories, in order to show the application of that method and hence the meaning of those narratives, which is, according to our hypothesis, to display, each under a different point of view, the fundamental contradiction of Leibniz´s conceptual system. This contradiction is that, despite all the efforts of the philosopher in safeguarding human freedom before a perfect and infinite mathematical cosmology, and of the assertion of the independence of the individual monad, the human condition which emerges from this order is humiliating for men, reducing them to a single piece in a stiff cosmic system.

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This paper starts from the deepest motivation for such research, investigating the subject suffering through the eyes of nietzschean western philosophy and the eastern Buddhist one, with the intention of bringing philosophy to practical life and benefit of man. It proposes to question the recognition of the existence of the philosophy of the East and the relevance of its approach to the West, when contemporary philosophers expose studies that suggest the influence of Buddhist thought in Nietzsche despite the time and distance that separate them. This study presents Nietzsche´s critical about the truth and morality imposed, his quest for human liberation and the meaning of existence in tragic art, offering the affirmative for life in all instances, pleasure and pain. Amor fati, or loving the life as possibility to overcome the state of decay for the revaluation of pain. Nietzsche explores the character\'s active nihilism of deconstruction for the new opening. Then taken up a dialogue between two currents of thought that no longer need to compete, but opening up, mainly because both the Nietzschean philosophy and Buddhism hold the belief that the entire transformation process is experiential, and both depart one point in common: the man´s ability of overcoming. Nishitani, considered the Japanese philosopher who expressed concern over the problem of modern nihilism demonstrates the relevance of their studies, more specifically on the teachings of Nagarjuna, estimated as the second Buddha adhered to the philosophical questions of Buddhism, whose philosophy is driven by term sunyata, translated as emptiness. Phenomena, like the ego are impermanent and empty, mental representations, or pure illusion, pointing to the relative fusion of uniqueness in all. The meaning of emptiness is translated in five natures - not known in other words, peaceful, devoid of elaborations, transcending conceptualization and free from duality what should not be taken as empty nihilistic but understood as dependent origination. The two philosophical currents studied in this paper have important similarities in their thinking: the unveiling of truth and illusion, the negation of the ego and its relation to the whole unit, impermanence and non-duality as nature common to all and the realization of nihilism or emptuness as a way to rescue the will to power and transvaluation of values, able to lead the way out of suffering, freedom of human being.

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It is, in this dissertation to analyze the process that ordered the arrest of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in Geneva and censorship of his works Social Contract and Emile (1762). How to thread the discussions presented here are taken as the main theoretical Letters Written from the field and Letters Written on the Mount works fundamentals. The analysis seeks to discover if Rousseau - nomenclature given to his condemnation - process is not restricted to the investigation of possible procedural irregularities, but requires examination of the entire social and political context at that time lived and pinpoint the ideas actually arranged in the works Social Contract and Emile, which led to the conviction and the order to destroy them, claiming they were reckless, wicked and scandalous. With this work, we intend not only to understand the procedure for condemnation of Rousseau, its legal, legal and religious grounds, but also check if the conviction changed the political and religious thought of Rousseau.

The existing debate in the history of philosophy, whose agenda clarify what is actually being increasingly recurs. The explanation for this occurrence is the range of interpretations that refer on this topic. The need to clarify one of these interpretations is the most suitable for the study here in vogue justification. From Heidegger\'s philosophy, if you will investigate this matter with a view to not only answer questions about what is being, but mainly as a response structure, taking as its starting point the existence. This existence , which is structured as their being in the world and which gives the existence of Dasein with the world and the relationship that establishes the instruments found therein, thus enabling the phenomenon of worldliness. Dasein is the term used by Heidegger to designate the being of this being, which, in turn, refers to an entity that is , or, if there is ever to interpret their own being. An entity capable of evaluating the structure that does constitute a being. Understanding your being is a determination of Dasein\'s being , and one who has thus behaves essentially based on the existence. Since Dasein discovers his being to exist in a world, or in a specific context, nothing more logical than to conceive the original understanding that it is characteristic to an integrated understanding of the world.

Le but avec cete recherche est indiqur certais elements de la critique de Nietzsche sur la question de la vérité. Parmi cela, est important élucider l‟influence laissée par la pensée Socratique-platonicien pour notre interprétation du monde. Socrate et Platon ont le caractere d‟inventeurs d‟um type d‟homme qui soulève la raison au rang de principe supreme de la vie. Dans ce contexte, la métaphysique será pointé comment une construction qui s‟est posée par la manière socratique à poser des questions. Cette recherche aborde la transcendance ne du platonisme, qui fournit les bases por l‟émergence d‟une morale motivée par la division cosmologique entre monde sensible et intelligible, ce qui a amené la poursuite de la vérité et l‟unité au premier plan. Considérant que l‟homme cherche la vérité à tout prix, on établira les bases qui rendent devient et d‟acquièrent une valeur irréprochable. Les ouvrages de base guidant le travail sont La Naissance de la Tragédie, Vérité et mensoge au sens extra-moral et Par-delá Bien et Mal. On faire important l‟émergence de la contextualisation de l‟impulsion par la poursuite de la vraie connaissance, en que la vérité serai considérée comment un valeur supérieure et transcendante. Ainsi, Nietzsche impose la question généalogique par le valeur des valeurs en révélant la vérité comme une forme de refuge pour le désir et l‟agitation qui ne supporte pas vivre dans l‟inconnu et n‟est pas on prêt à accepter la vie comme instable, chageant, pluralité et devenir.

Among the several thematic options found in the Platonic corpus, we decided to limit the scope of this research in the religiosity contained in the narrative that Plato develops about Socrates, in particular on the dialogue known as the Euthyphro youth. We will introduce as a highlight the influence of mystery cults that envolve the dialogue and the concern of the fortune-teller to defend himself from the curse caused by the crime committed by his father, which for such processes him in the Athenian court. The approach will present the comparison of points found in other Platonic dialogues, considered religious enough to demonstrate a new Socratic proposal to think the Greek man, in relation to their way of life. This innovation is in the transposition of the Orphic-Pythagorean Ideas, bringing a behavior that enables man\'s salvation from the penalty of repetitive transmigration of the soul after death of the body. The methodology of searching these points will still show the preservation of Socrates\' teachings as the Derveni papyrus was presented by its author. As a result of the research we intend to credit to Plato\'s máster, the innovation in the history of philosophy of a philosophical project of love of wisdom, expressed by the search for universal truths that are beyond human laws.

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This dissertation aims to critically analyze the main characteristics of capitalism in the twenty-first century considering the theories of Italian philosopher Antonio Gramsci, in order to contribute to the identification of specific possibilities for change in the contemporary social relations of production. Within the historical context that has developed from the fall of the Berlin Wall, this work considers the progress of cultural and ideological domination of the capitalist system, the increasing complexity of civil society and the current relevance of concepts and strategies proposed by Gramsci, in particular hegemony, war of position, integral state, passive revolution - in its contemporary strand - and intellectual and moral reform. Finally, an analysis of the alternatives of counter-hegemonic struggle is made, describing the contradictory results of reformism as adopted by the contemporary left in the fight for power in political society, and the importance of an organic and expanded process of education as an essential step in building a new hegemony to overcome the current economic model, enabling an effective and wide revolution that results in a new society.