RCAAP Repository

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

One of the main alternatives for the disposal of liquid swine manure is its application into soil. However, this method of disposal requires monitoring of applications because accumulation of nutrients such as copper and zinc in forages and changes in chemical parameters of soil may occur. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Triângulo Mineiro - Campus Uberaba, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in which doses of swine manure at 100, 200, 300 and 600 m3 ha-1 year-1 were applied in four replications. The purpose of this study was to: evaluate the influence of liquid swine manure on productivity of dry matter and crude protein; bioaccumulation of copper and zinc in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and assess changes of soil chemical properties (OM, P, K, S, Cu, Zn and CTC) in the dystrophic red Latosol (LVd) typical to the Brazilian cerrado in the middle region of Triângulo Mineiro. It was found that the successive application of liquid swine manure affected the productivity of dry matter of forage and increased levels crude protein. Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu proved to be a bioaccumulator of copper and zinc without the increased absorption promoted by successive application of swine manure to elevate the level of heavy metals to toxic levels for animals. The main changes in soil properties occurred at a depth of 0 to 10 cm. It was concluded that the intensive use of liquid swine manure increased the levels of copper and zinc in soil as a function of the applied doses in periods 2 and 3 and at depth of 0-10 cm. All assessments and doses remained below critical limits adopted by CETESB, one of the supervisory environmental organs. The applications of liquid swine manure did not promote significant increases of pH, organic matter and potassium in the soil at evaluated depths and doses. The concentrations of phosphorus and CTC in the soil increased depending on the doses of liquid swine manure, depth of assessment and collection time. The sulfur concentrations increased depending on applied doses and showed no variation in assessed levels for the collection periods and depths.

This thesis aims to analyze the relationship between rural and urban in the North West Paulista, by checking the dichotomous relationship between the two spaces in the context of territoriality expressed between places, public policies that permeate social relations, as well as cultural expression of the peasant, as amended as a result of penetration of techniques and technologies in this environment, besides the increase of activities monocultures. To achieve these goals was conducted field research in two steps: the application and analysis of photographs in the region, giving priority to the research / the local landscapes and the performance of a structured interview in 70 establishments, noting the economic, structural, social and cultural rights of residents of rural areas, because they are the most adversely affected by constant changes of the urban environment, as well as the advancement of capital in the field. The study showed that the relationship between rural and urban in the North West Paulista, referenced by small towns (in area and population), has strong relationship between the two areas, however, due to advanced age of the residents of rural areas, their identity with the field tends to decrease, mainly due to the advancement of sugar cane. The actions of the public on the site are unsatisfactory, since they are vertical implement public policies, ignoring the actions and demands of key players in this system, farmers who are increasingly looking to alternatives to difficulties encountered in carrying out their agricultural activities developing a multi-activity and work part-time.

The interaction and interdependence of social and physical units occurs in interfaces where domination emerges, which maintains a differentiated transitional power in time and space. In this context environmental management is found and also the organization that is not built purely by the systemic units, but also by actions that connect and give them constructive consistency, which forms, maintains, rules, regulates and reveals the complex unit interacting with its totality, as well as the complex of relations between totality and units. The interaction happens in the combination of actions, relationships and retroactions that occur and builds on a transitional Government system. The systemic complexity is manifest in the conceptions of multiple interactions of natural and social units in different organizations that materialize in a determined territory as dynamic and integrated. Bibliographical research was done in search of a differentiated analysis of environmental management, with a systemic and complex perception in a determined territory with its conceptual limits arbitrated by the assumptions of the conception of basin and its watershed. It is based on the complex approach of Edgar Morin and on the concepts of bureaucracy and power of Max Weber and the concepts of power and learning of Michel Foucault. It is considered that there is a need to broaden the concept of a system made by simple elements, disconnected and integrated in a piecemeal manner, to a multiple relations design that expresses the particular organization of a determined territory and makes possible a complex environmental management with clear and precise limits.

The research examines the issue of territory and considers the importance of territorial division of labor in the configuration of intermediate cities. In this sense, is developed in order to understand the process of (re) production of Anápolis, the State of Goiás, while median-sized city, located in a strategic area between two cities, Brasília and Goiânia. Also, highlights the changes that influence the characterization of midtown and in the exercise of regional command, This organized into four basic parts: the first involves a discussion about space and territory with emphasis on the economic approach, citing the assumptions that guide the discussion on the city average and the research object on screen, the second highlights the process ownership and modernization of Goiás territory which affects the spatial organization and territorial division of labor, entered the city of Anápolis as in the regional center which is intended as a meeting point of investment and population. The third examines the evolution of the city and the different dimensions in which, Anápolis, projects its influence in a continuous and discontinuous, through the territorial reserves that characterize the subspaces contained in the territory where the city is central. The fourth part, in turn, characterizes the economic and political dimensions, highlighting the relevance of the same over the constitution of the city, too, believes that the city average is in constant transformation that promotes the re-fictionalization and develops new roles and activities. Finally, says the question of the relativity of the issue of location in the configuration of the city as mean when discussing the case of Anápolis and its position between Goiânia and Brasília.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

The climate in the whole of its parameters such as temperature, humidity, radiation, and precipitation, plays a fundamental role in agricultural production systems in tropical regions, whereas it is through the climate system that occurs incoming and outgoing energy in the productive environment, providing capacity for production. The climatic characteristics presented in a particular locality, besides becoming a factor of spatial differentiation that print qualities to the environment, can be elements to facilitate production, and are incorporated into the productive process in form of aagricultural input increasing and generating values in productivity. This way, the objective of this study is to address the importance of rainfall as representative elements of the climate in a discussion in the perspective of Geography of Climate, stirring a debate over the development of a conceptual value for this, from involvement it in the productive process at the head of different social groups. The research was supported in a review of theoretical literature on the influence of climate on agriculture, and in the analysis and comparison of data on rainfall and the production and productivity of upland rice in the municipality of Jataí in southwest of Goiás between the years 1978 and 2006. It was also sustained in the hypothesis that the climate has value that can be quantified and qualified through the variable rainfall, and that this value is formed by the significance and influence of it in the production process, therefore, viewed as value of use and value of existence. In the development of the study, was found that the variation in productivity of upland rice is directly related to the variability and distribution of rainfall throughout the productive period, which is therefore a limiting factor of production. It was also found that the degree of variability in production compared to rainfall variability, also depends on the intensity and use of technological apparatus of agricultural production among different population groups according to their economic relations and socio-cultural factors in the process of occupying the space, and for this, the value of climate is given from the intensity of dependency relationships established between individuals and the natural physical environment.

This thesis analyzed the agricultural modernization and socio-spatial transformations in Goias State, in the period 1930 to 2007. This research intended to highlight the agricultural development model from the process of modernization and its impact on regional development. The characteristics of specialization and concentration of agricultural production were studied to explain the socio-spatial inequalities and agricultural production in regions from Goias state. The evidence presented has given several conclusions. The state was the main architect that led the social, economic and spatial transformations in Goias state. The modernization of agriculture in Goias was partial and selective. The process happened differently and at different intensities by product, by categories of producers and regions of the state. The model of agricultural development was implemented aiming the modernization large farms to produce products of interest to agribusiness and export markets, generating strong concentration of production and agricultural inequalities, such as land concentration. In the period analyzed there has been no important public policies to alter the unequal distribution of land. Considering economic perspective, most benefited regions were the Center and South`s mesoregions and the microregions of Sudoeste de Goiás, Vale do Rio dos Bois, Meia Ponte, Catalão and Pires do Rio. The social sectors preferred were the biggest owners of land situated these regions, in which was implanted the main support structures for public policy development. Socio-spatial inequalities in regional development are heavily concentrated in Southern and Central of Goias state. Especially in the Sudoeste de Goiás´s microregion, the degrees of specialization and concentration of agricultural production associated with the industrialization of agriculture determine the current characteristics of its agribusiness in the globalized capitalist basis.

Leishmaniasis is a infect parasitic disease complex with a zoonotic character and vetorial trasmition caused by different morfologic species similar to flagellated protozoa of the Leishmania genus. They represent a serious problem of public health with cases registered on almost all the continents. Despite the existence of drugs with effective action on the parasitics, nearly two million new cases of distints clinic form happen every year and 350 million people are under risk of contracting the disease. As the interest of the pharmaceutical industry in this problem is small because of the reduced potential of lucrative return, once the reached population has a low income, the leishmaniasis is part of the group of the neglected diseases. In addition, it is believed that the environmental transformations and the man's intense migratory process to peripheries of the cities under inadequate conditions of habitation and improvement caused changes in the transmission way of the disease, causing the expansion of the endemic areas and the existence of new focus in urban areas of municipalities of medium and big load. In Uberlândia studies demonstrated that the construction of hydroelectric power station produced ecological modifications and they interfered in the biological communities, like the prevalence of the vectors in the peridomicile area. The general objective of this work was the research around the transmission of leishmaniasis in Uberlândia - MG and had as specific objectives the study of the sandfly fauna, the environmental conditions related to the presence of the Lutzomyia longipalpis, to describe the profile seroepidemiologic of the canine population and to relate the occurrence of the visceral leishmaniase in Uberlândia with the environmental alterations. In the period of february of 2005 to december of 2007 systematized monthly collections were accomplished, using luminous traps models CDC and, in the peridomicile areas of residences closed to the woods, the trap of the type hut of Shannon was used, in 17 places to Araguaia river s margins near of Miranda's hydroelectric power station and Amador Aguiar Naves I and II. They were collected 1.695 phlebotomine sand flies specimens belonging to 16 species. The species of importance epidemic more prevalent were Lutzomyia whitmani (31%) and L. longipalpis (13,3%), reaching up to 44,3% of the total collected specimens. Inquiries canine were accomplished in animals of both sexes and the same or superior age to three months, residents in places of the study area where specimens of L. longipalpis were captured. During the study period 747 dogs were tested and no one showed acting result for the disease. Of the ecological factors analyzed in the study area, the presence of animal shelters in the peridomicile areas of the analyzed residences showed strong influence in the domiciliation of the L. longipalpis and they point for the domiciliation of L. whitmani. Our studies demonstrated although the occurrence of the first case human of human visceral leishmaniase in Uberlândia didn't proceed to the cases of canine leishmaniase. Now the leishmaniase already constitutes a problem of public health in the municipality and the epidemic study is decisive factor for the effective planning of strategies for the control of the disease.

This research examines the public policy of regionalization of tourism in Brazil, developed during the presidential campaign of Luis Inácio Lula da Silva in 2002. In January 2003, with the elected president, was created the Ministry of Tourism (Tourism Ministry), and soon after, was implanted, in its planning, the National Tourism Plan, aiming to enhance regional diversities with the creation of tourist regions. Thus, this research has its consequences in the case study of micro region of Quirinópolis in Goias State, however, the discussion is not limited to the national reality, so this also brings the Algarve Region in Portugal, a comparative parameter for analysis, it is not the longer experience of this investigation, but a space with more tourist density historically. In Brazil, public policies developed and applied at regional perspective subtract places relegating them to the hierarchies, especially urban areas. In the country of Goias, we ask if not the case for encourage public policies of tourism committed to these tourist places and with the social network that exercise the role of manager of the tourist attractions. We highlight in the area that tourism needs social subjects able to negotiate a social inclusion project that think the places associated to the region. We consider the urban network as a possibility for organization of tourism in the country of Goias, but it is necessary to create mechanisms to guarantee the democratization of access to public resources. This issue raised was permeated by the possibilities of visualizing if the central power talk to the articulated local subjects with the State project focused on tourism. As for ways of building the research, three steps were essential: the fieldwork, the documentary research and the office work. From this route, set up the chapters of this research: 1st The Region in the Perspective of State Policies on Tourism , 2nd The micro region of Quirinópolis and the Genesis of Sport and Tourism in Cities , 3rd Public Policies and Organizational Networks linking the tourist sites of the Lower Paranaíba Goiano , 4th Proposal for the Creation of Tourist Destinations between Lake St. Simon and Lagoa Santa in the Lower Paranaíba Goiano , the latest, 5th Transformations and Evolution in Public Policy Tourism in Portugal: comparing the maturity of Europe with the study area in Brazil . Therefore, the main aim of this thesis is to examine the recent public policy of the regionalization of tourism in Goias, appreciating how the modern State acts answering the soci-spatial demands and how these state policy arrive and they are understood by the different social subjects in the country places. In this case, it is important to understand how the actions, the sensitization, the forced sociabilities, the challenges, the values and the alliances that are present in these mosaic of places and how they articulate with the initiatives of the State, establishing networks and strengthening relationships between public and private local and regional companies .

An analysis of waste management practices in the City of Araguari is carried out. All actors and facilities of the reverse logistics chain are identified, and their respective activities are described. Existing waste disposal procedures by the public administration are discussed. The flow of waste in the city is completely defined. The objective of the study is to develop a waste management scheme that can move Araguari to a Zero Waste situation within a timeframe of 15 years. The scheme is based on general concepts provided by the Zero Waste International Alliance and on specific policies used by other cities that pursue the same goal. All existing infrastructure is incorporated into the scheme, and the financial burden on the administration is minimized. The proposed scheme stimulates the participation of private enterprises, details the required progress over the period with the corresponding targets and their verification, and is meant to be transformed into a municipal by-law in order to become effective. This is a pioneering endeavor in Brazilian municipalities.

The soils can act as a source or carbon sink to the atmosphere, depending on the climate conditions and, especially, the type of use and management adopted. Taking into consideration the stock/sequestration carbon potential, admittedly, attributed to several land uses, as in planted forests (Pinus and Eucaliptus), and no-till areas, as well as the efficiency in stocking C in the soils under pastures, is the objective of this research: the reforestation (REF), the annual irrigated cultivation (CAI); the direct plantation (PDI); the coffee (CAF), sugarcane (CAN), improved pasture (PME) and degraded pasture (PDE), in comparison to cerrado s natural vegetation, more specifically the vegetation type named Cerrado/Cerradão (CER), that s the typical vegetation, which is inserted to Araguari s river (MG state), to the depth of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. The river basin of Araguari River, located in the mesoregion of Triângulo and Alto Paranaíba, west portion of Minas Gerais State it s located among the geographic coordinates 18º 20 and 20º 10 latitude South and 46º 00 and 48º 50' longitude West from Greenwich, occupying an area of about 20.186 km², covering part of 20 municipalities. The results of the research showed that the agriculture and livestock have a high potential to stock C in the soil. The average C stock from different land uses, presented in Rio Araguari s river basin, varied from 34,63 Mg C ha-1 to 49,64 Mg C ha-1 in 0-20 cm depth, values related to the average of degraded pasture (PDE) and annual irrigated plantation (CAI), respectively. To 20-40 cm depth, the lower estimate observed also belongs to PDE, with about 27,51 Mg C ha-1, in which the highest value estimated is related to the average of C stocks present in the coffee areas (CAF). The areas of CER, that represent the reference system of this research, present values from 38,05 Mg C ha-1 to 0-20 cm depth, and 26,80 Mg C ha-1, to 20-40 cm. It was verified that Century model simulated in a satisfactory way the C stock of the uses evaluated (PME, PDE and CAN), once that, the C values measured in field were very similar to those estimated by the model. Therefore, based on the simulation, the use which presented a larger C stocking potential in the soil until the year of 2100 was the PME PME (66,99 Mg C ha-1). The land use and vegetation cover allowed the quantification of different categories of uses in Rio Araguari s river basin, distributed, to their of 1973 and 2009, as follows: Cerradão/Forest (16,89 % in 1973 and 12,70 % in 2009); Cerrado (7,26 % in 1973 and 1,67 % in 2009); Dry Grassland (52,60 % in 1973 and 19,50 % in 2009); Grassland (8,59 % in 1973 and 5,71 % in 2009); Reforestation (0,90 % in 1973 and 3,52 % in 2009); Pasture (10,55 % in 1973 and 29,73 % in 2009); Annual Plantation (2,39 % in 1973 and 19,40 % in 2009); Sugarcane (2,48 % in 2009); Annual Irrigated Plantation (1,66 % in 2009); Perennial Plantation Coffee (0,18 % in 2009); Mineral Influence (0,06 % in 2009); Urban Influence (0,53 in 1973 and 1,02 % in 2009); Water (0,30 % in 1973 and 2,35 % in 2009). From the basin s total área (in 2009), more than 60% are occupied by anthropic use, among these, 29,73% are destined to livestock, which is the predominant economic activity in the area. In 1973, the stocked carbon in the soil was from, the most part of it, natural vegetation, a sum of 34,8 Tg C (almost 50% from the total estimative of C) of over 71,0 Tg C estimated. In 2009, the opposite was verified, the most part of the stocked C happened through anthropic use (49,57 Tg C), with a bigger contribution from annual plantations under direct plantation system, almost 19 Tg C, while the stocked C through natural vegetation corresponds to 29,71 Tg C. Some change simulations of the land use were done from 2009 until 2100, highlighting the conversion of the areas under PDE to CAN, and the recovery of PDE s areas, reducing them to less of than 1% of the total basin area, the impact of these modifications totaled more than 16 Tg of C stocked in the soil.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Doutor em Geografia

The study of lateritic profiles has contributed to improve current knowledge on the evolution of residuals plateaus, a common form of relief found in tropical landscapes, being an object of intense debate in several geomorphological studies fora. It is classified, in geomorphologic maps of the Brazilian Federal District, as Pediplains and Etchplains. This thesis presents a morphologic, chemical, mineralogic and micromorphological study of a lateritic profile located in a plateau in the northern area of the Federal District. Its findings led to the differentiation of seven horizons are associated to the dismantlement of the lateritic cuirasse. The solum in the area studied derives from the weathering of the deepest horizons, thus characterizing an in situ evolution. The presence of pedorelics and lithorelics in the deepest horizons shows the evolution of the lateritic profile from the massive courace. The structure of microaggregates in superficial horizons evolves from biological activity in horizons marked by massive structures. The mineralogic evolution of the profile (base to the top) is compatible with the decrease of haematite and the corresponding gain of goethite, as well as with desilication and gain of gibbsita. The geomorphological model that best applies to such lateritic profile is Etchplanation, as it portrays the evolution of relief in tropical climate conditions, favoring the evolution of a horizon with iron accumulation that, after dehydration (climate change towards drier conditions), positions itself on soil surface as a massive courasse, making the relief plain; after degradation, it evolves to the formation of latossoils.

This thesis proposes na Environmental Zoning of watershed under the perspective of the landscape, the Geography category of analysis, adopting as studied area the River Basin of Formiga River in the state of Tocantins. This Basin covers the land area of the municipalities of Ipueiras, Santa Rosa do Tocantins, Silvanópolis and Pindorama do Tocantins. It also brings an opportunity for discussion the methodological application of the current geotechnologies and the adoption of the river basin, a reflex of the landscape dynamics, as an analysis cell. The methodology applied follows the guidelines recommended by Crepani et. all.(2001) and it determines for the area Natural Landscape Units classified according to its stability/environmental vulnerability. From these units, we performed thematic crosses in Spring/INPE software through Spatial Language for Algebraic GIS and we performed zoning for the area. We did the zoning of the basin in areas of Critical Environmental Landscape (according to the Forest Cod and Conama No. 303), which are areas that preserve or should be preserved as permanent preservation areas and riparian areas considered hilltops and thus they have legal impediment human occupation. As detected, APP areas with uses are incompatible and must be recovered and destined to preservation. There were also certain areas determinate as areas of Consolidated Productive Landscape classified according to stability/environmental vulnerability. Thus, we have 113,78 km² of basin area classified as Stable; 1.171,73 km² of moderately stable areas; areas classified as Moderately Stable/Vulnerable represent 362,80 km² of the area; and, finally, Vulnerable areas occupy only 22 km² of the basin area, representing only 1% of the total area. We didn t do the zoning of Vulnerable Consolidated Productive Landscape for the river basin of Formiga River. These areas are configured by an incompatibility between polygons of anthropic action and natural stability/vulnerability of the basin.