RCAAP Repository

Two experimenta were performed at the Rice Experimental Farm of IRGA, in the county of Cachoeirinha-Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in the 1997/98 and 1998/99 growing seasons, with objective to evaluate soybean grain yield grown in flooded soil. In the 1997/98 growing season, 20 cultivars were evaluated, under 774 mm of precipitation and two flooding irrigation at the reproductive stage. The medium grain yield was of 2598 kg/ ha, the cultivar FT-Abyara (3727 kg/ha) produced the highest yield, and did not differ of other 17 cultivars. The cultivar BR-4 had the lowest grain yield (1555 kg/ha). In 1998/99 growing season, were evaluated 30 cultivars, under 346 mm of precipitation and two flooding periods: one of eight days when plants had six developed leaves and another of two days in the seed-formation begin. The medium grain yield was of 1010 kg/ha, with the highest yield in the cultivar FT-2004 (2065 kg/ha), although it did not differ of other 14 cultivars. These results demonstrated the existente of genetic variability in soybean cultivars under excess of soil water.

In order to indicate the most favorable regions for the cultivation of tomatoes in greenhouse, the monthly average of global solar radiation and the number of days with radiation equal and lower than 8,4 MJ.m -2 d-' was measured based on the lower criticai trophic limit of this crop and the probability of monthly ocurrence of averages equal or lower than that value, from April to September in the State of Rio Grande do Sul . Data collected from 24 meteorological stations of the Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária — FEPAGRO/SCT, located at different climatic regions were, utilized considering the1957 - .1997 period. In general the monthly average for the Depressão Central, Campanha, Serra do Nordeste, and Litoral regions was lower than 8,4 Mim -3 d' in June and July and for the Serra do Sudeste, Missões, Planalto, and Vale do Uruguai the average for the winter months stayed above the criticai limit. 

Grain yield was used to perform a phenotypic stability analysis in maize. The yield data were obtained from a group of maize trials classified as very early, early and normal cycles. Data were analyzed within each maturity group and phenotypic stability was done using the unbalanced discontinuous bi-segmented model (STORCK, 1989). A total of` 18, 20, and 19 environments (1994/95 and 1995/96 growing seasons) and 34, 44, and 19 cultivars were used in the analysis for very early, early and normal maturity groups, respectively. Cultivars were ranked from intermediate, maximum, higher than intermediate, diverse and lower environment to not recommend. The cultivars Agromen 3050. C 969. AGX 6272, Dina 170, Dina 771, P 3063, AG 672 and AG 9023 are those that performed well in a diverse environmental conditions. The cultivars AG 9012, AG 9014, Dina'766, AG 521 and AG 951 are only recommended for environmental conditions relatéd to high yield expectation.

 Populational dynamics of Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) was studied from September/ 1995 to August/1996, through bi monthly samples at the Águas Belas reservoir, Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (30°02'22"S and 51°01'11.5'W). Individuais were captured using a beach reine 10 m long, 2 m high and a circular fishing net, both with 5 mm of mesh size. The reproductive period begins in October, with maximum reproduction activity in November and February, ending on march. The absolute fecundity was estimated 566 ± 142 oocytes, in females ranging from 7.28 to 13.17 cm. The size at the first maturation was between 8 and 9 cm. 

This experiment was carried out in order to determine physical injuries caused by artificial drying of corn kernels using drying air temperatures of 40oC, 70oC and 100oC) and harvested at moisture contents of 18%, 25% and 35% and to correlate them to breakage susceptibility. A stationary fixed bed drier with an air flow of 15 m3/min/ m2 was used. Lots of 1,400 kg, using three replications, were dried for each combination of harvest moisture content and drying temperature level. Hectoliter weight, 1,000-kernels weight, percentage of kernels with one, two and multiple cracks, stress cracks index and breakage susceptibility were evaluated. Stress cracks index of corn kernels increases when harvest moisture and driyng temperature increase in a stationary fixed bed drier. Occurrence of broken kernels during pre processing is affected by stress cracks severity. Stress cracks index and percentage of kernels with multiple cracks are fairly correlated to breakage susceptibility.

The seasonal variations and composition of the diet of Leporinus obtusidens in Lake Guaíba were studied. Specimens were captured between August/1994 and August/1995 with gill nets and trotlines in several different placas of Guaíba Lake. A total of 187 stomachs was examined for fullness and the diet composition of 68 individuais with full or partially full stomachs was investigated. Frequency of occurrence and an index of diet importance were used to analyze the data. Plant matter and sediments were the most abundant items, so that L. obtusidens can be considered a herbivorous-geophagus species. Other less frequent and abundant items included bivalves, gastropods and insect larvae. The large number of empty stomachs (63.6 %) may be an indication that this species regurgitates the contents in its stomach when submitted to stress due to the sampling procedure or that the period of feeding activity is not coincident with the sampling period.

Feeding is omnivorous type. The gonadotrofic hormones existing in commercial forms (Pregnyl) or in carp hypofisis were employed to induce spawning in L. friderici, Lpiau, L obtusidens and L elongatus females. Hormonal dosage were between 0,25 mg/kg and 5.0 mg/kg for females and 0,25 and 3,3 mg/kg for males. L elongatus females were crossed with Schizodon fasciatus males. The Liou for the genus was 12 until 21 cm. L friderici youngs was catched in reservoirs. This denotes the possibility for species of genus spawn in closed environment.

Apomixis is a method genetically determined of reproduction in plants, in which embryo is formed without the union of male and female gametes. There are three basic mechanisms of apomixis: apospory, diplospory and adventitious embryony. In most apomictic species, the pseudogamy is necessary for the endosperm development and consequent embryo viability. Apomixis can be detected through several techniques as embryo sac cytological analysis, progeny tests, callose deposition analysis in cell walls, auxin tests, among others. Apomixis represents an advantage for plant improvement because it allows the fixation of superior genotypes by succeeding generations. The available information about the genetics of apomixis suggests that this characteristic is controlled by few dominant genes, which favors the manipulation of this characteristic in breeding programs.

This study was conducted at the Santa Terezinha do Salto district (Lages, SC, Brazil) during the 1998/1999 growing season. The main objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of increasing rates of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg/ha) fertilization (Urea form) in combination with com (Zea mays) hybrids (AG 12, AG 28, AG 303, and AG 9012) on the incidence and severity of common rust (Puccinia sorghi) and stalk rots (Gibberella zea and Pythium sp.). The experimental design was a completely randomized block (four replications) with split-plots. Hybrids were located on the main plots and nitrogen rates on the split plot of each block. The results showed that common rust severity increased with the increasing rates of nitrogen. The hybrids AG 303 and AG 9012 were more affected by rust than the hybrids AG 12 and AG 28. The hybrids AG 28 and AG 303 presented more incidence of stalk rot than the other hybrids. Despite of being one of the most affected by the diseases, the hybrid AG 9012 was the most productive. 

 Soil fertility and yield was evaluated on a typical dystrophic Red Latosol (Typic Haplorthox) located in Passo Fundo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, after eight years under mixed production systems (1993 to 2000). Five production systems were evaluated: system I (wheat/soybean, common vetch/corn, and white oat/soybean); system II (wheat/soybean, grazed black oat + grazed common vetch/corn, and white oat/soybean); system III [perennial cool season pastures (fescue + white clover + red clover + birdsfoot trefoil)]; system IV [perennial warm season pastures (bahiagrass + black oat + rye grass + white clover + red clover + birdsfoot trefoil)]; and system V (alfalfa as hay crop), which was established in replicated plots in an adjacent area in 1994. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Exchangeable Al, exchangeable Ca + Mg, organic matter, extractable P, and exchangeable K levels displayed differences among crop production systems, whereas the production systems raised the corresponding contents, chiefly in the 0-5 cm layer. Organic matter, exchangeable Al, extractable P, and exchangeable K levels decreased from the 0-5 cm soil layer to the 15-20 cm layer, while the opposite occurred with the pH and exchangeable Ca + Mg contents. 

This work presents a part of the results of an investigation carried out with tropical fruits Brazilian exporter firms. Research aimed to characterize such companies with the purpose to know its structures, its sate, growth and product's promotion strategies, its marketing plans, main importers markets and the problems faced to export, among other factors. Starting from the results, looked for to diagnose which aspects that play against a better exporter performance to sector and to point to some solutions. Little time of performance in the fruit's market, reduced size of the companies, export's concentration to an market only, consignment sale, lack of forecast of safes and of a marketing program, little importance to market studies, marketing and product's support and the faulty government support are some of the factors that hinder the exports of tropical fruits to European Union markets.

The ornamental plant Portulaca grandiflora Hook is very diffused mainly in the north coast of Rio Grande do Sul. Was founded a large attack of scale insect Pulvinaria ficus Hempel, 1900, in this plant, cultivated in stonecutter. The prepare and determination of scale insect was made on Laboratory of Entomology FEPAGRO, Porto Alegre, RS, been the permanent microslides deposited in collection of Coccoidea, Prof. Ramiro Gomes Costa Museum, of this Institution. The characterization is followed by pictures of adult female in stereomicroscope, optic microscope and scanning electronic microscope. The pictures were made in FaBio and CEMM of PUCRS. P. ficus over there ornamental plants, attacks other economic important plants, as fruit plants. Your recognition is important, a time that presents potential as plague, that be can adopted adequate rules if your control been necessary. Realized, also, the increase of host-list and geographic distribution.

From 1986 to 1995, in Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil, the effects of soil tillage systems and crop rotationwere assessed. Four soil tillage systems 1) no-tillage, 2) minimum tillage, 3) conventional tillage using disk plow,and 4) conventional tillage using moldboard plow and three crop rotation systems [system I (wheat/soybean),system II (wheat/soybean and common vetch/corn or sorghum), and system III (wheat/soybean, black oats orwhite oats/soybean, and common vetch/corn or sorghum)] were compared. An experimental design of blocks atrandom with split-plots and three replications was used. The main plot was formed by the soil tillage systems, whilethe split-plots consisted of the crop rotation systems. Energy conversion (energy produced/energy consumed)and balance (energy produced - energy consumed) during a tem-year period is presented in this paper. For energyconversion and balance, no-tillage (6.38 e 16,252 Mcal/ha) and minimum tillage (6.53 e 16,434 Mcal/ha) presentedthe higher rates, while conventional tillage using disk plow remained in an intermediate position (6.27 e 17,578Mcal/ha) and tillage using moldboard showed the lowest rate (6.06 e 14,987 Mcal/ha), respectively. The croprotation for wheat was more efficient in energy than the monoculture of this cereal. Corn presented the higherefficient in energy.

This paper shows recommendations for controlling the pineapple mealybug and gives suggestionsto adapt to the season, the number of treatments and the volume of the mixture according to the conditions of theRio Grande do Sul, as well as considerations about the comparative costs of the insecticides recommended,destiny of the mixture used, the managing of the contaminated biomass, sanitary situation and longevity of thecrops and needs of research in the State with the objective of reducing losses due to the plagues which, in otherregions, are controlled through of treatment of plants and/or preventive pulverizing of the crops 60, 150 e 240days after the planting, applying, respectively 30, 50 and 70 ml of solution/plant. However, these recommendationsare based on research made in and for areal climatically different from those which prevail in Rio Grande do Sulwhere observations of crop and the behavior of the temperature, precipitation and humidity of the air during theyear indicate that the population of the mealybugs grows from September to May and decreases in the winter. Infunction of this, and taking in account that in Rio Grande do Sul the pineapple shows a slower growing rate, alonger cycle and less productivity of biomass, it is recommended that the crops receive from two to four treatmentsyearly, preferably in the period of the bigger growth of the plague and of the crop (September to Mai), using 70%of the volume of the mixture of the recommended products in other regions. The treating or not of the plants and the choice of the most adequate treatment depends onthe type of scion, preparation of the ground, the gradeof contamination and the season of the year.

They were appraised in the summer and winter of the year of 1991, the incidence of endoparasites in 21 pig farms of the Southwest of Paraná. In each herd were evaluated the diarrhoea in the suckling, weight variation coefficient (VC) at weaning and average daily weight gain (DWG) in the period. The samples of collected feces of the sows and her litters were appraised for the flotation method. In the period of the summer, the Coccids and Strongilids they were the parasites more frequently found in the feces of sows and her litters. In the winter period, the larger occurrence was of Coccids, so much in sows as her litters. DWG and VC were respectively 38g/ day lower and 12% higher in farms where Coccids were demonstrated in piglets feces in comparison to negative farms. 

The effect of Nicotiana glauca and Chrysanthemum vulgaris leave extracts on the humoral response in cattle vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine to bovine Herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) were examined. Two inactivated oil-adjuvanted BHV-5 vaccines were prepared with an infectious titre (pre-inactivation) of 10 84DICC/ ml, inactivated with binary ethylenimine (BEI) and emulsified in oil adjuvant. Nicotiana glauca and Chrysanthemum vulgaris extracts were added . (5mg of each extract per dose) as a coadjuvant to one of the vaccines (vaccine B). Two groups of nineteen calves were vaccinated with 3 doses (3 ml) at four week intervals between doses. Neutralizing antibody leveis in sera were determined at different time intervals after vaccination. Thirty days after the administration of the third dose the mean neutralizing antibody titre was 96 for vaccine A and 80 for vaccine B. There was no significant difference between the antibody titres induced by the two vaccines (p>0.05). These results indicate that extracts of these plants had no adjuvant effect on the inactivated BHV-5 vaccine .

This text aims to present contributions of labor as an educational principle for the organization of educational work at school. We understand that the organization of educational work should be considered from dialectical relations between the school ‑ as a privileged space for education ‑ and the capitalist mode of production. Accordingly, we list considerations about the relationship between labor and education, which makes sense only if placed within the Marxist critique, namely: 1. The social division of labor expressed in the organization of pedagogical work and the maintenance of the society of classes; 2. The socialist educational proposal with regard to the integration between labor and instruction. In conclusion, we note that Marx’s work can be understood as a reaction to human immobility in face of the capitalist society and of the division of labor into intellectual and manual. In view of the overcoming of the society of classes and the consequent social division of labor, said author stands for the socialization of knowledge to all men so that the working class can possess knowledge as well. Education is seen as an important constitutive element for the revolutionary process that would be undertaken by workers. 

The eugenic discourse is discussed within the context of current genetic technologies by guidelines proposed by Theodor W. Adorno on the concept of progress and development in a society prone to barbarisms, heartlessness and desensitization with regard to the use of genetic interventions on bodies with imperfections or shortcomings. 

Current paper provides partial results of a research that aimed at investigating how discourses from different fields of knowledge have been articulated to produce the pedagogical practices of teachers working with Specialized Educational Assistance (SEA) in multifunctional resource rooms in a city in Rio Grande do Sul. The material produced from semi-structured interviews with five SEA teachers was taken as the empirical object. The research was grounded on the post-structuralist perspective, particularly on Michel Foucault’s ideas. Thus, the concept of discourse has been employed as a theoretical-methodological tool to address, organize and analyze the volume of information produced by the examination of the empirical material. Research results comprise the following: (1) some discourses, particularly legal and psychological ones, have supported the academic and professional education of SEA teachers and have ended up participating in the production of practices performed in the multifunctional resource room; (2) the practices performed in the multifunctional room have mostly emphasized the clinical-therapeutical assistance and more recently on specialized pedagogical assistance. 

Compared to the number of female teachers, the presence of male teachers in primary school is proportionally unequal. Based on this premise, this work intends to investigate the parents’ social representations of primary school students enrolled in the public education in a country town of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, regarding male teachers’ professional performance at this stage of education. For this purpose, content analysis was used, using semi structured interviews as a tool. Three social representations were more frequently identified in the discursive manifestations of respondents: primary school male teachers are more respectable and/or have more authority; primary school male teachers are more rational/balanced than female teachers; primary school male teachers are the father figure at school. Contrary to the representations related to male teachers’ professional performance, social representations related to female teachers’ professional performance were identified. The results indicate that family duties are imposed upon education professionals, including male teachers. It was concluded that, for the interviewed mothers, the preference for male or female teachers is more associated with the fulfillment of family duties than the educator roles. .