RCAAP Repository

Resumo As atividades na produção de refeições são causadoras de impactos ambientais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a geração de resíduos provenientes da aquisição de vegetais in natura e vegetais minimamente processados (VMP) para o fornecimento de refeições, em um Serviço de Nutrição e Dietética de um hospital público federal. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal descritivo, retrospectivo, de caráter quantitativo e com utilização de dados secundários, considerando o ano de 2016 e o primeiro semestre de 2017. Como resultado, a média mensal, estimada em 5.545,8 kg de resíduos das partes não comestíveis de frutas, corresponde a 34,2% do total adquirido no ano de 2016. Os dados do primeiro semestre de 2017 se mostraram 3,7% superiores à média de 2016. Na avaliação das hortaliças, a aquisição de VMP, no período de estudo, projetou uma não geração de 73,8 toneladas de resíduos no serviço. Se esses vegetais fossem comprados in natura, seriam necessários 25,6% a mais de matérias-primas no ano de 2016 e, também, no primeiro semestre de 2017. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a aquisição de VMP torna-se uma alternativa para os serviços de alimentação e nutrição.

Abstract Matured blue cheese can be made from cow's milk associated with the inoculated fungus Penicillium roqueforti, which guarantees specific sensorial characteristics. Recently, Brazil’s fine cheese production and consumption have increased by more than 200%, highlighting the relevance of microbiological quality control of these products. Fungal contaminations are responsible for significant losses in cheese production and provide a suitable environment for mycotoxins production, constituting a hazard to public health. In this work, we evaluated the mycological contamination profile of matured blue cheeses commercialized in Brazil. Samples of ten different brands were analyzed by serial dilution method, by plating in the Dicloran Rose of Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) culture medium and Dicloran Glycerol Medium Base (DG18). Subsequently, different fungi morphotypes were isolated and morphologically identified. As a result, 461 fungi were isolated and identified, notably Aspergillus aculeatus, Penicillium roqueforti and Penicillium solitum. All samples were contaminated by filamentous fungi, amongst those, many already reported as mycotoxin producers, which underlines the relevance of microbiological monitoring.

Abstract The present work aimed to evaluate quality parameters of ‘Royal Gala’ apple cubes during osmotic dehydration (OD). We investigated the following OD conditions: osmotic agent, pressure, and temperature. The osmotic agent, being lower after OD with sorbitol than sucrose solutions, mainly influenced the water activity of the product. The color changes increased with increased temperature and were higher in vacuum experiments than at atmospheric pressure. In general, we recommend OD at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure for the preservation of the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of apple cubes during the process. Peleg’s model was found to provide the best fit of TPC and AA data.

Abstract A commercial and refined corn oil was added with fresh lemon and orange fruits to produce corn oil flavoured (COF), which were characterized for their quality parameters, fatty acid profile and concentrations of minor components. The sensory analysis was performed by a panel using the quantitative descriptive analysis and the hedonic score. Results showed that the addition of citrus fruits did not affect the oil quality indices, accomplishing the requirements for commercialization. The biophenols and pigments, initially absent in the refined oil, were detected in COF. The addition of orange or lemon fruits to the corn oil had no effects on oil stability, while the volatile profile in the headspace of flavoured oils showed the presence of several terpenes that were originally absent, among them: limonene; γ-terpinene; α-pinene and β-pinene. The sensory results confirmed that positive attributes and the acceptability of the unflavored corn oil can be improved by increasing amounts of both fruits.

Abstract Kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) (KF) is one of the best fruits available due to its large amount of nutrients. Despite its many health benefits, there are no previous reports on its preparation in other readily ingestible forms. The objective of the present study was to make a new food product from KF. The KF pulp was fortified and blended with several raw materials (such as rice flour and oat flour) using a stepwise short time addition and mixing methodology since this avoids unwanted biochemical and chemical reactions. The blended and reduced moisture KF paste was freeze-dried on a round silver coated steel plate (RSCSP), supplying the heat of sublimation using a newly designed cubic heater. The freeze-drying (FD) time was 4.5 h and the drying kinetics were studied using four established models. The effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) during FD (at 50 °C) was 1.532 x 10-6 m2/s and the activation energy (E) estimated for the FD was 28.35 kJ/mol. The freeze-dried sample was ground and placed under vacuum to reduce the weathering effects. The quality of the stored product was evaluated using the proximate analysis, physicochemical analysis and a sensory evaluation using a hedonic scale. The raw, fresh KF had a moisture content of 85.07% and the final freeze-dried product one of 3%. The carbohydrate, total sugar, protein, fat, total ash, crude fibre and vitamin C contents of the final product increased by 563%, 400%, 355%, 386%, 672%, 106%, and 117% respectively. Of the 66 panelists, the % consumer acceptances for the different attributes were: sweetness (68.18%), sourness (90.91%), saltiness (100%), bitterness (100%), flavour (95.45%), texture (77.27%) and overall acceptability (81.82%). Using conventional freeze-drying (CFD) for blended KF pulp without fortification, with the same RSCSP and the same cubic heater for sublimation, the drying time was found to be 7 h to reach the same final moisture content of 3%.

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize spray-dried and lyophilized powders made from winery by-products and to evaluate their effect on the oxidative stability of chicken pâté. Phenolic profile, antioxidant activity, and microencapsulation efficiency were evaluated in the extracts. Two pâté formulations containing grape pomace lyophilized (GPWL) and grape pomace microencapsulated (GPWM) were produced. In addition, a sodium erythorbate and a control batch were used to compare the effects. The pâtés were evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay during refrigerated storage (4 °C/42 days). Although the microencapsulation efficiency was 90.03%, the GPWL was statistically more effective in the lipid oxidation inhibition in chicken pâté than GPWM. However, the addition of both natural antioxidants in chicken pâté resulted in lower TBARS values than pâté treated with synthetic antioxidant due to the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid and trans-resveratrol with high antioxidant activity. Thus, the bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity detected in the GPWL and GPWM opened possibilities for use as a potential ingredient in chicken pâté and other meat products.

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta os resultados preliminares de uma metodologia experimental alternativa em desenvolvimento para se prever o efeito caking comumente observados em materiais particulados durante o seu período de armazenamento. Tal metodologia se fundamenta em: 1) princípio da superação da tensão de cisalhamento máxima para promover o movimento das partículas num leito particulado consolidado; 2) que essa tensão máxima é função das propriedades físicas e da natureza química das partículas que constituem o leito; 3) que a técnica de prorating é uma técnica comprovada e frequentemente utilizada nos ensaios de cisalhamento para correções de possíveis desvios; 4) que a tensão de cisalhamento estática é dependente do tempo de contato das partículas, cujo comportamento pode ser descrito pelo modelo de fricção sólida de Dieterich-Rice-Ruina. Essa metodologia preditiva visa ao estudo da evolução do coeficiente de fricção estático com o tempo, por meio de ensaios de cisalhamento do tipo stop-and-go, segundo o modelo de Dieterich-Rice-Ruina. Posteriormente, o incremento na tensão de cisalhamento em função do tempo é aplicado na técnica de prorating, para, a partir de um plano de ruptura instantâneo, estimar o plano de ruptura temporal. Foram realizados testes com quatro tipos de açúcares comerciais, para os quais os valores dos planos de ruptura temporais, obtidos experimentalmente, e dos planos teóricos, estimados segundo o método preditivo proposto, se mostraram inicialmente satisfatórios para os curtos períodos de tempo ensaiados neste estudo preliminar, podendo ser ampliado para períodos maiores.

Abstract Jabuticaba is a fruit native to Brazil, appreciated for its flavor and is also very nutritious, but it is a seasonal fruit and highly perishable. Therefore, drying is a good alternative for its conservation. The purpose of this work was to use drum drying to obtain jabuticaba flakes using corn starch as the main carrier agent. The sorption isotherm of the flakes at 25 °C was also studied, as well as the determination of the critical storage condition and the estimation of product shelf life through the permeability of different packages to the water vapor using mathematical models. The drum drying conditions were: temperature of 144 °C; residence time of 18 seconds; addition of 20% (dry basis) of corn starch and 0.5% (d.b.) of glyceryl monostearate. The final product was analyzed with respect to its physicochemical and technological properties. The sorption isotherm of the flakes was determined at 25 °C, using the gravimetric method with saturated solutions (0.11 ≤ aw ≤ 0.84). After the process, the flakes presented good retention of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds, besides a high antioxidant activity. The water solubility of the product was around 70% and the hygroscopicity was approximately 24%. The equilibrium experimental points of the isotherm were better adjusted by the GAB model, with a monolayer moisture value of 12.74% (w.b) and a critical aw of 0.432.

Abstract Health concerns with the consumption of high-fat products and with respect to the intake of fibre are important for consumers. Vacuum frying process is an alternative frying process that increases the quality of foods. The objective was to develop instant noodles aiming to reduce carbohydrate and fat content by adding soy protein isolate (SPI) and resistant starch (RS3), using conventional and vacuum frying processes. A 22 central composite rotational design was used for each type of process, and the formulations were optimized using the Response Surface Methodology. The noodles were characterized with respect to fat absorption, cooking time, final resistant starch content and firmness. The noodles produced at the optimized point were also characterized for their isoflavone content, amino acid profile and by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The response surfaces showed that the addition of SPI and RS3 to the formulation resulted in reduced fat absorption and texture. Comparing both frying processes it was found that noodles obtained by vacuum frying absorbed 3% less fat and were less firm than those produced by conventional frying process. The SEM analysis showed that the noodles obtained by conventional frying had a more porous structure, which allowed an easier fat penetration, whereas those produced by vacuum frying showed a more closed structure with fat impregnated on the surface. Regardless of the process used, it was possible to obtain noodles with improved nutritional value, since they showed high fibre (8%) and protein (approximately 11%) contents, considerable isoflavone content (8.20 mg/100 g) and a complete amino acid profile, due to a significant increase in nearly all the amino acids, especially lysine.

Abstract The use of analytical methodologies based on DNA (e.g. PCR-RFLP) to determine the authenticity of different types of meat products after the initial labeling is pivotal to avoid fraudulent practices due to the increased rates of meat consumption. Our PCR-RFLP of mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene using restriction enzymes (AluI and ApoI) aimed to confirm the accuracy of the meat species labeling, based on fresh and processed meat collected in central markets along the main cities in the Amazonas Region (Bagua, Bagua Grande, Chachapoyas, Luya, Pedro Ruiz, Rodriguez de Mendoza). Our analyses qualitatively identified and differentiated three commercial species of fresh meat (bovine, porcine, ovine) and also found the substitution of goat by sheep meat. Regarding processed meat, its composition was uncertain and further analyses should be addressed to determine the meat origin. Monitoring using DNA-based analytical methods of meat trade is suggested to determine fraudulent practices, such as species substitution in markets along regions of Peru.

Abstract Phenolic compounds are natural antioxidants and can be found with abundance in fruits and vegetables. One of the first methods created for analyzing phenolic compounds was the Folin-Denis method; and hereafter, the Folin Ciocalteu method was developed and recently, one of the most recent method is the Fast Blue. Due to the importance of these compounds in food, this work aimed to determine the total phenolic compounds in three fruits, such as: Passion Fruit, “Palmer” mango and “Pera” orange. In addition, these fruits were analyzed through three different determination methods. Furthermore, the content of vitamin C, soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH of these fruits were evaluated. Based on the results, it was verified that there was no difference among the values ​​of vitamin C, soluble solids and TA in relation to those ​​found in the literature. When comparing the three methods (Fast Blue BB, Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent and Folin-Denis Reagent), the results showed a difference in the phenolic compounds that may be related to the distinct reagents used in each method and its different action.

Abstract Eggs, often used in pastry products, are one of the major transmission vehicles of Salmonella. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate Salmonella Typhimurium thermal resistance, by D and z values determination, in a traditional Portuguese egg-based pastry and its microbial and physical-chemical characterization. Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 (OXOID C6000L) (Ca. 1.33×108 cfu g-1) was inoculated in a liquid batter consisting of 8 whole eggs, 7 egg yolks, 280 g of wheat flour and 250 g of sugar. D and z values determinations were performed after applying a water bath to vacuum-packed samples of liquid batter (5 g), following thermal treatments: 52 °C (45, 90, 135, 180 and 225 min); 55 °C (15, 30, 45, 60, 70 and 80 min); 58 °C (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min) and 61 °C (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 min). Physico-chemical (aw, pH, moisture, sugar, ashes, protein and free fat) and microbiological determinations (mesophilic microorganisms, psychrotrophic, molds and yeasts, Enterobacteriacea, E. coli; Salmonella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) were also conducted in raw liquid batter. It was possible to investigate different combinations of time and temperature for Salmonella Typhimurium inactivation, compared to other studies on egg-based batter, often used to make pastry products. Liquid batter aw before inoculation was 0.94 and pH 7.26. The D values were obtained 53.19 min, 20.45 min, 6.95 min and 1.60 min, at 52 °C, 55 °C, 58 °C e 61 °C, respectively. From the calculated D values, the corresponding z value was 5.96 °C.

Resumo Myristicaceae inclui cerca de 20 gêneros e 500 espécies e no Brasil ocorrem cinco gêneros e 64 espécies, sendo 59 na Amazônia. Virola é o gênero mais amplamente distribuído no Brasil. No Rio de Janeiro, encontra-se apenas o gênero Virola com duas espécies, Virola bicuhyba e V. gardneri. Estas duas espécies são encontradas na costa sul e centro-norte fluminense. Chave, descrições, comentários taxonômicos, informação sobre fenologia, distribuição geográfica, habitáts de ocorrência, status de conservação e ilustrações são apresentados.

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento das espécies de Nymphaeaceae ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. O trabalho tem por base a análise morfológica de materiais depositados em herbários e coletas de campo, além da compilação de dados de literatura. Foram registrados um gênero e seis espécies: Nymphaea amazonum, Nymphaea caerulea, Nymphaea lasiophylla, Nymphaea lingulata, Nymphaea pulchella, Nymphaea rudgeana, das quais Nymphaea lasiophylla é citada pela primeira vez no Rio de Janeiro. Chave para identificação, descrições, ilustrações, dados sobre hábitat, fenologia e distribuição geográfica das espécies são apresentados.

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento das espécies de Potamogetonaceae ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Sudeste do Brasil. O trabalho tem por base a análise morfológica de materiais depositados em herbários, além da compilação de dados de literatura. Foram registradas quatro espécies: Potamogeton illinoensis, P. montevidensis, P. polygonus e P. pusillus, ocorrendo em regiões específicas do estado (Cabo Frio, Carapebus, Itatiaia, Jacarepaguá, Macaé, São João da Barra e Teresópolis). Chave para identificação, descrições, dados sobre hábitat, fenologia e distribuição geográfica das espécies são apresentados.

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento das espécies de Pontederiaceae ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. O trabalho tem por base a análise morfológica de materiais depositados em herbários e coletas de campo, além da compilação de dados de literatura. Foram registrados três gêneros e cinco espécies: Eichhornia azurea, Eichhornia crassipes, Heteranthera reniformis, Pontederia cordata e Pontederia sagittata. Chave para identificação, descrições, dados sobre hábitat, fenologia e distribuição geográfica das espécies são apresentados.

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento das espécies de Rizophoraceae ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. O trabalho tem por base a análise morfológica de materiais depositados em herbários e coletas de campo, além da compilação de dados de literatura. Foi registrada uma espécie: Rhizophora mangle. Descrições, dados sobre hábitat, fenologia e distribuição geográfica das espécies são apresentados.

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento das espécies da família Typhaceae Juss. ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. O trabalho tem por base a análise morfológica de materiais depositados em herbários e coletas de campo, além da compilação de dados de literatura. Foi registrada uma espécie: Typha domingensis. Descrições, ilustrações, dados sobre hábitat e distribuição geográfica da espécie são apresentados.

Resumo Os cerrados do sul de Minas Gerais ainda são pouco estudados. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho compreender o papel dos solos na estruturação de duas comunidades arbóreas de cerrado no município de Guapé. Para isso, foram instaladas 14 parcelas de 50 × 30 m em dois fragmentos de cerrado sendo 8 sobre Neossolo Litólico e 6 sobre Argissolo Vermelho. Nessas parcelas, todos os indivíduos arbóreos com circunferência a 30 cm do solo (C30) ≥ 15,7 cm (diâmetro de 5 cm) foram medidos e tiraram-se amostras de solo de cada parcela para análises químicas e texturais. Ao todo foram amostrados 1561 indivíduos e a riqueza florística total foi de 83 espécies pertencentes a 65 gêneros de 37 famílias. A área sobre Neossolo foi classificada como cerrado sensu stricto rupestre e Caryocar brasiliense foi a espécie mais importante em VI para a fisionomia. O cerrado sobre Argissolo foi categorizado como um cerrado sensu stricto típico e Dalbergia miscolobium foi a espécie de maior VI para essa fitofisionomia. A análise de correspondência canônica apresentou autovalor significativo para o primeiro eixo de 0,563 indicando gradiente curto com rápida substituição de espécies. Encontrou-se associação aos teores de P e areia no cerrado rupestre e de K e argila no cerrado típico. Por fim, a distribuição das espécies no gradiente foi diferente entre os substratos indicando preferência de espécies por sítios específicos. A conservação dos cerrados do sul de Minas Gerais deve, portanto, considerar não apenas a diversidade florística, mas suas múltiplas pedoformas e as formações ecotonais associadas.

Resumo Primulaceae é representada no Brasil por 12 gêneros e cerca de 140 espécies. As espécies apresentam hábitos de herbáceo a arbóreo e estão distribuídas nos gêneros Ardisia, Clavija, Ctenardisia, Cybianthus, Geissanthus, Gentlea, Jacquinia, Lysimachia, Myrsine, Parathesis, Samolus e Stylogyne. Esta família é amplamente distribuída no Brasil, sendo que espécies exclusivamente amazônicas pertencem aos gêneros Ctenardisia, Gentlea, e Parathesis. Este estudo apresenta o primeiro registro de Gentlea para o Brasil. É apresentada uma chave de identificação dos gêneros para o Brasil, descrições, ilustrações e comentários com referência dos materiais de herbário analisados.