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Thinking about how different human sciences recognize the importance of religion in their studies and research, and in the way that the geography, from its beginnings, has approached this subject, rarely understanding it as important and revealing to the human action in space, I traced the first objective of this thesis. I try to understand the theoretical pathways through which geography went to pour in geography of religion. For this, I analyze separately the development of scientific studies on religion, and I try to rescue on the history of geographical thought, the closest time to a beginning of geography of religion. From brief analyzes and dialogues with theses and dissertations about geography of religion in Brazil, I try to understand how this field has developed, what s its weaknesses and its potential. Reflecting on my work as a researcher in traditional communities in the riverside area of the river São Francisco, in the north of Minas Gerais, I realized how much the popular religiosity acts significantly among its residents. Thus, I tried to recover and analyze the role of popular catholicism, from one of its present manifestations in these communities - the Folias. Through different analyzes I would like to present the Folias while a religious identity with a role that has two dimensions: the religious, that contributes significantly in the redefinition of a traditionalism of these communities; and the geographical, that the various relationships established with different spaces, are characterized as one of the popular religious manifestations with the greatest potential for studies and research on the geography of religion.

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The doctoral thesis developed here aims to analyze the culture and livelihoods of families living in five rural settlements, which are located in the city of Ituiutaba-MG. Interviews and field observations make up the main guidance sources of theoretical and empirical work, and the theoretical and methodological choice was oriented towards the development of an alternative way of cultural studies, I spent the name of Geography of Social Experiences. This alternative was dynamically built from the dialogue established with the ideas of some authors of English Social History, whose line of analysis is situated in a Marxist cultural approach. This approach differs substantially from that contained in the new cultural geography and also in the design of this Marxist analysis in agrarian geography, since as regards the way to understand and explain the social conceptual production of both strands tend to neglect some aspects Theoretical and empirical that are essential to the study of reality experienced by the subjects agrarian reform settlers. While the first geographical component separates the social aspect of cultural studies, land line tends to negate or reduce the cultural aspects of the superstructure, valuing only the economic factors, political and productive rural reality, own infrastructure. Thus, the Geography of Social Experiences directs other looks at the reality of the settlements, specifically over the place, valuing the disputes and interests between social classes and the heterogeneity contained in the class that settled families integrate. From this angle, the trajectory of struggle and conquest of the land are part of the history and organization of relations contained in place, with the last in a dynamic correlation with the situations experienced in the present. In this sense, the Geography of Social Experiences becomes a necessary support for thinking the place, as this will be seen from the \"low\" those people \"common\", of which effectively articulate, negotiate and produce policy under the conditions available, which generally relate to the limits and the possibilities contained in place. In each of the interviews transcription stretch it is possible to understand how the actions of individuals settlers are linked to the social context where they live, so that life in the settlement is connected by social experiences in the past, specifically at the time of struggle for land, and at present, built from the relationships of the post, where organize and articulate relations with other places in the city and countryside. Therefore, in this work, class relations, hegemonic and counter-hegemonic actions appear as strategic elements in the reproduction of livelihoods, and the social experience is possible to analyze and understand the dynamics of conflict and solidarity that is established in the place from the settlements, where the subject of agrarian reform relate to the world.

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In this thesis, we propose an introduction to geophilosophy, understood as a philosophy of relationship between the subject, the place and the everyday life in the context of modernity. At first the understandings are presented from which the researchers deal with the term geophilosophy , to then be introduced the concept of the word that matters to this research, as well as its theoretical and methodological foundation. In its practical aspect, the research investigates a particular phenomenon: the period in which the region of the Triângulo Mineiro had the railroad passenger train, which circulated in the region during the period of a little more than a century (1889-1997). On the occasion of his installation, the railroad train changed the landscape and places, changing old living relations and enabling the emergence of new relations and a new way of life that, over time, and not without contradictions is no longer new and strange, to be incorporated into the day-to-day. A specific aspect of this process is of particular interest, namely: after a century since its installation, the railroad train passengers left the region. The goal is to discuss the representations and objective and subjective impact of passenger transport disruption on railway lines in the localities of the Triângulo Mineiro region. Inferences found, from the consultation to documents, texts and dialogues with people who lived through the railroad train of everyday life in the region, reveal that there is a debt, not always recognized, the locations studied towards the passenger railroad train and with people who were part of their daily lives. Is present in this work is also a global approach to the relationship between the subject, the place and the world. We conclude that the globalized world suffocates the place and the human person and at the same time and dialectically, overwhelms the person and therefore also stifles the place. However, it is clear that, however totalizing it is, modernity cannot be absolute and always leaves a place to the residue. This is one of the faces of modernity, that the geophilosophy, in this study, lists.

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PhD study, inserted in the territorial geographic reading studies highlights the social spatial context of new political subjects seeking to requalify their life space through diverse confronts, in the appropriation of recognition spaces. Occupying positions of power, and in many relationships, territorial processes consolidate the social, material and symbolic reproduction of the community. Consequent the territory recognition, titration and legitimacy manifested as a challenge. The thesis presents the Brejo dos Crioulos as a relational territory from field research, documental and bibliographic research, in the participation, perceptions and observation of relations, approaches, distances and acclimated experiences, in the last four years of the territory and, its relation processes, in the context of land conflicts, validation of constitutional rights and in the exercise of citizenship through the struggle for the right to maintain their daily routine, their ways of life, production modes, relations, identity and culture, focused on life that keeps the place-territory‟ called by them Brejo dos Crioulos. This research is intended to analyze how the heterogeneity from quilombolas‟ territory can be read in the geographic space, considering the specialties between propriety, appropriation, territory and territorialities, in the context of spatial homogenization by globalization. The geographic aspects indicates an immersion in the comprehension of the regional territorial processes, resulting historically from the diaspora of the black people from the north of Minas to a reflection about the production of the Brejo dos Crioulosquilomba traditional territory in the space of struggle, from relations established in many power fields, specialized in the in the context of the quilombola issue in Brazil. The symbolic power materialized regarding the historic oppression of the land property and the flexibility of the Brazilian state of territorial rights from traditional people and communities in part of the SertãoGerais creates new opportunities for reflection about collective rights and constitutional assurances. In this context it is understood that the spatial production from what is presented as place-territory‟ Brejo dos Crioulos is a result of the relational propriety of the territory in the multi dimensionalities from the space lived and the used territory. The cultural landscape of its spatial identity, its existential content, producers and power managers feeds the spatial developments and the expansion of new frontiers. From the fusion of the brejeiro and crioulo space, the relational territory is then designed as a synthesis of social content and the spatial forms that translates its existence. In this case, comprehend the frontier relations between commoditized spaces for the disorders and not commoditized territories that from its spatial relations produces the development of its existence by the critic geographic action resulting in the relational territory.

Observing the historical and spatial development process of Brazilian cities, it can be seen that the actions were planned with a focusing on motoring and individual circulation (specially automobiles and motorcycles) over the urban mobility nonmotorized (walkers and cyclists) and public transportation. As a result of this process, we can see cities with impaired quality of life and where we find few spaces for nonmotorized traffic (on foot or by bicycles), long traffic jams, public transport decline, increased levels of pollution, conflicts and traffic accidents. This fact has a negative impact for sustainable urban mobility, because the spaces are now not accessible and they don\'t offer a safe and adequate infrastructure for the displacements on foot, by bicycle or public transport. The Trips Generators are enterprises that settle in urban areas and, most of the time, they change the dynamics of urban mobility and accessibility of the area of influence where they are inserted and it compromises the quality and sustainability of urban mobility. The main objective is to analyze, from a quantitative point of view (Measures for Sustainable Urban Mobility - MSUM) and qualitative (technical and diagnostic evaluation), the road infrastructure conditions offered to non-motorized modes (walkers and cyclists) and public transportation in Trips Generators areas in Uberlândia-MG. The methodology involves a direct search (data collection obtained through field research and semi-structured interviews) and indirect research with collecting data on public agencies and academic papers. The results confirmed the hypothesis on the thesis that interventions and actions that occur in the areas of Trip Generators influences don\'t consider the infrastructure needs and appropriate conditions for sustainable and inclusive urban mobility that considers as a priority non-motorized modes (walkers and cyclists) and public transportation. Both in quantitative approach (MSUM) and the qualitative approach (technical and diagnostic evaluation) the results showed that the infrastructure of urban mobility in the areas of influence of the analyzed Trip Generators don\'t meet satisfactorily and safely displacement on foot, by bicycle and by public transport, it is therefore necessary interventions.

A center pivot irrigation system was observed to determine water accumulation under the canopy of mature coffee shrub at the expense of water falling on the central region between rows. This fact is justified given the irrigation depth intercepted by what is called the shade effect. The current study describes, schematizes and experimentally proves this shade effect and considers potential savings in water and electricity that are a consequence of this phenomenon. The experiment was carried out on a 115.33 ha plantation of Coffea arabica spaced 4m x 0.7m. Half of this area was planted with the cultivar Catuai and the other half with Mundo Novo. The center pivot irrigation system had 11 towers spread out over a 608.58 m cantilevered span. The description and schematization of the \"shade effect\" were based on field observations and understanding the center pivot function via technical manuals. The \"shade effect\" was investigated using wooden structures covered by plastic sheets (150 microns thick). The structures were positioned between the spans of the last 10 towers to measure irrigation levels both under the shrub canopy and between rows. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. It was found that irrigation depths under the plant canopies were greater and statistically different from irrigation depths between rows for both cultivars. Specifically, plant interception caused, on average, a 30.4% concentration of the irrigation depth at the outer canopy edge. There was no statistical difference between the shade effect caused by either cultivar despite a height difference of approximately 80 cm. Finally, farmers could achieve water and energy savings by adjusting irrigation timing to take advantage of the shade effect.

Environmental Education (EE) is a formation process of values, skills and attitudes, and it has as view the construction of Sustainable Development (SD). The aim of this study is to understand how the EE is developed in the city of Uberlândia (MG), considering the theoretical concepts defined by the International Conferences, technical and legal principles established by the Public Policy, the relationships established between the main active social actors and the environmental perception of the population, has the planning and Environmental Management (EM) as guiding elements of analysis and reflection process. The specific objectives are to identify and characterize the main actions developed by EE social actors that represent the population from Uberlândia; analyze the integration level and partnerships established between the social actors; understand how does the definition of EE tasks, the level of the projects/programs formalization, sharing of results with the community; identify the main obstacles faced by the social actors in the development of EE tasks, as well to know what is the target audience and the professionals responsible for driving these actions; to identify and evaluate the Environmental Management System s importance to the success of EE actions and evaluate the level of awareness and the involvement of the population from Uberlândia in relation to the environmental issues. The methodology is based on qualitative research. The city of Uberlândia (MG) was taken as a case of study. It was accomplished a literature review and some interviews with representatives of 40 institutions (schools, businesses, public agencies, professional associations, NGO s) and 200 citizens. The results indicate that the population has a naturalistic and ecological vision of \"environment\". It wasn t noticed with concern the causes of environmental problems. 61,5% of the interviewees have too much interest in learning or how to conduct environmental preservation actions. 76% evaluate that the consequences of their daily actions can harm the environment. 52% evaluate the environmental conditions of Uberlândia as regular. 71% don t know companies that develop environmental actions protection. 79% do their daily activities looking for not harm \"the environment\". To inform and supervise offenders are considered efficient ways to promote friendly environmental attitudes. 60,5 % say that they consume more than the necessary. 51% don t do the separation of the recyclable waste at home. The main institutions that influence people to adopt environmentally correct attitudes are the media, followed by school, family and the place of work. Institutions develop EE in a timely manner and without continuity. The main obstacles faced are people\'s resistance to change, bureaucracy and lack of human and financial resources. The integration between institutions is incipient. There is a lack of registration, formalization and socialization of EE activities. The need to improve the process of EM and expand the commitment of managers is considered essential. It can noticed that there is a need for the institutions to adopt a permanent environmental policy and continuing to encourage people to adopt right attitudes. The implementation of the Local Agenda 21, with active participation of the community and its institutions, is an alternative to that EE is consolidated as a Public Policy. EE and EM are complementary processes and inseparable, indispensable to the SD path.

Water has been being called in the last times of the blue gold . However, a big part of the water resources of the planet are shared by two or more sovereign State. This brings afloat the need from thinking in a joint administration, in a species of international solidarity. This reciprocal action, then, implies in a new vision of the state sovereignty concept over their natural resources. This study is about the form witch the States organizes, or they would organize, to resolve the enormous conflicts that arise in the management of one very irreplaceable good, even when it has to equilibrate the natural abundance of any State and the water stress of another. This way, this work has as general goal to propose new forms to treat the transboundary water resources in Brazil, specifically, and in the world in general. To reach this objective, it analyzes the evolution of the environmental protection in the planet, it studies the transboundary water resources protection in the international plan, it evaluates the juridical posture and Brazil's Policy front to these resources and, at the end, it proposes a new form to work with the transboundary superficial fresh water resources, besides it suggest the creation of a World Organization of Water as international forum to agglutinate common interests of the countries with fresh water big reserves.

Due to intense changes in the landscape over the last century, as well as the improvement of study techniques and prevision models of environmental scenarios changes, geography has played an important part for being a science that presents an integrated vision of phenomena, allowing planning and management activities, as well as the impacts mitigation efficiency. Paranaíba River, whose drainage basin was chosen as the area of the method application, presents an area of about 230.000 km², with a diversity of extremely interesting environments for environmental studies. Therefore, this research had as the main objective evaluating the data use of MODIS/AQUA sensor to estimate the real evapotranspiration in the river basin of Rio Paranaíba. The estimates are important to understand processes that compose the hydrological cycle and, consequently, the water availability; therefore we accomplished these estimates using SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land) algorithm, developed by Bastiaanssen (1995). This model uses physical principles involved in the reflection, transmission and absorption of energy by the surface, requiring few data collected in the field and, therefore, allowing the study of extensive areas or to regions with few data available or of difficult access. The model applies as to images of TM/Landsat sensor, as to images of MODIS (TERRA or AQUA) sensor, since the last ones are the most recommended to extensive areas due to covering areas of 10° x 10°. From the modeling results, it s possible to notice that as the radiation balance to the surface, as well as the estimated heat fluxes and the real evapotranspiration present a strong relation towards the land use and vegetation coverage and, secondarily, with the seasonal rainfall variation, with identified higher levels in images between the months of November and March, which correspond to the rainy period of the region. Regarding the land use, areas with a dense vegetation coverage (silviculture and forests), as well as the reflecting pools of hydroelectric power plants present higher levels of evapotranspiration in every month, while cerrado and pasture areas don t present significant differences between them. It wasn t possible to notice great differences in the registered values in areas of irrigated and not irrigated agriculture, mainly due to the low spatial resolution of the products generated by MODIS/AQUA images, which is 500 meters. One of the failures presented by the model is in the fact that it doesn t consider specific data of the soils in the evapotranspiration estimate, since the soils present distinguish patterns of retention and loss of water in different processes. Another failure can be found in the estimate of sensitive heat flux, which needs climatic data, specially wind speed, to its calibration. From the analysis of the results and, considering the bibliography about the theme, we can consider a reliability of the estimated data over 90% for the used scale, which is 1:2.000.000.

This work aims to present and discuss some issues concerning Higher Education in Northern Minas Gerais region, with emphasis on the Geography Course of FUNM, in the main city of region: Montes Claros (MG). The development in the 1960s, in the norte-mineira region, is exposed through industrialization via Superintendence of Northeast Development (SUDENE) and also represented through the implementation of the higher education that was a consequence of the joints and longings of political and economic elites to meet local and regional demand, being the higher education seen as social mobility and propelling of the regional development. The overall objective of this thesis is to understand how the higher teacher training policy adopted in the country influenced the Geography Course offered by FUNM in the period 1964-1971, emphasizing the unfoldings of thereof to the development of Montes Claros / MG. It constitute in evidencing, also, that the concepts of development manifested in the North of Minas Gerais, with highlight in Montes Claros (MG), correspond to the development manifested in the national context. Higher education in the North of Minas Gerais also accompanied the process of internalization of this level of education throughout Brazil, this development which sometimes manifested exclusionary and unequal. We established the Curricular Structure of the course as focus of analysis and we realized that the course of Geography of FUNM fully followed the opinion 412/1962, on which was signed the first minimum curriculum for the degree course in geography, who happened to have a duration of four years. Therefore, the methodology used consisted of various sources such as: legislation; ata of course implementation; local newspapers; data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE of the 1950s and 1960s from State of Minas Gerais; programs of the subjects of the first classes of the Geography Course from State of Minas Gerais; sites; memorialists books; theses; dissertations; work completion course and oral history. The relevance of this study is justified by presenting contributions to the theoretical debate and also geo-historical about the development of the city of Montes Claros (MG), besides the relation of this development with the implantation of the Superintendence of Northeast Development - SUDENE and the implantation of Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters - FAFIL belonging to the Norte-Mineira Foundation of Higher Education - FUNM / Course of Geography / licensure. The results obtained show that, within the time frame of this study, the graduates in geography had a strong presence in montesclarense society. The social recognition was visible both those linked to academia, as to connected to other professional areas, always guided by the visibility of Norte-Mineira Foundation of Higher Education, which has become regional point of reference in vocational training. Lastly, we point out that the role of the Degree Course in Geography of FUNM was fulfilled to train teachers to work in the norte-mineira region, contributing in fact to regional development.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais

The operating practices of natural Cerrado resources were intensive and degraded the ecosystem due to the fragmentation of natural habitats process because it changes the continuity of native vegetation areas, causing changes in the structure and composition of the same and thus cause the loss of biodiversity. Arises landscape ecology that unlike ecosystem ecology that seeks to understand and explain the vertical relationship of biota with their environment, ie the synergy between the various trophic levels of the same community, seeks to understand the horizontal relations of biota with the environment , i.e. the interaction between different communities distributed throughout the space. From the need to advance the studies on the regional scale fragmented habitats landscape, this study aimed to evaluate the spatial patterns of fragmented landscape by the research method proposed by the Landscape Ecology and contribute methodologically to connectivity conservation management for habitats Basin of Araguari River, located in the middle region of Triangulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaiba, Minas Gerais, through the proposition of ecological corridors. The ecosystem research of the interaction processes between headquarters and forest fragments allowed to ride the conceptual and mathematical structures that enabled spatial modeling and the development of studies covers an area of 22,146.23 square kilometers. For the mapping of native vegetation in 2014, the images are the OLI / Landsat 8 sensor has a spatial resolution of 30 meters. As a result, the study area has 149,521 units of forest fragments of native vegetation. From this the quality of these habitats was evaluated through metrics Landscape Ecology concerning the shape, size, edge density, the edge length and central area. Mathematical models were adopted to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape in order to identify areas probalísticas of individuals to a species X having dispersion power of up to 3.6 km across the spatial scale. It diagnosed that the downstream portion of the river Araguari spring presents considerable percolation both from east to west, the lengthwise (index ≥. Pc). In the central portion of the study area it is recommended to build connectivity structures to provide percolation in north-south direction (index ≤. Pc). In addition to the habitats percolation model was evaluated the matrix permeability of the condition of this genre, it was realized that the dispersion of possibilities taking into account the shortest distance present difficulties imposed by the matrix, since, 4363.1 km of potential routes dispersion for this species are located in areas of pastures and 873.419 km in agricultural areas. Another threat to the Cerrado fauna is the road network which carries varying effects on habitats and the trampling of wildlife. It is understood that the roads may have degrees distinct susceptibility to the danger of being hit for wildlife. This review took into account the spatial organization of fragments of native vegetation and the close relationship of the same towards the roads. The River Basin Araguari has 1774 km of road network. 22 sites were suggested with high need, 7 locations with moderate needs and 6 places with low requirements for the implementation of safe passage for wildlife. After identifying the gaps habitats in the study area was proposed a methodology for priority choice for conservation / restoration of habitats and proposed network (network) ecological corridors for the River Basin Araguari.

Environmental management must be based on knowledge of the physical environment. Large cities have their policies and develop actions to equate the problem caused by different types of use of the natural environment. In smaller areas, public power finds it difficult to implement policies, or by other interests, due to lack of workers, equipment for work or lack of financial resources. The fact is that the problems related to the environment are not restricted to large cities. Verissimo also has environmental issues as critical as in any other city. This research had as the main objective the characterization and environmental analysis of the physical environment as a subsidy to the development of environmental public policies. For this analysis, we used the book Eco dynamic of Tricart (1977) as a critical source for systemic reviews and interpretation of the use of the landscape. Maps theme were developed for this research and the Geodynamic units and environmental fragility is the primary, therefore, it gathers the generated information during the search and it enables greater knowledge of the entire area of the city. For preparation of this map, relief was the main element for the distinction of magazines and geodynamic environments. Verissimo is a city which is in transition to become a highly degraded environment. It is necessary the adoption of conservation practices to change the precarious situation. Therefore, it is important to know its environment better.

The Cerrado has climatic conditions that offer extremely favorable conditions to successive occurrences of fires, which cause serious environmental, social and economic losses. Therefore, this research had as objective to develop a methodology for modeling of forest fire risk in Cerrado areas, from a structural index and other dynamic thereby foster the development of a monthly mapping of integrated risk of fire. For the development and application of the methodology was chosen as the study area the municipality of São Valério, located in the Mesoregion of Eastern Tocantins. This choice was made due to the presence of several phytophysiognomies of Cerrado, large areas of pasture and also recurrent occurrences of fires. It's necessary to highlight that all data used in the proposed methodology are from remote sensing. The structural fire hazard is based on the combination of factors that don't vary in a short period of time, being considered, in this study, the following factors: distance from roads and urban areas, land use and native vegetation cover, hypsometry, slope and orientation from the slopes. The dynamic risk has as an objective detecting changes in the variables capable of causing changes in the flammability of forest fuels, being raised, in this research, the factors: precipitation, water deficit and NDVI. Was generated, for each factor a fire susceptibility map, with classes ranging from high, moderate and low. It was possible to consider as high susceptibility to fire those areas which showed the following conditions: near roads and urban areas; occupied by the categories of landuse and vegetation cover Park Savanna, Grassy-Woody Savanna and Cultivated Pasture; altitudes up to 600 m; slopes over 40%; orientation of slopes facing north, northeast and northwest; monthly precipitation less than 25 mm; monthly water deficit over 80 mm; and NDVI values between 0.00 to 0.25. The fire susceptibility maps were associated from a multi-criteria analysis in a GIS environment, using a weighted linear combination technique, thus generating the structural risk maps and dynamic forest fire risk. Then, the structural and dynamic risks were added, generating monthly maps of integrated fire risk. The results showed that the proposed methodology enables a spatial and temporal analysis, which in turn facilitates the development and formulation of strategic prevention actions in the critical areas, undoubtedly providing greater effectiveness of the measures taken and optimizing material resources to such intervention.

The main objective of this thesis was to analyze the tectonic structure and relate to the morphology of the basin of Stream Douradinho and Stowage. This area is located in contact with Chapada relief dissected the Rio Tijuco basin, south of the city of Uberlândia. The literature review of the genesis and evolution of the Paraná Basin was important goal for inserted the search area in the larger context. Digital processing of morphometric data was one tool used to analyze the geometry of the shapes and analyze the behavior litoestrutural context. These data were obtained through field work, photogrammetry and remote sensing. Efforts during the Cretaceous-Tertiary caused the uplift of the Alto Paranaiba, tectonic feature responsible for moving old parallel fault zones to Suture Itumbiara and Flexura Goiania. The tectonic movement acted dismantling the deposits of the Bauru Group present in the area, generating structural depressions (Graben) Uberaba to south and east lifting the Chapada (Horst). It is considered that the regional paleogeographic heritage kept the faulting systems NE-SW and NW - SW reflecting distinct stress field in the reactivation of old systems. Thus, the effects of faulting systems in this area conditioned: a) the drainage patterns; b) the anomalies observed in major drainages; c) the regularity and spacing of the drainage channels; d) the regularity in the spacing of ways, either by possible uniformity of the rocks of the Bauru Group in the area, either by conditioning brittle failure; e) the large number of 1st order rivers; f) the asymmetry of the drainage channels; g) the alignment of gullies, h) NE catches in shorter segments in progress, or eminent and i) desenível topographic between the plateau and dissected relief of the Tijuco river basin.

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