RCAAP Repository

Introduction: Congenital heart defects treatment shows progressive reduction in morbidity and mortality, however, the scar, resulting from ventricular (VSD) and atrial septal defect (ASD) repair, may cause discomfort. Right axillary minithoracotomy approach, by avoiding the breast growth region, is an option for correction of these defects that may provide better aesthetic results at low cost. Since October 2011, we have been using this technique for repairing VSD and ASD defects as well as associated defects. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of this method in children undergoing correction of VSD and ASD, to compare perioperative clinical outcomes with those repaired by median sternotomy, and to evaluate the aesthetic result. Methods: Perioperative clinical data of 25 patients submitted to axillary thoracotomy were compared with data from a paired group of 25 patients with similar heart defects repaired by median sternotomy, from October 2011 to August 2012. Results: Axillary approach was possible even in infants. There was no mortality and the main perioperative variables were similar in both groups, except for lower use of blood products in the axillary group (6/25) vs. control (13/25), with statistical difference (P =0.04). The VSD size varied from 7 to 15 mm in axillary group. Cannulation of the aorta and vena cavae was performed through the main incision, whose size ranged from 3 to 5 cm in the axillary group, with excellent aesthetic results. Conclusion: The axillary thoracotomy was effective, allowing for a heart defect repair similar to the median sternotomy, with more satisfactory aesthetic results and reduced blood transfusion, and it can be safely used in infants.

Objetivo: O EuroSCORE tem sido utilizado na estimativa de risco em cirurgia cardíaca, apesar de fatores importantes não serem considerados. O objetivo foi validar o EuroSCORE na predição de mortalidade em cirurgia cardiovascular num centro brasileiro, definindo a influência do tipo de procedimento e da equipe cirúrgica responsável pelo paciente. Métodos: No período de janeiro de 2006 a junho de 2011, 2320 pacientes adultos consecutivos foram estudados. De acordo com o EuroSCORE aditivo, os pacientes foram divididos em risco baixo (escore <2), risco moderado (3 - 5), risco elevado (6 - 11) e risco muito elevado (>12). A relação entre a mortalidade observada (O) sobre a esperada (E) de acordo com o EuroSCORE logístico foi calculada para cada um dos grupos, procedimentos e cirurgiões com > de 150 operações, e analisada por regressão logística. Resultados: O EuroSCORE calibrou com a mortalidade observada (O/E=0,94; P<0,0001; área abaixo da curva=0,78), apesar de descalibrar a mortalidade em pacientes de risco muito elevado (O/E=0,74; P=0,001). O EuroSCORE calibrou a mortalidade na revascularização do miocárdio isolada(O/E=0,81; P=0,0001) e cirurgia valvar (O/E=0,89; P=0,007), e a mortalidade nas operações combinadas (O/E=1,09; P<0,0001). O EuroSCORE descalibrou a mortalidade do cirurgião A (O/E=0,46; P<0,0001) e a do cirurgião B (O/E=1,3; P<0,0001), ambos em todos os graus de risco. Conclusão: Na população estudada, o EuroSCORE descalibrou a mortalidade em pacientes de risco muito elevado, podendo sofrer influência do tipo de operação e do cirurgião responsável. O cirurgião mais apto para cada gravidade de paciente pode minimizar o risco imposto por características pré-operatórias.

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Durante as últimas décadas, a insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP) foi alvo de menor atenção por parte das comunidades médica e científica, o que levou ao aparecimento de um conjunto de equívocos relativamente às suas características, diagnóstico e abordagem terapêutica. Nos últimos anos surgiram novos estudos que alteraram os conceitos classicamente associados à ICFEP, contribuindo para uma nova visão dessa doença. Com esta revisão pretendemos abordar as mais recentes evidências existentes na área da ICFEP e combater os principais equívocos a ela associados, de forma a melhorar a sua abordagem diagnóstica e terapêutica. Temos hoje vários dados que demonstram que a ICFEP é uma entidade que necessita de uma abordagem clínica distinta da utilizada na insuficiência cardíaca sistólica (ICS). A ICFEP deixou de ser vista como uma doença "benigna", porque está associada a um mau prognóstico e a uma elevada prevalência. A sua fisiopatologia é complexa, não está totalmente esclarecida e, para além da disfunção diastólica, foram recentemente descobertos outros fatores, cardíacos e extracardíacos, que estão também implicados no seu aparecimento. Dispomos hoje de critérios objetivos para o seu diagnóstico, sobretudo recorrendo aos novos parâmetros ecocardiográficos de avaliação da função diastólica, nomeadamente ao cálculo da relação E/e' obtida por meio do Doppler tecidual. Finalmente, o tratamento da ICFEP continua a ser uma incógnita, porque não dispomos atualmente de nenhuma estratégia terapêutica capaz de alterar o prognóstico da ICFEP. Desse modo, abordaremos também os potenciais novos alvos terapêuticos que poderão revolucionar o tratamento futuro da ICFEP.

Objective: To determine the risk factors related to the development of stroke in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: A historical cohort study. We included 4626 patients aged > 18 years who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, heart valve replacement surgery alone or heart valve surgery combined with coronary artery bypass grafting between January 1996 and December 2011. The relationship between risk predictors and stroke was assessed by logistic regression model with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The incidence of stroke was 3% in the overall sample. After logistic regression, the following risk predictors for stroke were found: age 50-65 years (OR=2.11 - 95% CI 1.05-4.23 - P=0.036) and age >66 years (OR=3.22 - 95% CI 1.6-6.47 - P=0.001), urgent and emergency surgery (OR=2.03 - 95% CI 1.20-3.45 - P=0.008), aortic valve disease (OR=2.32 - 95% CI 1.18-4.56 - P=0.014), history of atrial fibrillation (OR=1.88 - 95% CI 1.05-3.34 - P=0.032), peripheral artery disease (OR=1.81 - 95% CI 1.13-2.92 - P=0.014), history of cerebrovascular disease (OR=3.42 - 95% CI 2.19-5.35 - P<0.001) and cardiopulmonary bypass time > 110 minutes (OR=1.71 - 95% CI 1.16-2.53 - P=0.007). Mortality was 31.9% in the stroke group and 8.5% in the control group (OR=5.06 - 95% CI 3.5-7.33 - P<0.001). Conclusion: The study identified the following risk predictors for stroke after cardiac surgery: age, urgent and emergency surgery, aortic valve disease, history of atrial fibrillation, peripheral artery disease, history of cerebrovascular disease and cardiopulmonary bypass time > 110 minutes.

Introdução: Avaliamos por meio da medida de fluxo por tempo de trânsito o desempenho das artérias torácicas direita e esquerda quando utilizadas como enxerto para revascularização da artéria interventricular anterior. Métodos: Cinquenta pacientes submetidos à operação para revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea foram divididos em dois grupos. No grupo A, os pacientes receberam enxerto de artéria torácica interna direita para o ramo interventricular anterior. No grupo B, os pacientes receberam enxerto de artéria torácica interna esquerda para o mesmo ramo. Ao término da operação, o fluxo foi avaliado por meio da medida de fluxo por tempo de trânsito. Resultados: No grupo A, idade média foi de 60,6±9,49 anos. A média de peso e altura do grupo foi de 80,4±10,32 Kg e 169,2±6,86 cm. A média de pontes por paciente neste grupo foi de 3,28±1,49. O fluxo médio e a resistência distal obtidos na artéria torácica interna direita foi de 42,1±23,4 ml/min e 2,8±0,9 respectivamente. No grupo B, a idade média foi de 59,8±9,7 anos. A média de peso e altura deste grupo foi de 77,7±14,2215,7 Kg e 166,0±8,2 cm. A média de pontes por paciente neste grupo foi de 3,08±0,82. O fluxo médio e a resistência distal observados neste grupo foi de 34,2±19,1ml⁄min e 2,0±0,7. Não houve óbitos nesta série. Conclusão: A artéria torácica interna direita apresentou um comportamento similar ao da artéria torácica interna esquerda quando anastomosada ao ramo interventricular anterior da coronária esquerda. Não houve diferença estatística entre a medida de fluxo obtida entre ambas as artérias.

Introdução: As soluções que provocam parada cardíaca eletiva estão em constante evolução, porém, o composto ideal ainda não foi encontrado. Os autores comparam uma nova solução cardioplégica com histidina-triptofano-glutamato (Grupo 2) com histidina-triptofano-cetoglutarato (Grupo 1) em modelo de coração isolado de rato. Objetivo: Quantificar a dimensão fractal e entropia de Shannon em miócitos de rato submetidos à cardioplegia utilizando solução histidina-triptofano com glutamato em modelo experimental, considerando-se os marcadores caspase, IL-8 e Ki-67. Métodos: Vinte ratos machos de raça Wistar foram anestesiados e heparinizados. O tórax foi aberto, realizado cardiectomia e infundido 40 ml/Kg de solução cardioplégica apropriada. Os corações foram mantidos por 2 horas na mesma solução a 4ºC e, após esse período, colocados em aparato de Langendorff por 30 minutos com solução de Ringer Locke. Foram feitas análises imunohistoquímicas para caspase, IL-8 e KI-67. Resultados: A dimensão fractal e a entropia de Shannon dos corações submetidos à parada cardíaca eletiva nos grupos 1 e 2 não foram diferentes. Conclusão: A quantidade de informações avaliada pela entropia de Shannon e a distribuição das mesmas (dada pela dimensão fractal) nas lâminas de coração de rato submetidas à cardioplegia com solução histidina-triptofano-acetoglutarato ou histidina-triptofano-glutamato não foram diferentes, o que mostra que a solução de histidina-triptofano-glutamato é tão boa quanto a histidina-triptofano-cetoglutarato na preservação dos miócitos em modelo de coração isolado de rato.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the occurrence of pain and changes in blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial oxygen saturation associated with physiotherapy in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: Eighteen extubated children were assessed for the presence of pain using the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability scale, and blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation were simultaneously recorded. The physiological parameters were measured at the following time periods: immediately before physiotherapy, five and 10 minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy, and five minutes after its end. Pain was assessed immediately before physiotherapy, ten minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy and five minutes after its end. Pain and physiological changes were assessed by the Friedman test and the correlation between the physiological parameters and the pain scores was assessed by the Spearman test. Results: Pain increased during physiotherapy and decreased significantly after it compared to pre-physiotherapy scores. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate increased significantly after 10 minutes of the beginning of physiotherapy. Arterial oxygen saturation tended to decrease during physiotherapy and to increase after it, although without significance. The correlation between pain scores and the physiological variables was significant only for systolic blood pressure and heart rate ten minutes after the beginning of physiotherapy. Conclusion: Manipulation after the beginning of physiotherapy seems to be accompanied by significant pain and by important associated cardiovascular changes. Apparent analgesia and improved respiratory function were observed after respiratory physiotherapy.

Objective: this study aimed to determine the incidence of nosocomial infections, the risk factors and the impact of these infections on mortality among patients undergoing to cardiac surgery. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 2060 consecutive patients from 2006 to 2012 at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Marília. Results: 351 nosocomial infections were diagnosed (17%), 227 non-surgical infections and 124 surgical wound infections. Major infections were mediastinitis (2.0%), urinary tract infection (2.8%), pneumonia (2.3%), and bloodstream infection (1.7%). The in-hospital mortality was 6.4%. Independent variables associated with non-surgical infections were age > 60 years (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.31), ICU stay > 2 days (OR 5, 49, 95% CI 2.98 to 10, 09), mechanical ventilation > 2 days (OR11, 93, 95% CI 6.1 to 23.08), use of urinary catheter > 3 days (OR 4.85 95% CI 2.95 -7.99). Non-surgical nosocomial infections were more frequent in patients with surgical wound infection (32.3% versus 7.2%, OR 6.1, 95% CI 4.03 to 9.24). Independent variables associated with mortality were age greater than 60 years (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.4 to3.0), use of vasoactive drugs (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.9 to 6, 0), insulin use (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.8), surgical reintervention (OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.1 to 9.0) pneumonia (OR 4.3; 95% CI 2.1 to 8.9) and bloodstream infection (OR = 4.7, 95% CI 2.0 to 11.2). Conclusion: Non-surgical hospital infections are common in patients undergoing cardiac surgery; they increase the chance of surgical wound infection and mortality.

Objective: In the clinical scenario of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, several patients with multivessel coronary atherosclerotic disease are discharged without a defined strategy to monitor the residual atherosclerotic lesions. The clinical endpoints evaluated were cardiovascular death, symptoms of angina pectoris, rehospitalization for a new acute coronary syndrome, and the necessity of reintervention during the two-year follow-up. Methods: This observational, prospective, and historical study included multivessel coronary atherosclerotic disease patients who were admitted to a tertiary care university hospital with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation only at the culprit lesion site; these patients were monitored in the outpatient clinic according to two treatments: the Clinical Group - CG (optimized pharmacological therapy associated with counseling for a healthy diet and cardiac rehabilitation) or the Intervention Group - IG (new staged percutaneous coronary intervention or surgical coronary artery bypass graft surgery combined with the previously prescribed treatment). Results: Of 143 patients consecutively admitted with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, 57 were eligible for the study (CG=44 and IG=13). Regarding the clinical endpoints, the cardiovascular death rate did not differ between the CG and IG. The symptom of angina pectoris and the rehospitalization rate for a new episode of acute coronary syndrome were accentuated in the CG (P=0.020 and P=0.049, respectively) mainly in individuals with evidence of ischemia evidenced by myocardial scintigraphy (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively) which culminated in an even greater need for reintervention (P=0.001) in this subgroup of patients. Conclusion: The staged intervention was demonstrated to be safe and able to reduce angina pectoris and rehospitalization for a new episode of acute coronary syndrome. In addition, it decreases the likelihood of unplanned reinterventions of patients without ischemia evidenced by myocardial scintigraphy.

Objective: Congenital heart diseases are observed in 5 to 8 of every 1000 live births. The presence of a valuable biomarker during the surgical periods may aid the clinician in a more accurate prognosis during treatment. Methods: For this reason, surfactant protein B plasma levels may help to evaluate patients with cardiac problems diminishing the alveolocapillary membrane stability. In this study, plasma levels of this biomarker were measured in the preoperative and postoperative periods. This study was conducted to detect the differences between pulmonary hypertensive and normotensive patients. The differences before and after cardiopulmonary bypass were examined. Results: The differences in cardiopulmonary bypass time, cross-clamp time , inotropic support dose, and duration of intensive care of patients with and without pulmonary hypertensive were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). The results revealed that this pathophysiological state was related to other variables that were studied. We believe that the differences in preoperative and postoperative SPB levels could be attributed to alveolocapillary membrane damage and alveolar surfactant dysfunction. We found that this pathophysiological condition was significantly associated with postoperative parameters. Conclusion: The findings of the current study showed that surfactant protein B was present in the blood of patients with a congenital heart disease during the preoperative period. Long by-pass times may exert damage to the alveolocapillary membrane in patients with pulmonary hypertension and preoperative heart failure, and it is recommended to keep the option of surfactant therapy in mind during the postoperative course at the intensive care unit before preparing the patients for extubation.

Objetivo: Analisar a perviedade da artéria torácica interna direita pediculada, anteroaórtica em anastomose para o ramo interventricular anterior na revascularização do miocárdio, em relação à artéria torácica interna esquerda, com o uso de angiotomografia coronária, no 6º mês de pós-operatório. Métodos: No período de dezembro de 2008 a dezembro de 2011, 100 pacientes foram selecionados, prospectivamente, para cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea. Foram agrupados em Grupo-1 (G-1) e Grupo-2 (G-2), com 50 pacientes cada, randomização por computador e conhecimento da técnica no início da cirurgia. No G-1, os pacientes receberam artéria torácica interna esquerda para o ramo interventricular anterior e complementação da revascularização do miocárdio com a artéria torácica interna direita livre para ramos da circunflexa. Os pacientes do G-2 receberam artéria torácica interna direita pediculada para o ramo interventricular anterior e complementação da revascularização do miocárdio com artéria torácica interna esquerda, pediculada, para ramos da circunflexa. Resultados: Os grupos eram semelhantes quanto aos dados clínicos de pré-operatório. Houve predominância do sexo masculino, 75,6% e 88% nos grupos 1 e 2 respectivamente. Cinco pacientes migraram do G-1 para o G-2 devido à doença ateromatosa na aorta ascendente. A média de anastomoses distais no G-1 foi de 3,48 (DP=0,72), e no G-2 foi de 3,20 (DP=0,76). Os resultados das angiotomografias coronarianas em 96 pacientes reestudados mostraram que todas as artérias torácicas internas, direita ou esquerda, utilizadas pediculadas para a região anterior do coração encontravam-se pérvias. Não houve óbitos em nenhum dos grupos. Conclusão: A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com utilização da artéria torácica interna direita pediculada, anterógrada para o ramo interventricular anterior, apresenta resultado semelhante ao da artéria torácica interna esquerda utilizada para essa mesma coronária.

Introduction: Most cardiomyocytes do not regenerate after myocardial infarction. Porcine small intestinal submucosa has been shown to be effective in tissue repair. Objective: To evaluate myocardial tissue regeneration and functional effects of SIS implantation in pigs after left ventriculotomy. Methods: Fifteen pigs were assigned to two groups: porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) (N=10) and control (N=5). The SIS group underwent a mini sternotomy, left ventriculotomy and placement of a SIS patch. The control group underwent a sham procedure. Echocardiography was performed before and 60 days after the surgical procedure. Histological analysis was performed with hematoxylin-eosin stain and markers for actin 1A4, anti sarcomeric actin, connexin43 and factor VIII. Results: Weight gain was similar in both groups. Echocardiography analysis revealed no difference between groups regarding end diastolic and systolic diameters and left ventricular ejection fraction, both pre (P=0.118, P=0.313, P=0.944) and post procedure (P=0.333, P=0.522, P=0.628). Both groups showed an increase in end diastolic (P<0,001 for both) and systolic diameter 60 days after surgery (P=0.005, SIS group and P=0.004, control group). New cardiomyocytes, blood vessels and inflammatory reactions were histologically identified in the SIS group. Conclusion: SIS implantation in pigs after left ventriculotomy was associated with angiomuscular regeneration and no damage in cardiac function.

Introduction: In spite of its importance as an experimental model, the information on the left coronary artery in pigs is sparse. Objective: To determine the morphologic features of the left coronary artery in pigs. Methods: We evaluated 158 pig hearts. The left coronary artery was perfused with synthetic resin after their ostia had been catheterized. Diameters and courses of the vascular beds were measured with an electronic caliper (Mitutoyo(r)). Results: The diameter of left coronary artery was 6.98 ± 1.56 mm and its length was 3.51±0.99 mm. It was found to end up by bifurcating itself into the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery in 79% of the cases, and by trifurcating in 21% of the cases, with the presence of the diagonal artery. The anterior interventricular artery ended up at the apex in 79.7% of the cases, and the circumflex artery at the posterior aspect of the left ventricle in 64% of the case, this artery never reached the posterior interventricular sulcus. An anastomosis between the terminal branches of the anterior interventricular artery and the posterior interventricular artery was found in 7.6% of the specimens. The antero-superior branch of the anterior interventricular artery occurred in 89.9% of the hearts. A left marginal branch was observed in 87.9% of the cases with a diameter of 2.25±0.55 mm. Conclusion: Compared with humans, pigs have shorter left coronary artery trunks and branches; even the circumflex artery never reaches the posterior interventricular sulcus. Our findings are useful for the design of experimental hemodynamic and procedural models.

Introduction: The frequency of surgical procedures has increased steadily in recent decades, including the myocardial revascularization. Objectives: To demonstrate the importance of physiotherapy in the preoperative period of cardiac surgery in relation to the reduction of hospital stay, changes in lung volumes and respiratory muscle strength. Methods: We conducted a prospective study with patients undergoing myocardial revascularization, the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)/Botucatu - SP. We evaluated 70 patients of both genders, aged between 40 and 75 years, subdivided into two groups: group I - 35 patients of both genders, who received a written protocol guidance, breathing exercises and respiratory muscle training in the preoperative period and group II - 35 patients of both genders, who received only orientation of the ward on the day of surgery. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of UNESP / Botucatu - SP. Results: Maximal inspiratory pressure in third postoperative day and fifth postoperative day and significant difference between groups, being better for the intervention group. Expiratory pressure was significant in fifth postoperative day in the intervention group compared to controls. The difference of length of hospital stay in the postoperative was found between the groups with shorter hospital stay in the group receiving preoperative therapy. Conclusion: Physical therapy plays an important role in the preoperative period, so that individuals in the intervention group more readily restored the parameters evaluated before surgery, in addition, there was a decrease in the time of the postoperative hospital stay. Thus, it is thought the cost-effectiveness of a program of preoperative physiotherapy.

INTRODUÇÃO: O método mais comumente utilizado para a proteção miocárdica é o de administrar-se solução cardioplégica na circulação coronária. Entretanto, a proteção pode ser alcançada através da perfusão intermitente do sistema coronariano com sangue do próprio paciente, que é realizada por meio de múltiplas sequências de pinçamento e abertura do clamp aórtico ou por meio do pinçamento único e canulação acessória da raiz aórtica. Objetivo: Avaliar o desfecho clínico e a ocorrência de eventos neurológicos no período intra-hospitalar dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com a técnica proposta aqui neste estudo. Métodos: Descreve-se uma técnica de proteção miocárdica no uso do pinçamento único de aorta que consiste na canulação acessória da raiz aórtica com sistema aperfeiçoado para perfusão coronária intermitente, foi realizado estudo observacional transversal prospectivo onde foram estudados 50 pacientes (idade média 58,5±7.19 anos) submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio sob a técnica proposta. Foram avaliadas variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais pré e pós-operatórias. Resultados: O nível médio de pico da CKMB pós-operatória foi de 51,64±27,10 U/L no segundo pós-operatório e da troponina I foi de 3,35±4,39 ng/ml no quarto pós-operatório, e estiveram dentro do limite da normalidade. Não foi observado nenhum óbito e um paciente evoluiu com alteração neurológica leve. A monitorização hemodinâmica não revelou alterações. Conclusão: A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com a técnica aperfeiçoada de perfusão intermitente da raiz da aorta com pinçamento único mostrou-se como método seguro, possibilitando resultados clínicos satisfatórios nos pacientes estudados.

Introduction: The subclavian steal syndrome is characterized by the vertebral artery flow inversion, due to a stenotic lesion in the origin of the subclavian artery. The Coronary-subclavian Steal Syndrome is a variation of the Subclavian Steal Syndrome and is characterized by inversion of flow in the Internal Thracic artery that has been used as conduct in a myocardial revascularization. Its diagnosis must be suspected in patients with difference in pulse and arterial pressure in the upper limbs, that present with angina pectoris and that have done a myocardial revascularization. Its treatment must be a surgical bypass or a transluminal angioplasty. Objective: The objective is to show the left subclavian artery stenting as a safe and effective method to treat the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome. Methods: Historical prospective, non-randomized trial, through revision of the hospital records of the patients treated with the stenting of the left subclavian artery, from January 2006 to September 2012. Results: In the mentioned period, 4.291 miocardial revascularizations were performed with the use of the left mammary artery, and 16 patients were identified to have the Coronary-subclavian steal syndrome. All of them were submitted to endovascular treatment. The success rate was 100%; two patients experienced minor complications; none of them presented with major complications. Eleven of the 16 patients had ultrassonographic documentation of patent stent for at least one year; two patients lost follow up and other two died. Conclusion: The stenting of the left subclavian artery is a good option for the treatment of the Coronary-subclavian Steal Syndrome, with high level of technical and clinical success.